Traditional Security Approaches Research Articles

HUMAN SECURITY IN SOUTH AFRICA

1. Introduction The gains that can be attributed to the cause of human security since the end of apartheid are significant. The right to vote, to basic education and primary health care; the introduction of an extensive social security system that has lifted many people out of poverty; the provision of affordable housing and basic services to millions, are some of the undeniable achievements of 21 years of democracy. On the regional and international fronts, South Africa has shifted from being a source of insecurity to its neighbours to being an advocate for peace on the continent, playing a prominent mediation role in conflicts such as those in Burundi, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and the Sudan. Yet the country remains dogged by unemployment and poverty, structural inequality in the economy, the failure of some state institutions to provide adequately for the needs of all people, and failures in the criminal justice system, to name several challenges. Moreover, South Africa's formal Pan-Africanist and internationalist posture has been sullied by recurring instances of violent attacks on migrants, many of whom have fled hardship in their own countries. It could be argued that human security has not prevailed, and might even be a waning value in the South African political and social fabric. Are we in fact, seeing a reversal of gains, and the return of the traditional security approach that had characterised the apartheid years? This commentary asks whether the human security agenda has been lost in the quagmire of political, economic and social challenges confronting South Africa, and if this is the case, what can be done to arrest the trend. 2. Africa's contribution to the global discourse on human security In the global discourse, 'human security' gained currency at a particular geo-political moment, soon after the end of the Cold War. At the time, South Africa's political transition was already underway, and ideas about what should replace the state-centred notion of apartheid, were an integral part of discussions. The poverty, racial discrimination, political repression and institutionalised violence that had characterised life for black people for centuries had been a focus of struggles and campaigns for decades. The state had clearly been a source of insecurity--this was conceded by the apartheid government during the negotiations in the early 1990s. The language in which discussions around a future security dispensation was framed, spoke resoundingly of a new era of 'freedom from fear' and 'freedom from want'--the language of human security. Whilst the United Nations' (UN) 1994 Human Development Report is often cited as a decisive moment in shifting the conceptual understanding of security, it was in fact part of a long continuum of global political thought and action. Anti-colonial struggles, the establishment of the UN, the international struggle against apartheid, all contained within them a desire to rid the world of physical violence and to establish inclusive, human and just societies. Not only were these aspirations expressed in the struggles fought by many peoples and movements, they also found expression in academic analyses. (1) Even before the 1994 UN Report, the relationship between security and development was captured in the seminal 1991 Kampala Document, which emanated from a meeting convened by the chairperson of the Organisation of African Unity (OAU), President Yoweri Musoveni and Olusegun Obasanjo of Nigeria, who was then chairperson of the Africa Leadership Forum (Africa Leadership Forum 1991: 4). The meeting, attended by over 500 people including several serving and former heads of state, deliberated on the prospects for Africa in the 1990s and the 21st century. It proposed the launch of a Conference on Security, Stability, Development and Cooperation in Africa (CSSDCA). It argued that the erosion of insecurity and instability were major impediments to economic integration and the socio-economic transformation of Africa. …

SeArch: A Collaborative and Intelligent NIDS Architecture for SDN-Based Cloud IoT Networks

The explosive rise of intelligent devices with ubiquitous connectivity have dramatically increased Internet of Things (IoT) traffic in the cloud environment and created potential attack surfaces for cyber-attacks. Traditional security approaches are insufficient and inefficient to address security threats in cloud-based IoT networks. In this vein, software defined networking (SDN), network function virtualization (NFV), and machine learning techniques introduce numerous advantages that can effectively resolve cybersecurity matters for cloud-based IoT systems. In this paper, we propose a collaborative and intelligent network-based intrusion detection system (NIDS) architecture, namely SeArch for SDN-based cloud IoT networks. It composes a hierarchical layer of intelligent IDS nodes working in collaboration to detect anomalies and formulate policy into the SDN-based IoT gateway devices to stop malicious traffic as fast as possible. We first describe a new NIDS architecture with a comprehensive analysis in terms of the system resource and path selection optimizations. Next, the system process logic is extensively investigated through main consecutive procedures, including initialization, runtime operation, and database update. Afterward, we conduct a detailed implementation of the proposed solution in an SDN-based environment and perform a variety of experiments. Finally, evaluation results of the SeArch architecture yield outstanding performance in anomaly detection and mitigation as well as bottleneck problem handling in the SDN-based cloud IoT networks in comparison with existing solutions.

Advanced Authentication Protocol for Software-Defined Networks

Software-Defined Networking (SDN) is being widely implemented by critical infrastructure networks, however providing security features still a challenge. In this work, we present SafeFlow an Automatic Trust Negotiation Protocol for SDN, a first line of defense and fine-grained authentication protocol, in order to deny the access of OpenFlow switches without valid digital credentials. Traditional security approaches based on identity or capabilities do not solve the problem of establishing trust between strangers. One alternative approach to mutual trust establishment is Trust Negotiation, the bilateral exchange of digital credentials to establish trust gradually. The proposed protocol describes Trust Negotiation in OpenFlow protocol, probable extension to the OpenFlow handshake protocol. In this paper, we describe the implementation of SafeFlow. The proposed protocol ensures the security of the infrastructure itself, as there are also other proposals for developing security application on OpenFlow network infrastructure.

Pendekatan Human Security dalam Studi Perbatasan Negara

The study of state border have always been an interesting topic of discussion among the IR’s scholars, this is because the border issues are related to territorial issues and state sovereignty. So that discussions about state borders are always dominated by traditional security approaches that put the ecountry as the primary actor.While this article seeks to use the human security approach in reviewing state border issues. This is done as a form of response to the dynamics of change in international relations. Unlike traditional security approaches that always put the state as the object of reference, the human security approach places the individual as the object of reference. Human security is an approach that is focus on individual security. According to UNDP there are seven universal components in human security approach; economic security, food security, health security, environment security, personal security, community security and political security.

STUDY OF LATTICE BASED FHE FOR CLOUD DATA SECURITY

Cloud Computing is an transpiring trend in the modern world. It is a way of holding the Internet to use software or other IT services on demand. Due to its fast growth and popularity, number of users deposit their data and applications on the cloud. The impressive growth in cloud computing has proved to be promising innovation and more suitable for storing data and applications remotely. But its uses improvement is hindered by the security issue. Cloud doesn’t provide more security for its services and storage purpose. The traditional security approach of encryption doesn’t make cloud fully secure. So there is a need to develop such a technique which increases the security level of cloud. In order to solve the problem of data security in cloud computing system, lattice-based cryptographic schemes implements the so called “Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) scheme”, which allows processing directly on encrypted data and holds the promise eventually to solve the security problems with cloud computing. In this paper we survey on the existing lattice based FHE encryption techniques. Fully homomorphic encryption is a good solution to enhance security measures of cloud system that handles critical data. This makes cloud computing more stable and solid.

Voices of Nigerian Women Survivors of Trafficking Held in Italian Centres for Identification and Expulsion

AbstractThis article examines the vicissitudes that affect the migration trajectories of many Nigerian women who experienced trafficking before arriving in Italy, and end up in Centers for Identification and Expulsion (CIE) for undocumented migrants. Their life stories, collected within the CIE of Ponte Galeria (Rome), revealed violence as “a rule of action” with which these women are obliged to cope with at different levels. Moreover, they highlighted the failure of traditional security approaches to human trafficking, and the necessity to rethink the measures adopted to ensure survivors' protection and rights. As it is conceived, the system of immigration control prevents the full guarantee of survivors' rights, often labelling them as “illegal migrants”. Finally, there is the need to extend protection to all survivors of human trafficking even if the crime against them has not happened in Italy.

Security protection between users and the mobile media cloud

Mobile devices such as smartphones are widely deployed in the world, and many people use them to download/upload media such as video and pictures to remote servers. On the other hand, a mobile device has limited resources, and some media processing tasks must be migrated to the media cloud for further processing. However, a significant question is, can mobile users trust the media services provided by the media cloud service providers? Many traditional security approaches are proposed to secure the data exchange between mobile users and the media cloud. However, first, because multimedia such as video is large-sized data, and mobile devices have limited capability to process media data, it is important to design a lightweight security method; second, uploading and downloading multi-resolution images/videos make it difficult for the traditional security methods to ensure security for users of the media cloud. Third, the error-prone wireless environment can cause failure of security protection such as authentication. To address the above challenges, in this article, we propose to use both secure sharing and watermarking schemes to protect user's data in the media cloud. The secure sharing scheme allows users to upload multiple data pieces to different clouds, making it impossible to derive the whole information from any one cloud. In addition, the proposed scalable watermarking algorithm can be used for authentications between personal mobile users and the media cloud. Furthermore, we introduce a new solution to resist multimedia transmission errors through a joint design of watermarking and Reed- Solomon codes. Our studies show that the proposed approach not only achieves good security performance, but also can enhance media quality and reduce transmission overhead.

Moving-Target Defenses for Computer Networks

One of the criticisms of traditional security approaches is that they present a static target for attackers. Critics state, with good justification, that by allowing the attacker to reconnoiter a system at leisure to plan an attack, defenders are immediately disadvantaged. To address this, the concept of moving-target defense (MTD) has recently emerged as a new paradigm for protecting computer networks and systems.

Privacy Analysis of User Behavior Using Alignments

Abstract Privacy is becoming a urgent issue in information systems nowadays because of the stringent requirements imposed by data protection regulations. Traditional security approaches based on access control and authorization are not adequate to address these requirements. The underlying fundamental problem is that those approaches are preventive and thus they are not able to deal with exceptions. In this paper, we present a practical privacy framework that shifts the problem of preventing infringements into a problem of detecting infringements. The framework is based on systematic log auditing, use of patterns and privacy metrics to detect and quantify infringements.

Privacy Analysis of User Behavior Using Alignments

Abstract Privacy is becoming a urgent issue in information systems nowadays because of the stringent requirements imposed by data protection regulations. Traditional security approaches based on access control and authorization are not adequate to address these requirements. The underlying fundamental problem is that those approaches are preventive and thus they are not able to deal with exceptions. In this paper, we present a practical privacy framework that shifts the problem of preventing infringements into a problem of detecting infringements. The framework is based on systematic log auditing, use of patterns and privacy metrics to detect and quantify infringements.

Beyond History: non-traditional security cooperation and the construction of Northeast Asian international society

This article takes the proposition that cooperation in the area of non-traditional security (NTS) can provide the essential window of opportunity for Northeast Asians to move beyond history. To demonstrate, it explores the development of NTS cooperation in Northeast Asia, paying particular attention to Sino–Japanese cooperation in the environmental and disaster areas. It then examines the relationship between NTS cooperation and the construction of a regional international society in Northeast Asia. It argues that the importance of NTS cooperation is twofold. First, in a region where historical animosities remain high, NTS issues can avoid sensitive areas and find common ground for cooperation that traditional security approaches would be unable to envisage. Second, NTS cooperation has turned people-to-people relations in a more prominent and conciliatory direction, and enhanced human security consideration, thus taking things further than the indirect consequences of functionalism.

Affective communities as security communities

In this intervention, I argue that conceptualizing the politically constitutive nature of emotions is crucial for a more holistic and reflective understanding of security. Emotions are a mechanism through which political identities and communities are shaped and sustained. They are part of the social fabric that binds communities together. In certain circumstances and particularly after political conflict and crises, emotions can be mobilized in ways that focus communities on trauma and generate antagonistic perceptions and mindsets. Security becomes defined narrowly; resources are spent keeping perceived dangers at bay. Highlighting the links between emotions, community and security, I underline the need to examine how the emotional meanings that underpin these kinds of ‘affective communities’ can constitute threat perceptions and create violent security patterns. Doing so is critical as it provides a pathway through which scholars and policy analysts can rethink security through the type of social emotional dispositions that traditional security approaches are both predicted on and in turn perpetuate.

The Integration of Corporate Security Strategies in Collaborative Business Processes

In response to increasing economical constraints, enterprise organization has evolved toward new structures such as networked enterprise, supply chains, virtual enterprise, or collaborative business organizations. This structural organization requires the interoperability of business processes (BPs)and information systems. Dealing with interoperability often leads to the deployment of Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) based on Enterprise Service Bus (ESB) to design agile collaborative BPs and publish and compose new services. In order to protect each partner's own interests, security strategies must be developed and integrated in the service environment. Unfortunately, traditional security approaches deal with security concerns from a technical perspective (i.e., data transmission or authentication, etc.) and do not support end-to-end security in a distributed environment of business services and collaborative processes. In this paper, we attempt to improve end-to-end security by annotating service descriptions with security objectives used to generate convenient quality of protection (QoP) agreements between partners. Conversely, agreements are processed by a dedicated matching module with respect to security requirements and preferences to select business services, and then, compose their appropriate technical security services.

Beyond Border Security: Feminist Approaches to Human Trafficking

International human trafficking—sometimes referred to as modern-day slavery—has increasingly come to be seen as a security threat. The question remains as to what kind of threat human trafficking poses. Traditional security approaches to international human trafficking call for analysis of trafficking as a threat to the state and to state control of borders. Traditional security analyses of trafficking therefore emphasize border security, migration controls, and international law enforcement cooperation. Feminist analyses of human trafficking challenge the traditional security framework, prioritizing the security of trafficked persons and recognizing the manner in which victims are threatened by both traffickers and the state itself. I argue that feminist approaches to human trafficking are essential for understanding and combating the phenomenon. Feminists identify the ethical and pragmatic grounds for broadening the analytical focus from states to people. Feminists' most important contribution, however, lies in the investigations of the social construction of human trafficking, which highlight the destructive role that sexist and racist stereotypes play in constructing the category of trafficking victims.

Introduction: Nontraditional Approaches to Russian Politics and Security

Abstract: This introduction to a special section of Demokratizatsiya describes European University at St. Petersburg/Georgetown University project on Approaches to Russian Politics and Security. The guest editor reviews literature on nontraditional approaches to security studies, illustrates policy reasons for applying some of these concepts in Russian context, and introduces section's four articles. Keywords: nontraditional security, politics, Russia, security studies ********** The Soviet system's demise created a tremendous opportunity to unleash creative energies that had been ideologically constrained for decades. Even though some individuals ingeniously pushed USSR's intellectual boundaries, most Soviet social scientists worked within established Socialist paradigm. The opportunities to break out were greater in Central Europe than in Soviet Union. Despite high hopes for collaborative efforts, post-1991 scholarship has failed to produce much paradigm shifting. In Russia, country that dominated Soviet social science, stronger trend has become defense of analytical modes, not challenge of old assumptions. There are exceptions, however. Several universities established since 1992 offer a blend of Russian and Western scholarly approaches. In best cases, they expose students to Russian and Western (mirovoi, literally world) scholarly literature. The Carnegie Corporation of New York invited European University at St. Petersburg's political science and sociology faculty and Georgetown University's Government Department to explore potential synergies in a collaborative project involving scholars from both institutions. For three years, European University scholars developed their expertise in nontraditional approaches. During project's final year, each of them spent time at Georgetown, presented their work at seminars, and consulted with American colleagues to sharpen their scholarship's focus. The four articles published here present some of results from this collaboration. The Soviet system's collapse provided tremendous opportunities for scholars to rethink basic assumptions about politics and security. In first months of 1992, almost anything seemed possible. This gave extra potency to existing efforts to encourage thinking. In comparative politics, transitions paradigm--the dominant discourse--was quickly challenged by a chorus of critics who accused shock therapists of market bolshevism. (1) In both economics and political analysis, opposing sides tended to talk past each other. Political debates often involved a basic difference between procedural and substantive definitions of democracy. Economic arguments were similarly procedural, but ever more bitter, with rapid-reform advocates focusing on process, whereas gradualists emphasized outcomes. After 1998, focus increasingly shifted to nondemocratic systems, joining a growing literature on hybrid regimes and varieties of authoritarianism. (2) This literature, and related discussions' shift toward the political, is well-known to Demokratizatsiya readers. The backgrounds of nontraditional security topics may be less familiar, however. The Security Studies Dilemma Early Nontraditionalists The mainstream security studies community finds integration of new security issues difficult, especially given post--September 11 focus on terrorism. Many security studies experts have responded to perceived threats to traditional security studies by defending fortress rather than reexamining assumptions. Some of earliest and most influential scholars who challenged traditional security approaches include Richard Ullman, Jessica Tuchman Mathews, and Thomas F. Homer-Dixon. (3) Writing in early 1980s, when Soviet Union was still very much in business, Ullman warns that every administration in Washington has defined American national security in excessively narrow and excessively military terms. …

An analysis of the traditional IS security approaches: implications for research and practice

Scholars have developed several modern information systems security (ISS) methods. Yet the traditional ISS methods – ISS checklists, ISS standards, ISS maturity criteria, risk management (RM) and formal methods (FM) – are still among the most used ISS methods. This study makes sense of these traditional ISS methods by comparing their underlying key assumptions. The main finding is that the traditional ISS methods regurgitate several features and assumptions that are required to be dealt with by traditional ISS methods developers and practitioners.