Traditional Title Research Articles

Discriminatory Job Knowledge Tests, Police Promotions, and What Title VII Can Learn from Tort Law

Selection devices in use by police departments around the nation have stifled advancement for a disproportionate number of otherwise qualified minority candidates, and hindered the desired diversification of the upper ranks. Favoring the skill of memorization of police manuals, these exams have little to do with predicting success as a sergeant or other police supervisor. Yet inertia as well as other forces have kept them in place for decades. The traditional Title VII approach, a disparate impact challenge, has proven unsatisfactory given the relative ease with which the exams can be content validated in court. This article proposes a new approach familiar to tort lawyers - the inference of intent from actions taken with foreseeable or inevitable consequences. When a police agency routinely administers multiple-choice exams, fully aware of the exclusionary impact on minorities, that result can no longer be deemed unintentional, and the matter should thus be treated as disparate treatment, with all the advantageous liability and remedial consequences that would follow. The U.S. Department of Justice has harshly criticized police departments in Ferguson, Chicago, Baltimore, and elsewhere following incidents of police killings of unarmed civilians. Each report points to poor supervision of line officers, and lack of diversity in supervisory positions, as major contributing factors. Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, landmark legislation designed to open employment opportunities to minorities and women, is uniquely positioned to address the problem. But to do so, courts must disentangle these litigations from the hyper-technical world of test validation, and instead apply a commonsense definition of intentional discrimination applied in tort litigation.

The Role of Folk Culture in the Promoting Tourism. A Case of Folklore of Otanaha Fort in Gorontalo Province

Gorontalo City embodies highly valuable tourism potentials to reveal. The city offers not only physical attractions for the tourists to please their eyes but also values of the objects that live along with the highlighted events within the historical timeline. Among the historical objects is Otanaha Fort, a tourist spot in Gorontalo, named after the place’s feature of historical legend. Many believe that stories and legends behind the naming of a place or an object are highly related to the socio-cultural life of the ancient society. With that in mind, a study is essential to carry out and to reveal the historical events that lie behind tourism objects with the aims of enriching insights of local people. Such an effort is undertaken as a support of local contents acquisition to be capable of extending the information of a tourism object for the locals. The study aims to carry out the historical overview of Otanaha Fort as a supporting element of cultural tourism in Gorontalo. The researchers employed field survey and interview to obtain the data and folklore analysis to approach the research object. The result shows that the folklore of Otanaha Fort is a manifestation of features of social events of Gorontalo in the ancient times that depict the record of past events. The historical facts are further packaged in the form of imaginative fable for people to enjoy as an act of historical preservation. The evidence of the historical facts is observable by data tracking within the naming process of the objects, site or tombstone of influential figures of the story, preservation of address of traditional titles related to the figures, and distinct building techniques observable in the fort’ architecture.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ЗМІН У ТИТУЛАТУРІ ФАРАОНА ЕХНАТОНА

The article examines the royal titulary of Amenhotep IV (Akhenaten), the Egyptian Pharaoh of the 18th Dynasty, from the 1st to the 12th years of his reign and its reflection of the religious preference of the young king and his role in the new solar cult of Aten. The author illustrates the transformation of the king's official titles during the all stages of his religious reform and points out to the meaning of the new titulary's epithets of Amenhotep IV and queen Nefertiti. The author analyses the reasons of king's rejection of many popular traditional titles of Egyptian pharaoh. Much attention is given to the interpretation and explanation of the meanings of some king's titles, that demonstrated the political and religious course of Amenhotep IV. The author comes to the conclusion that Amenhotep IV carried out the first steps of his future reform during the first two years of his reign. Despite the fact that at the beginning of the reign the king's titulary continued to include traditional titles, Pharaoh used the epithets: "Unique for Ra", "Living in Truth", which emphasized his exceptional role in the cult of the solar disk. Amenhotep IV also rejected the titles that were related to the expansion of the borders of the Egyptian state. Then Amenhotep IV changed his own name in favor of the god Aten, and it was an official announcement of the king's support of the new solar cult of Aten in opposition to the traditional cult of Amun. The transformation of the pharaoh's title usually reflected political and religious reality at every stage of the development of the Egyptian state. The new Amenhotep IV's titulary was aimed to demonstrate the reduction of the role of the king as a historical player in the favor of the king as a historical god.

Imperial Rule in Medieval Spain

With the coronation of Alfonso VII of Léon and Castile as ‘emperor of all Spain’ in Toledo in 1135 the imperial aspirations of the Leonese kings reached a climax. Their origins, however, go back to the tenth century, when individual kings were called ‘imperator’ in charters. This article traces the origins of this tradition within the context of political history and outlines the phenomenon of imperial self-ascriptions on the Iberian Peninsula. While modern research traditionally focused on the question of whether or not the kings of León pursued an ‘imperial programme’ and, if they did, what fundamental ideas lay behind such a programme, this article proposes a different approach: by focusing on the interdependencies between Christian and Muslim powers, it argues that the coronation of Alfonso VII could have been a direct response to the proclamation of ‘Abd al-Mu’min as caliph of the Almohad Empire in 1132. A close analysis of the royal and imperial titles already used by Alfonso’s grandfather Alfonso VI shows that he imitated the traditional caliphal title to be ‘ruler of the faithful’, although religious references were not a traditional part of Christian imperial titles. By examining Leonese and Almohad imperial self-ascriptions, the article offers a model by which we can explore the ways in which neighbouring imperial powers influenced each other and developed competing claims to power. The article establishes that Christian use of imperial titles on the Iberian Peninsula came to an abrupt end once competition with Muslim rivals became obsolete. It underlines the importance of the individual context in which a title was used, a point that stands in stark contrast to the received view that there was an unchanging ‘conceptual core’ to the notion of ‘empire’ as it was used by the peninsula’s kings. The article also highlights the hegemonic connotations of imperial notions in medieval Iberia and the importance of a motif of rulership that included subjects of both Christian and Muslim belief.

Stepmother and Stepson Relationship Within the Shona People, Zimbabwe

ABSTRACTIt has been widely assumed that normally mothers relate well and are closer to their sons and girls are closer to their fathers. Indeed, it is true from a layman’s point of view. This article presents a Zimbabwean argument with regard to family relations, especially between either of the parents and the children. Precisely, the study focuses on the stepmother–stepson relationship, which in the majority of cases is defined by hostility, hatred, mistrust, and jealousy. An exploratory study to understand some of the causes of conflicts between stepsons and stepmothers was conducted within the Shona people of Zimbabwe through a triangulated approach of interviews with 70 stepfamily households and an intensive review of archival literature selected from sociological papers and media reports from 1980 to 2014. All the participants were purposefully selected, and the literature reviewed specifically focused on the cases of conflicts between the 2 parties and to some extent, their causes. To analyze the data and create key themes, a constant comparison method was applied. The study established that although there might be several reasons for the 2 parties’ conflicts, the most prominent, especially within the Shona people, include the following: inheritance of the traditional family title by the stepson while the stepmother fights to have it bestowed on her biological son, failure by each of them to recognize their respective roles and positions in the home, and jealousy.

Anchoring Pontifical Authority: A Reconsideration of the Papal Employment of the Title Pontifex Maximus

It is a common assumption that the title of supreme priesthood or pontifex maximus is included in the official papal titulature, and it has been supposed that the Roman bishop adopted it from the Roman emperor in late antiquity. In fact, however, it was probably not until the fifteenth century that the designation was first used by the papacy, and it has continued to be part of papal representation ever since. The title was deeply rooted in the Roman imperial past. At several stages in papal history the papal agency felt the need to draw back (again) on this ancient, traditional title and managed to successfully (re-)introduce the title by anchoring it in the cultural biography of the papacy.

The Impact of Gold Open Access Journals in Aggregators and Abstracting/Indexing Services

ABSTRACTGold open access (OA) journals are multiplying at a high rate across many disciplines as major publishers launch new titles to complement their traditional subscription-based titles. This is on top of the many independent Gold OA titles which are being produced by higher education, societies, and many other special interest groups. The number of Gold OA journals covered in abstracting and indexing (A&I) and aggregator databases has shown substantial penetration in these services. This coverage varies widely by discipline but the inclusion of OA content into traditional library services means that quality OA content can be more easily found using the products and services licensed and promoted by libraries and consortia.

Encouraging traditional owner participation in onshore unconventional projects

Australia has significant unconventional energy resources that can be tapped to bolster energy security needs and increase contributions to the global energy supply mix—fuelling both domestic and international economic growth. A key factor underpinning the success of developing onshore unconventional resources is the security of land and tenure access, which allows project proponents to sustainably engage in the exploration, appraisal and development of unconventional gas deposits spread across extensive geographical areas. These activities occur in areas that are vested in traditional landowners and indigenous native title holders, and have the potential to significantly impact their cultural heritage and their quality and way of life. It is, therefore, critical, on a number of levels, for project proponents to have the support of this key stakeholder group in ensuring the long-term viability of developing onshore gas resources. Alignment between the project’s proponents and the diverse range of traditional/indigenous landowners who influence—and are influenced by—their operations, however, is not easy to achieve due to competing interests and motivations. This extended abstract explores: alternative participation models for traditional land owners in onshore unconventional gas projects, including production payment and equity-based ownership models; examples of co-existence arrangements between project proponents and traditional owners; the impact of fiscal policy on the economic viability of alternative traditional owner participation and co-existence models; and, the role of state and federal governments in giving incentives to and fostering greater collaboration between project proponents and traditional owner groups.

Islam and Traditional Titles in Contemporary Lagos Society: A Historical Analysis

Lagos, an area basically inhabited by the Yoruba speaking people of South Western Nigeria and by extension some other parts of West Africa where Islam, Christianity and the African Traditional Religion are still being practised side by side till date with the Africans still being converted to the new faiths without dropping their traditional religion or cultural affiliations. This ideology is very common to the average African who still believes in his culture which has always tainted his way of life or as far as his religion is concerned should not interfere with his culture as the religion as not tacitly condemned some of these practices. This paper intends to examine the extent to which the Yoruba Muslims have been involved in syncretism especially as regards the introduction of the conferment of titles into the Muslim community.

An Efficient Game Level Generation in Web-Based Serious Game

Despite the growing interest in interactive storytelling techniques, their actual applications to traditional gameplay design remain to be investigated. However, many game designers have expressed concerns about the incorporation of such generative techniques in traditional game titles, mainly because of the lack of control they will have over dynamically generated content. This paper proposes an authoring tool allowing game designers to formalize, visualize, modify, and validate game level solutions in the form of automatically generated storyboards. This system uses planning techniques to produce a level solution consistent with gameplay constraints. The main planning agent corresponds to the player character, and the system uses the game actions as planning operators and level objectives as goals to plan the level solutions. Especially, in Serious Game, on the one hand, we offer an easier access and a multi-perspective view of cultural heritage artifacts, and, on the other, may also enrich and improve cultural heritage education.

New Literacies Books: Technology-Based Formats for Motivating Tech-Savvy Middle Graders

This column reviews online resources designed to help middle school teachers create communities of motivated readers. It describes websites, book trailers, and Glogsters that can provide students with unique formats for book response. It also reviews ways authors of traditional titles incorporate digital communication formats like blogs, websites, and emails into their storytelling. Examples of motivating multiplatform books, both fiction and nonfiction, are provided, as are selected graphic texts for mobile devices like the Ipad and Iphone. The column concludes with suggestions for classroom discussions focused on student responses to books in these unique formats and ideas for helping students incorporate digital formats into their own writing projects.

Jan van der Heyden's urban prose*

Jan van der Heyden's urban prose*

Founding of the Journal of Leisure Research

It's hard to believe that 40 years have passed since the founding of JLR. This short article's purpose is to share some of the trials and tribulations that were addressed to get the JLR approved and launched as a publication of the National and Park Association (NRPA)NRPA was officially formed in New York City on August 13, 1965 following 26 years of efforts to unify the park and recreation field. founders were the following organizations: American Institute of Park Executives, American Society, National Conference on State Parks and the National Association. On October 9, 1966, the NRPA Board of Governors received petitions for branches and recommended that the Society of Park and Educators (SPRE) be accepted as a branch. reason for this short historical note is the fact that the campaign to develop a research became one the major priorities of SPRE in its formative years. (Lutzin, 1969)In 1966, 1 joined the NRPA staff as its first Director of I was completing my doctoral studies at New York University under the supervision of Professors Edith Ball and Milt Gabrielson, with mentoring by one of the great pioneers in leisure studies - Jay B. Nash. One of my responsibilities included serving as Executive Director of the Society of Park and Educators (SPRE).Under the presidency of Professor Heeb, SPRE formed a Committee chaired by Professor Niepoth. Committee in its Annual Report and Recommendations on November 28, 1967 stated that a research was needed and recommended that SPRE's Board of Directors petition the Board of Directors of NRPA to authorize the Committee to proceed immediately with the development, publication and distribution of a research journal (SPRE Minutes, December 1, 1967). Responding to strong leadership by SPRE Presidents Deppe ( 1968) and Sessoms (1969), NRPA approved the publication of a research with the first issue to be released in the winter of 1969.The SPRE Forum (1968) focused on the research in its May issue. It solicited input from researchers and educators for the journal's name. More traditional titles proposed were of Research, Research in and Recreation Quarterly. Two broader titles were proposed: of Leisure Sciences and ofLeisure Research. SPRE Forum also solicited feedback on the journal's scope and content, evaluation criteria, editorial policies and personnel (i.e., Editorial Advisory Board, Editor and Consulting Editors). It was noted that guidelines from related journals were being reviewed as policies for the new were being developed. SPRE Forum also invited the submission of articles for the inaugural issue. Subsequently, the title of Journal ofLeisure (JLR) was selected and I was appointed editor as part of my role as Director of for NRPA.As Editor, I appointed the following Associate Editors: Brian Barber, Neil Cheek, Walt Hopkins, Jack Knetsch, Leslie Reid and Betty van der Smissen. editorial team worked diligently to produce, Volume 1, Number 1 which was formally published in the winter of 1969. first issue contained four articles, five research notes and four book reviews. JLR was guided by a 25 member Editorial Advisory Committee consisting of 15 academic community representatives and 10 leaders from government agencies, associations and the private sector.The first issue included a statement by Sal J. Presioso, NRPA's Executive Vice President entitled A New Venture. He stated that: The purposes of this are to define in multi-disciplinary terms the challenges of leisure facing us today and in the future, to stimulate appropriate solutions for these challenges through scientific investigation, to disseminate these research findings and to describe the practical application and testing of research results. …

Ethnicity and Women's Courtesy Titles: A Preliminary Report

AbstractAlthough numerous studies have been conducted on attitudes toward Ms. and patterns of Ms.-use since its popularization in the 1970s, few of these studies have examined ethnicity as a variable in its use. The present paper reports on a new online survey of women's courtesy titles and surname choices, focusing on the ethnicity of respondents as a predictor of their likelihood of addressing a woman with Ms. As the data include residents of both Canada and the United States, the label 'Black' is used rather than 'African American', and 'White' is then used in place of 'Caucasian', in order to have parallel ethnic labels. Preliminary results suggest a difference between Whites and Blacks in terms of likelihood of using Ms., with Blacks tending to prefer the more traditional titles Miss and Mrs. at a higher rate than Whites. However, because of uneven cell sizes and the under-representation of some ethnic groups, statistical results must be treated with caution until further data are available.

Rival Wisdom in the Latin "Dialogue of Solomon and Marcolf"

The woodcuts used to illustrate early printed editions of the Dialogus Salomonis et Marcolfi reinforce visually the sharp contrast between the two protagonists named in the traditional title of this exceptionally interesting Latin dialogue. Ap parently in circulation by the twelfth century or earlier, it survives only in manu scripts and prints from the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.1 A finely detailed image from a print produced after 1500 (Fig. 1) depicts a handsome, crowned Solomon, intent on the words of the coarse rustic who stands before him, dishev eled and barefoot.2 These unlikely interlocutors are engaged in a formal argument:

Missiology in its Relation to Intercultural Theology and Religious Studies

The debate as to whether it is still relevant to continue the use of the traditional subject title “Missiology” (Mission Studies) to cover the emerging issues in missiological science as a theological discipline has continued to gain more interest and reactions from many circles. Religious studies and intercultural theology have direct or indirect relation with mission studies. For this, some are suggesting that the term “intercultural theology” be added to the traditional subject title “Missiology or Mission Studies” to reflect the emerging concerns in missiological science. Some also suggest that the term “intercultural theology” should replace the traditional subject title “Mission Studies.”

Electrophysiology of the phagocyte respiratory burst. Focus on “Large-conductance calcium-activated potassium channel activity is absent in human and mouse neutrophils and is not required for innate immunity”

there is a trend, which seems quite reasonable to me, toward giving papers titles that are declarative summaries of the main conclusion of the paper, in contrast to traditional titles, which simply describe the topic studied. A busy (or lazy) reader can extract the gist of the story without even

A 17-Year Case Study of an Elementary School's Journey: From Traditional School to Learning Community to Democratic School Community

This case study explores one elementary school's 17-year evolution from a traditional Title I elementary school into a learning community and, eventually a high-achieving democratic school community. The investigation adds specificity and context to the existing theoretical framework outlining this change process. The school's journey is reflected and described through shared learning, leadership, and practices across four thematic findings.

The influence of framing on attitudes toward diversity training

AbstractAlthough diversity training is becoming an integral component of organizations, little empirical research on the topic exists. The study examined here investigated how framing of diversity training (title, focus of content, assignment) and gender influenced participants' attitudes. In this study, 160 adults (72 men, 88 women; 124 white; 36 minority) read a diversity course description and answered questions assessing their attitudes about the course and the organization. Results revealed that (1) a frame with a traditional title and a broad focus was responded to most favorably by participants, (2) men reacted more negatively than women to the diversity training course, and (3) men reacted more negatively than women to a frame with a narrow focus and remedial assignment. Findings are discussed in terms of the effect that different frames can have on participants' pretraining attitudes toward diversity training. Implications for researchers and consultants are also discussed.

Revolution or evolution?

A shift to an open-access model of publishing would clearly benefit science, but who should pay?