Traditional Tank Research Articles

PSXII-8 Environmental cost effects of different manure treatment methods on dairy farms

Abstract The issue of manure disposal in dairy farms has long been a significant challenge afflicting the dairy farming industry, as manure poses various detrimental effects such as greenhouse gas emissions and land pollution. This remains an urgent concern for the industry to address. The traditional tank fermentation oxidation pond form of manure treatment and the new biogas power generation mode of manure treatment are currently widely employed in dairy farming enterprises. The evaluation and analysis of the environmental cost of new treatment modes should be conducted using scientific methods to determine which approach is more environmentally friendly. We selected two dairy farms with roughly the same number of dairy cows and the same management level, and the feed formula of the two dairy farms was basically consistent with the herd structure. Among them, the traditional tank fermentation manure treatment pasture, and the biogas power generation pasture. The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method of SimaPro software was used, and the software version was 9.0.0.48. In the life cycle assessment, we take into account the depletion of fossil energy, cement, metals, chemical products, electricity, heat, and mechanical pumps during the process of manure treatment. After accounting, the following conclusions are developed. During the whole life cycle of dairy farming, greenhouse gas emissions mainly fall into three types: methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2), and nitrous oxide (N2O). CH4 accounts for 64% of the total emissions, which is mainly produced in the process of animal feeding, and a small part comes from manure treatment. CO2 accounts for 34% of the total emissions from the production of feed raw materials. The smallest proportion of transport and fossil energy consumption is N2O, which is mainly produced by manure treatment processes and accounts for 2% of total emissions. The environmental cost of the traditional tank fermentation oxidation pond is 17.6% greater than that of the new type of biogas power generation.

An attention-neural-processes approach to reconstructing unsteady water load for seaplanes

The distribution of holographic unsteady water load offers important information for evaluating the hydrodynamic performance of seaplanes. However, traditional tank test is limited by the number of sensors that can be deployed on the bottom of hull, thus only providing sparse data for estimating load distribution and leading to inaccurate evaluation of seaplane performance. To achieve accurate and rapid reconstruction of holographic load distribution, a machine learning load-reconstruction model based on Attention Neural Processes is proposed. This model performs spatiotemporal modeling of seaplane water load utilizing sparse sensor data. It directly learns the load patterns across multiple time steps and employs Attention modules to capture the spatial distribution of load. Comparisons with alternative methods demonstrate the model's superior ability to simultaneously capture spatial and temporal dependencies of the unsteady load data. In addition, the model's robust generalization capability is also validated by reducing the number of sensors in the training data. The results indicate that the proposed model exhibits high prediction efficiency, accuracy, and generalization for the reconstruction of unsteady water load distribution, which is of great significance for comprehensively evaluating the hydrodynamic performance of seaplanes.

Enhanced wastewater treatment with an AnF-AAO system for improved internal carbon source utilization

The main challenge in removing nutrients from municipal wastewater in China is the lack of available carbon sources. While hydrolysis acidification tanks can improve wastewater biodegradability by effectively utilizing internal carbon sources, high sludge concentrations are difficult to control in traditional tank variants. In this study, an innovative anaerobic filter (AnF) hydrolysis acidification reactor composed of a continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR) and cloth media filter was designed to regulate and maintain high sludge concentrations in the hydrolysis acidifier. The reactor was used as a pretreatment unit for the anaerobic/anoxic/oxic (AAO) units and combined into an AnF-AAO system to explore the effectiveness of internal carbon source utilization in wastewater. The results indicate that as the sludge concentration in the hydrolysis acidifier increased, the hydrolysis and acidification processes became more efficient. The optimal sludge concentration was 40 g/L, which significantly increased the production of soluble chemical oxygen demand and volatile fatty acids. Above this concentration, the efficiency decreased. Compared to traditional AAO processes, the AnF-AAO system achieved superior total nitrogen and phosphorus removal with shorter hydraulic retention times and reduced sludge production by a significant amount of 35%. Due to its capacity for enhancing internal carbon source utilization, the AnF-AAO system constitutes a promising approach for sustainable urban wastewater treatment.

Stress Analysis and Structural Improvement of LNG Tank Container Frames under Impact from Railway Transport Vehicles

As the stress of the frame, especially the bottom side rail supports and bottom inclined supports, of a traditional LNG tank container could be significantly greater than its allowable stress, and the container cannot meet the strength requirement of the specification when it is impacted by a transport vehicle during railway transportation, three improved frame structures were suggested, which removed or changed the side rails or bottom inclined supports; the stress and deformation of these improved frames and the tank container were analyzed using the finite element method under the impact test. The results show that all three improved frames can meet the strength requirement, i.e., the maximum Mises stress is less than the allowable stress and the deformation requirement of the diagonal length difference is less than the allowable value, meaning that the tank containers with improved frames can pass the impact test. Moreover, for the FRP support rings and impact side heads, although the maximum values are different, they are still less than the respective allowable stresses. In addition, the maximum value of the middle cross section of the outer vessel in the direction of gravity does not increase with the change in the frame, and the deformation of the outer vessel remains within the elastic range. Therefore, the improvements of the frames have little effect on the stress and deformation of the other components of the tank container, in particular, the inner vessel and outer vessel. Compared to the frame of the traditional tank container, removing the side rails partially or completely can reduce the weight of the frame by 17.99% and 38.34%, respectively, greatly reducing manufacturing and transportation costs. It can also reduce the maximum Mises stress by 38.89% and 39.24% and the maximum diagonal difference by 57.95% and 61.16%.

Laboratory Investigation of the Dynamic Response of a Prestressed Composite Steel Cylindrical Tank Subjected to Horizontal Loading

In this article, a laboratory investigation on prestressed composite steel cylindrical tanks is performed at different prestressing parameter values (coil span, thickness, and prestressing force). Natural vibration frequencies of a traditional tank and a prestressed composite tank were determined at different filling levels. The research results reveal that prestressing using a steel wire strand has a positive effect in terms of the value of the attenuation coefficient where, when comparing a traditional tank with a coiled tank with a coil span equal to a = 3d, the attenuation coefficient changes in a positive direction by 22.9%; whereas, when comparing a traditional tank with that with a coil span equal to a = d, then the positive effect reaches up to 33%. The value of the attenuation coefficient of a half-filled tank shows that prestressing improves the attenuation coefficient at a coil span equal to a = 3d and up to 8.7%, and with a coil span equal to a = d, up to 26%. Conversely, in the analyses of the tank specimen filled up to the maximum level, the attenuation coefficient changes in a positive direction with a coil span equal to a = 3d, up to 15%, and when accounting for a coil span equal to a = d, up to 35%. In general, the effect of the use of prestressing in terms of the attenuation coefficient shows a positive trend between a percentage range of 8.7 and 35%, depending on the liquid filling conditions, and the vibration amplitudes decrease in a percentage range of 3.8–20%, also depending on the coil span and filling conditions of the tank. The obtained laboratory results positively expand the investigations performed within this research field. As a result, the corresponding findings can be used for the construction and design phases of vertical steel cylindrical tanks.

Analysis of strength and eigenfrequencies of a steel vertical cylindrical tank without liquid, reinforced by a plain composite thread

A study of the effect of a plain composite wrapping on the stress-strain state of the wall of a steel cylindrical tank is proposed, without taking into account the liquid. The stress assessment in the tank wall was carried out based on finite element modeling of the structure’s three-dimensional model deformation. Two tank wall variants were modeled: with constant and variable thickness, as well as three wrapping variants: with one, double and triple intervals, where the mechanical characteristics of the tank thread and material of different types were considered, taking into account the oil filling level, the wrapping pitch and the thread’s mechanical characteristics. It turned out that the maximum equivalent stresses of an empty traditional tank of continuous thickness are 35 % higher than the stresses of a tank with variable thickness. At that, the equivalent stress index of a prestressed tank with variable wall thickness is 13 % higher than of a tank with constant wall thickness in all three cases of winding a plain composite thread. It should be noted that with an increase in the winding pitch, the equivalent stresses of the prestressed tank decrease by 1.5 times, in the case of winding 1:1 and 1:2. When considering the case of 1:1 and 1:3, the stresses decrease by 2 times, in the case of 1:2 and 1:3, the stresses decrease by 1.35 times. In the modal analysis of the tank with continuous and variable wall thickness without liquid, the first 60 eigenfrequencies were obtained. An analysis of the spectrum of eigenfrequencies and their corresponding eigenvibrations for two models of the tank without liquid showed that the eigenfrequencies of the traditional empty tank are 2–7 % less than the tank with prestressing. However, it was determined that a decrease in the tank wall thickness at the upper free edge from 5 mm to 4 mm does not result in changes in the number of nodes in the circumferential direction. The results obtained will allow to effectively use the prestressing in order to improve the strength and dynamic characteristics to avoid the resonance effect in the structures under study, taking into account the wrapping of a plain composite thread.

An Application Based Introduction to the Brush Plating Technique

Selective or brush plating is an application method for electrodeposition which can be used for depositing an array of pure metals, alloys, and composite materials onto conductive surfaces. Brush plating has seen its most advantageous use in plating smaller areas of larger parts because the amount of masking used can be reduced, and smaller volumes of solution can be utilized compared to traditional tank plating methods. These same characteristics make brush plating portable and repair operations can be conducted in the field, at times without even disassembling equipment. Brush plating is currently used across a multitude of industrial applications in the fields of aerospace, oil and gas, marine environments, semiconductors, and other manufacturing.‘Brush’ plating is often considered a manual technique where a technician directly applies the anode (wrapped in the ‘brush’ material) to the surface to be plated. The brush material must be a porous, non-conductive, flexible material which electrically separates the anode from the surface to be plated. The plating solution is absorbed into the brush material around the anode prior to plating by dipping it into a vessel containing the solution. Alternatively, solution can be pumped directly through the anode to the surface to be plated. As a result, smaller volumes of solution can be used because the entire part is not immersed in a large tank containing the plating solution. Masking can be placed around the area to be plated without needing to mask off every surface that isn’t receiving a deposit.The current density used for brush plating is often high (0.2 to 1.5 A/cm2) relative to other electrochemical plating techniques. Brush plating solutions are typically highly concentrated and the brushing action against the surface where deposition is occurring allows for replenishment of the ion to be plated very close to the interface with the cathode. This allows for high plating rates (Up to 500 µm/hr) depending on the solution and other plating parameters utilized.This presentation will introduce the audience to the brush plating technique through the use of current and classical applications with multiple deposits. Pros and cons of the technique for different circumstances will be discussed. The influence of the brush material on the electrochemical interface during plating and the resulting deposit will be highlighted. Current research includes the development of deposits for chrome alternatives, alloys for corrosion resistance, and applying deposits to challenging substrates.

Influence of optimization model parameters on the main characteristics of the architectural and structural type of the combined vessel

Transportation of liquid cargo on specialized vessels has the disadvantage of not being able to reload. This is primarily due to the impossibility of placing dry cargo on the return trip in cargo tanks, both from the point of view of the need to clean up the latter, and from the point of view of access to cargo tanks with bulky or bulk cargo. This problem can be solved with the use of specialized cargo combined vessels, which have separate cargo spaces for dry cargo back loading, and traditional tanks for the transportation of liquid petroleum products. The above design solution reduces the carrying capacity of petroleum products compared to a "clean" tanker due to an increase in the weight of the hull, as well as due to the limitation of the permissible capacity, since, especially for river vessels and vessels of mixed (river-sea) navigation, there is no possibility of increasing the dimensions of the vessel. The article presents a mathematical model and the results of test calculations for the choice of an architectural and structural type of cargo combined vessel for inland and mixed (river-sea) transportation. It is shown that the so-called platform vessels have the greatest prospects both in terms of the profit they bring to the shipowner and in terms of minimum operating costs.

The art of model testing: Using CFD to adapt traditional tank testing techniques to a new era of wind propelled shipping

The art of model testing: Using CFD to adapt traditional tank testing techniques to a new era of wind propelled shipping

A Standardized Test Protocol for Evaluation of Scale Reduction Technologies.

Precipitation of calcium carbonate (i.e., scaling) can occur in both traditional tank (electric and gas) and “green” tankless hot water systems that have implications for public health, water and energy sustainability, infrastructure damage, and consumer esthetics. There are many scale reduction devices and technologies that aim to reduce or eliminate such problems, and several standardized methods have been proposed to research their performance with scientific rigor. All of the existing approaches were inherently nonreproducible or could not quantify important aspects of scale deposition, including quantity, location, and deposit durability. Here we develop and vet a Standardized Scaling Test Protocol that overcomes many of these deficiencies, using a laboratory-scale model premise plumbing system and a synthesized synthetic scaling water that could be reproduced in any laboratory. This approach produced 25.1 g of calcium carbonate scaling (95% confidence interval of 20.3–29.8 g, n = 3) in ∼5 days. Illustrative scale reduction for a range of representative technologies, including cation exchange, electrochemical deionization, magnetism, electric field generator, media-induced precipitation, phosphate sacrificial media, and citric acid sacrificial media, ranged from 0% to 100% using the standardized protocol. The general approach was also applied to suitable local natural water with high scaling potential, and similar capabilities were observed.

ЛОГИСТИЧЕСКИЕ АСПЕКТЫ РАЗВИТИЯ ТАНККОНТЕЙНЕРНОГО РЫНКА В РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ

The article deals with topical issues of development of the market of tank-container freight transportation in Russia. The study presents data on the use of tank-containers on various modes of transport, which allow high-quality and reliable transportation of goods in comparison with traditional tanks. The technological features of the design of tank-containers, their overall dimensions, weight and capacity are considered. Statistical information reflecting the dynamics of the chemical cargo transportation market in containers and tanks has been analyzed. The risks and threats that can lead to an environmental disaster due to the problems of updating the fleet of containers have been studied. The directions of development of smart logistics are given.

Revival of Traditional Cascade Tanks for Achieving Climate Resilience in Drylands of South India

Traditional tanks in arid regions of India have been working to address water demands of the public for more than 2000 years. However, recent decade is witnessing growing domestic and agricultural water demand coupled with rising encroachment and ignorance toward tanks; consequently, intensifying water shortage issues. While climate change is impacting at alarming rates, local agencies have forgotten these tanks that have aided in sustainable water supply solutions for decades apart from municipal water supply. This research, for the first time, estimates water supply-demand for an arid region in South India (Madurai) and lists out the benefits if tanks were managed and desilted. Exploratory investigations for documenting seasonal domestic and agricultural unmet water demand were conducted followed by their validation through ground-truthing across the study period 2002–2019. Results indicated high unmet domestic water demand, estimating ~73% [maximum 365 thousand cubic meters (TCM)] for summer (March to May) and ~33% (maximum 149 TCM) for winter (January and February), and high unmet agricultural water demand estimating ~90% (maximum 5,424 TCM) during North-East monsoon (October to December), and ~95% (maximum 5,161 TCM) during South-West monsoon (June to September). Erratic rainfall pattern was identified as a major cause for higher fluctuations in water availability inside tanks ranging 0–50%, while lack of ownership resulted in increased siltation load ranging 30–70% of the tank's volume. The study found that the major portion of the unmet water demand can be accounted for through rehabilitation of the tanks, as under the rehabilitated tank irrigation scenario the tank storage could attain 200–400% more water than the estimated agricultural water demand. It was concluded that if the cascade tanks were managed appropriately, they could have positive impacts by reducing floods and providing water for drought seasons.

Investigation of the influence of tank geometry on a vessel’s stability under free surface effect when in coastal waters

Tank sizes on liquid cargo carriers are becoming larger to minimise wasted spaces on-board and maximise payload capacity. This trend can significantly affect a vessel’s stability and its design. Therefore, this paper investigates whether spherical tanks provide better stability than a traditional tank formed with vertical sides under a range of free surface scenarios. The motions of a model liquid cargo carrier hull with various sizes of tanks and various fill levels has been investigated in a coastal basin. Regular waves of various heights and frequencies have been generated and the rolling motions of the hull have been documented. Results have shown that spherical tanks offer less free surface effects compared to vertical sided tanks thus create less rolling motion. In contrast, when the hull has four tanks, all of those with free surfaces, the vertical sided tanks provide better stability up to 50% fill levels whereas spherical tanks induce less roll between the fill levels 50% and 100%.

Water management using traditional tank cascade systems: a case study of semi-arid region of Southern India

Most arid and semi-arid regions of the Southern-Indian peninsula experience frequent drought. To combat this, historically many water recharge structures, such as tank cascade systems, have been constructed. However, in recent years, performance of these tanks, especially for irrigation and groundwater recharge, is limited due to impacts of external factors that are not scientifically understood. This study, for the first time, aimed to explore spatio-temporal variation of water mass balance components and their impact on the Vandiyur tank cascade system (VTCS) in the city of Madurai, India. Study estimated water mass balance components for rural, peri-urban, and urban catchments across VTCS. Catchment-specific algorithms and water budget equation were used to estimate the volume of hydrological parameters. Additionally, land use/land cover maps were developed to understand the significance of using a water balance approach in understanding the behavior of hydrological components governing the water budget of a catchment. Results indicated a rapid increase in the urban area, up to 300%, in peri-urban and urban regions. Urbanization was considered the primary cause of high catchment runoff (40–60% of rainfall). Due to this, seasonal water availability within each tank across catchment was observed inconsistent (0–15%), wherein summer recorded approximately the least tank storage (0–8%). In general, study provided an approach for a practical, water‐focused application demonstrating how the principles of mass balance can help to foster robust water accounting, monitoring, and management. It further emphasized the use of a water balance approach in identifying vulnerable catchments for appropriate tank-rehabilitation-based interventions.

Continuous-Flow Processes for the Production of Floxacin Intermediates: Efficient C–C Bond Formation through a Rapid and Strong Activation of Carboxylic Acids

AbstractThe development of highly efficient C–C bond formation methods for the synthesis of ethyl 2-(2,4-dichloro-5-fluorobenzoyl)-3-(dimethylamino)acrylate 1 in continuous flow processes has been described, which is based on the concept of rapid and efficient activation of carboxylic acid. 2,4-Dichloro-5-fluorobenzoic acid is rapidly converted into highly reactive 2,4-dichloro-5-fluorobenzoyl chloride by treating with inexpensive and less-toxic solid bis(trichloromethyl)carbonate. And then it rapidly reacts with ethyl 3-(dimethylamino)acrylate to afford the desired 1. This process can be performed under mild conditions. Compared with the traditional tank reactor process, less raw material consumption, higher product yield, less reaction time, higher operation safety ensured by more the environmentally friendly procedure, and process continuity are achieved in the continuous-flow system.

Experimental analysis and compartmental modeling of the residence time distribution in DN6 and DN15 continuous oscillatory baffled crystallizer (COBC) systems

Compartment models (CMs) are widely used to capture typical hydrodynamic features of systems, generally having low computational cost. The main building blocks of the CMs are the continuous stirred tank reactor and plug flow reactor models. In this study, the hydrodynamics of two laboratory scale continuously oscillated baffled crystallizer systems were investigated: the commercially available DN15 and a scaled down version known as the DN6. CM structures were identified based on residence time distribution (RTD) measurements by direct fitting method for both the DN6 and DN15 systems, which showed superior performance compared to the traditional tank in series CM structure determination. To attain a more accurate CM calibration, the piston and pump flowrates obtained by the typical peristaltic pump configurations were thoroughly analyzed.The investigations revealed that the behavior of the systems varies based on the oscillation amplitudes and frequencies, so the number of compartments required for an adequate model was identified based on measurement with different amplitudes and frequencies. It is shown that adaptive tank in series CMs are needed to capture the measured RTD characteristics over a broad piston operation range. Not only the RTD curves but the calculated compartment numbers follow similar trends in DN6 and DN15. This enabled the generalization of the CM structure for the DN6 and DN15 systems.

Highlighting the Use of Brush Plating for Plating on Titanium, Nickel Plating, and Metal Matrix Composite Materials

Selective or brush plating is an application method for electrodeposition which can be used for coating an array of pure metals, alloys, and composite materials. The ‘brush’ in brush plating describes a porous, non-conductive, flexible material which wraps the anode to keep it separated from the part to be plated. The plating solution is applied by rubbing the anode, covered with the brush material and saturated by the plating solution, against the area to be plated. This is done in lieu of dipping the entire part in a large tank of plating solution. Brush plating has seen its most advantageous use in plating smaller areas of larger parts because the amount of masking used can be reduced, and smaller volumes of solution can be utilized compared to traditional tank plating methods. Brush plating is portable and repair plating can be performed in the field, sometimes without even disassembling equipment. Brush plating is currently used for numerous specialty applications in the fields of aerospace, oil and gas, marine environments, manufacturing, and many others.The process of brush plating will be presented in terms common to all electroplating processes. The effects of facets particular to brush plating shall be clarified in terms of their contributions to the molecular level and to the properties of the resulting deposit. Applying solution by brushing it onto a part leads to different formulations of the plating solution compared to other plating methods. The application method (brushing) promotes fast solution replenishment at the electrode surface and dissipation of species generated by side reactions at the work surface. The type of brush material used on the anode will affect the type of surface finish or even the structure of the deposited material.The presentation will include a summary of a brush plating process for depositing nickel pre-plate on titanium with strong adhesion, highlighting advancements made to the plating process for a classic sulfamate nickel plating solution formulation, and evaluating differences in solution composition focusing on particle loading.M. Rubinstein, Electrochemical Metallizing, Vinmar Press, New York, NY (1987)D. Vanek, Met. Finish., 108, 25-32 (2010) Figure 1

Neural network based adaptive rise control of tank gun systems

With the development of the all-electric fourth-generation tank, higher requirements have been put forward for the accuracy and response speed of tank gun control and the traditional tank gun system modeling methods and control strategies failed to meet the requirements. For this reason, a neural network based adaptive robust integral of the error sign (ARISE) control for tank gun system is proposed considering two-axis dynamic coupling and nonlinear friction characteristics. Firstly, a two-axis coupling nonlinear dynamic model of the tank gun system is established and a continuous static friction model is used to characterize the nonlinear friction characteristics of the system. Then, an adaptive law is designed based on the desired position instruction to realize the online update of unknown system parameters. In addition, the neural network is used to compensate other unmodeled dynamic errors and the influence of neural network approximation error is suppressed by the nonlinear integral robust control term. The stability analysis results show that the proposed neural network based adaptive robust integral of the sign of the error control strategy can obtain excellent asymptotic tracking performance, and the simulation results verify its effectiveness.

Synthesis of piperacillin with low impurity content using a new three-feed membrane dispersion microreactor

The synthesis of piperacillin is very sensitive to the mixing effect and the pH of the system. Because of poor micro-mixing and imprecise pH control in the ampicillin chloride method using the traditional reactor, the impurity content of piperacillin does not meet the production standard. Therefore, a novel three-feed membrane dispersion microreactor was proposed and used to synthesize piperacillin, in which ampicillin was first mixed with 4-ethyl-2,3-dioxo-1-piperazine carbonyl chloride (EDPC) and then mixed with ammonia water under rapid and intense mixing conditions. The process of ampicillin circulation and slow addition of the EDPC also contributed to stabilizing the pH value. The effects of the distance between the ammonia feed and the EDPC feed, pH, reaction temperature, EDPC ratio, and circulation flow rate on the content of piperacillin and impurities were investigated. The piperacillin content of the condensation solution reached ~94.90% within 10 min under the optimal conditions in the microreactor, but the content only reached 91.06% in 60 min in the traditional tank; more importantly, the content of the key impurities D and E decreased from 0.340% to 0.080%, and 0.176% to 0.035%, respectively. Subsequent processes were carried out to obtain the final piperacillin product, where the average yield was around 93.99%; the purity was generally above 99.7%; the content of impurity D was generally less than 0.1%, and the content of impurity E was less than 0.05%, meeting the guidelines of the pharmacopoeia and antibiotic impurity.

A new design concept of thermal storage tank for adaptive heat charging in solar heating system

A new design of storage tank with multiple outlets for storing solar thermal energy is proposed and investigated. The storage tank is featured with one fixed inlet port and three outlet ports at different heights. The new design provides an adaptive effective tank volume to cater for the dynamic solar heat supply. As an alternative of variable-volume tank, it helps improve the system performance and build a more flexible system. Using CFD simulations, the present work compares the transient temperature contours in the new design against those in a conventional tank during a charging process. Energy and exergy analysis are performed to investigate the thermal storing performance of a solar heating system with the new tank. It is found that the new storage tank is particularly useful in shortening the thermal response time and generating more useful energy and exergy in the cloudy day, by 12.7% and 20%, respectively, over a traditional tank.