Traditional Salt Research Articles

EDUKASI PENGUATAN EKONOMI LOKAL PADA KELOMPOK PETANI GARAM DALAM IMPLEMENTASI KEBIJAKAN EKONOMI KERTHI BALI DI DESA KUSAMBA KECAMATAN DAWAN KABUPATEN KLUNGKUNG

Dawan District is one of the areas located in Klungkung Regency which is in the coastal area. Nearly 20% of local people earn their livelihood in the fisheries and marine sectors. The potential of the large marine area, precisely in Kusamba Village, can certainly be a great opportunity for the local community to make a living as salt farmers. Kusamba is an old village located almost seven (7) km from Semarapura City Klungkung, according to Pemancangah or chronicle about the escape of Ki Gusti Maruti who rebelled against the King of Bali in Gelgel (Queen Dalem Dimadya) in 1686, Ki Gusti Maruti also brought along the servants who were residents of Pasek Gelgel and at that time it was said that residents of Pasek Gelgel were also related to residents of Pasek in Kusamba who were known as Pasek Sadra, from these residents of Pasek Gelgel he was at the location of the new settlement in Kuramas village, the residents were placed in Banjar Gelgel, Keramas . In 1750 AD, after the death of the King of the Kelungkung Kingdom, Ratu Dewa Agung Sakti, and was replaced by his sister Ratu Dewa Agung Gde Panji as King of Kelungkung, the sons of the King of Kelungkung Ratu Dewa Agung Gde Pandji were each given a place to live to protect the people and the security of the Kingdom. Klungkung. The population of Kusamba village as of 2021 is 5,465 people consisting of 2,649 men and 2,816 women. In this case, the importance of education related to building a business concept motivates the community to be able to plan a local economic business. The Governor of Bali's policy through Circular Letter (SE) No.17 of 2021 concerning the use of local Balinese traditional salt products in its implementation as a Kerthi Bali Economic concept where he conveyed that traditional salt farmers must be preserved because the salt produced by Kusamba village tastes delicious, this has become opportunities for local communities to be able to build a business, either individually or as a group, by exploiting this potential in their area to help improve the economy and prosperity. It is hoped that the educational understanding of the concept of sustainable business and the Kerthi Bali Economic policy will be able to provide an overview of the community in the Nusa Penida sub-district to build a business that contains elements of Balinese natural local wisdom as a form of assisting the government in realizing the vision and mission of the Bali provincial government. The educational process as a new business is the main thing that needs to be understood, including the elements that support the business line so that it can still reach the market and survive, because a business is not only oriented towards profit but also the community and the surrounding nature.

Exploring the relation between farmer organization and welfare using propensity score matching approach: Evidence from madurese traditional salt farmers in indonesia

This research aims to examine the relation between farmer organization and welfare using Propensity Score Matching approach. Numerous prior studies have demonstrated that farmers’ involvement in a producer group significantly affects their income levels, efficiency rates, and the adoption of cutting-edge agricultural technologies. However, there have been few studies on salt farming in Madura Island, despite its status as a primary salt producer in Indonesia. This study focused on examining how the participation of salt farmers in farmer groups, specifically known as the “Traditional Salt Business Group” (or Kelompok Usaha Garam Rakyat [KUGAR] in Indonesian), impacts their agricultural income. In this study, the researchers examined primary data collected through interviews with 115 traditional salt farmers on Madura Island, East Java, Indonesia. Logistic regression analysis revealed three independent variables affecting the decisions of salt farmers, specifically farmer’s latest level of education, salt production in the last season, and the number of their family members. Then, employing a Propensity Score Matching (PSM) approach, the study showed a significant income disparity between salt farmers who were KUGAR members and those who are not. Moreover, the level of education emerged as a key determinant influencing salt farmers’ decisions to join KUGAR. Furthermore, the Indonesian government could intervene by encouraging younger salt farmers to join the producer groups to realize benefits, including improvements in the well-being of salt farmers.

Modeling mobile shales under contraction: Critical analyses of new analog simulations of shale tectonics and comparison with salt-bearing systems

Weak substrates, such as salt and mobile shales, exert a strong control on deformation styles in all structural settings, especially those undergoing contraction. Despite both materials being very weak, they are mechanically very different. Salt is weak and will flow in a ductile fashion under most geologic conditions, whereas shales only become mobile after reaching a critical state. Many sandbox-style physical or analog modeling studies have typically used a salt analog, viscous silicone polymer, as a proxy for mobile shales. However, to more accurately model mobile shale behavior, the model material needs to exhibit yield strength. One such material is Carbopol, which is made up of microgel grains that are elasto-plastic, separated by a viscous interstitial fluid. The abundance of the grains depends on the concentration of the mixture. Our results show that Carbopol does behave much differently than the traditional salt analog during contraction. Polydimethylsiloxanes typically undergoes bulk deformation and inflation under contraction, whereas Carbopol forms discrete, intense shear zones and contains zones of little to no strain where its yield strength has not been exceeded. Below the shale analog, brittle layers typically form imbricate thrust stacks, jacking up the overburden, with shear zones propagating out from thrust tips along and through the shale proxy. Strain analyses reveal complex switching of activity within the Carbopol and overlying sediments. Models reveal that even a very thin layer of Carbopol can act as a highly efficient detachment, and form more geologically realistic shortening structures, especially where these detachments are vertically stacked and horizontally offset. We believe that Carbopol is a powerful mobile-shale analog and opens new modeling directions because, as far as we are aware, this material has never been incorporated into a traditional sandbox model. Future work will seek to incorporate this material into more complex and 3D sandbox-style models.

The Role of Traditional Salt Production in Achieving Halal Standards of the Ulamaconsultative Council: Implications for Sustainable Development Goals

Objective: The fact in salt production by traditional coastal communities is a lack of understanding of the halal standards for salt production formulated by the Ulama Consultative Council in the Aceh region. Supposedly, Muslim salt farmers already have basic knowledge about halal salt production standards under Islamic sharia rules. This article, therefore, describes the salt processing process that conforms to halal production standards, including the main raw materials, workers, facilities, production processes, product packaging, and product distribution under Islamic law. Method: The data used in this study were observations of Lancang coastal salt (coastal salt fields), interviews with the head of LPPOM MPU and secretaries, the head of the Banda Aceh Maritime Affairs and Fisheries Service, 241 coastal salt farmers, and three staff supporting salt farmers. Data were also obtained through a focus group discussion attended by all elements involved in the Acehnese halal salt production. Results: The results of this study highlighted that four standards had been met: raw material standards, worker standards, packaging standards, and distribution standards. Meanwhile, two standards have not been fulfilled: the standard for processing and the standard for the facilities used. Both have not met halal standards according to the guidelines of the Ulama Consultative Council in Aceh. SDGs Review | São Paulo (SP) | VOL. 4 | e01594 | pag: 01-47 | Jan-Dec | 2024. Contribution: this research helps improve the quality of salt produced by traditional farmers in Aceh by introducing and guiding them to comply with the halal standards set by LPPOM MPU Aceh. Education and awareness-raising among farmers about the importance of halal production are key points, where they are taught how to apply halal principles at every stage of the salt-making process. With a better understanding of these standards, farmers can not only improve the quality of their products but also obtain halal certification, which in turn increases the market value and consumer trust in the salt they produce. Furthermore, this research positively impacts the local economy by opening up broader market opportunities for traditional salt farmers. Halal certification allows them to sell their products to a larger market segment, including consumers who prioritize halal products, thus increasing the income and well-being of the farmers. Additionally, this research emphasizes the importance of preserving traditional methods in salt production, ensuring that techniques passed down through generations remain relevant and comply with current halal standards. The findings of this research also provide valuable input for the government and related institutions in formulating policies that support halal production and the sustainability of traditional salt farmers. As a model or example of best practices, this research can be adopted by other regions with traditional salt production, enabling them to follow Aceh's lead in implementing halal production standards. Thus, this research not only directly benefits traditional salt farmers in Aceh but also has the potential to inspire and drive positive changes at the national level.

The Role of Traditional Salt Production in Achieving Halal Standards of the Ulamaconsultative Council: Implications for Sustainable Development Goals

The Role of Traditional Salt Production in Achieving Halal Standards of the Ulamaconsultative Council: Implications for Sustainable Development Goals

Supplier Selection of Salt Industry With AHP and Topis Method

Purpose: This study aims to identify the criteria for selecting salt suppliers and propose a supplier selection framework so that the salt industry can buy raw materials according to the specified standards and prices. Theoretical reference: This research synthesizes supplier selection criteria from the literature. Method: A decision-making framework for supplier selection was constructed by integrating the AHP with TOPSIS. Data were gathered via interviews with salt industry professionals and from observations of salt manufacturing and the supply chain. The weight of the criteria for selecting the salt supplier was determined through the use of questionnaires that utilized the AHP and TOPSIS methodology. Result and Conclusion: The findings of this study offer the Salt Industry valuable insights into the factors that should be considered when selecting suppliers, such as Quality, Service, Delivery, Flexibility, and Responsiveness. The AHP method's outcome indicates that the criterion with the highest ranking is quality. The results suggest that the criteria are ranked in descending order of importance, with quality having the highest weight, followed by delivery, responsiveness, flexibility, and service. Supplier A, with the highest ranking, has been chosen. Implications of research: The framework developed in this article uses only five criteria and was validated on one salt company. Further research can be continued by adding new criteria and validated in several salt industries. The algorithm and the output of this research are expected to be used as inputs in the design of the digital supply chain of the salt industry. Moreover, the management can use this method to choose raw material suppliers based on quality, service, delivery, flexibility, and responsiveness. Most producers of salt raw materials in Indonesia are salt farmers, most of whom still use traditional salt production and storage methods. It is hoped that the results of this research can provide information to salt suppliers, including salt farmers, about the criteria that must be met so that the salt produced can be immediately sold to the salt industry. Originality/value: This study develops a supplier selection system designed for the salt business, which has significant importance in Indonesia. The literature study results from this study are anticipated to provide valuable insights for academics researching supplier selection. This research can be furthered by examining the impact of this supplier decision on the performance of the Salt supply chain, extending from upstream to downstream.

Clean and efficient extraction of lithium from montebrasite ore by aluminum sulfate roasting method: Thermal behavior and process optimization

Amidst the surge of Li demand, technology development for Li extraction from diverse Li resources has gained considerable interest. Montebrasite, a significant lithium ore, is distinguished by its high Li content. Despite its potential, research into its processing technologies are scarce, leading to its limited and slow industrial adoption. On this basis, a novel process combining aluminum sulfate roasting and water leaching was proposed in this study to achieve its clean and efficient utilization. Firstly, thermal behaviors of montebrasite were investigated through various characterizations. It was observed that montebrasite underwent obvious decomposition above 700 °C, and began to melt after 800 °C. The mineral phases transformed into Li3PO4, AlPO4 and Al2O3 after decomposition. Thermodynamic calculation indicated that when Al2(SO4)3 was used as roasting agent, Li+ can be entirely substituted by Al3+ to form soluble Li2SO4, while Al3+ combined with PO43− to form insoluble AlPO4, enabling selective and efficient Li extraction. The experimental results demonstrated a high agreement with thermodynamic analysis. Under the optimal conditions (roasting: 760 ℃, 1.0 h, 29.4 % Al2(SO4)3), 94.1 % Li was extracted selectively, while only 0.04 % Al and 0.3 % P entered into solution. The leach residue, primarily composed of AlPO4, SiO2, mullite and Al2O3, can be recycled for further utilization. This process offers distinct advantages over traditional salt roasting methods, including reduced reagent usage and elimination of solid waste discharge. It presents an efficient, cost-effective and environmentally benign pathway for the utilization of montebrasite.

Studi Eksploratif Mengenai Kadar Garam Tradisional Di Kampung Garam Kabupaten Sikka

This study aims to determine the levels of NaCl, to compare with the Indonesian National Standard and to see the influence of the environment and the cooking process on traditional salt produced by salt farmers in Kampung Garam, Sikka Regency. This research was conducted in Kampung Garam, Sikka Regency and the Mathematics and Natural Sciences Laboratory of the Muhamadiyah Maumere. The sample of this research is 3. The sampling technique used is purposive sampling. This study uses a qualitative exploratory method. After the data is collected, it is followed by data analysis, namely by data reduction, data presentation, triangulation and drawing conclusions. Based on the research results, the NaCl content in sample A was 90.38%, salt samples B and C were 85.71% and 79.37%. The process of making salt in Uneng City includes several stages: 1) preparation of raw salt raw materials; 2). coarse salt is transferred in a filter container poured with water; 3) this coarse salt drained water is collected in a bucket; 4) salt water is cooked in a container that has been prepared at 90°C; 5) after a few hours, salt crystals form; 6) and salt drying is done by filtering. Therefore, the results of the study concluded that the quality of salt was seen from the NaCl content produced from three locations in Salt Village, Sikka Regency using the evaporation method with the help of fuel heat according to (SNI 4435-2017) on the basis of dry weight (adbk) for sample A including quality K2 salt (medium quality), samples B and C belong to K3 salt quality (low quality) and there are environmental influences and the salt cooking process on production so that it is not suitable for consumption.

PURIFICATION OF KROSOK SALT (CRUDE SOLAR SALT) THROUGH RECRYSTALLIZATION METHOD WITH ADDITION OF DIFFERENT CONCENTRATIONS OF SLAKED LIME (Ca(OH2))

Purifying krosok salt (crude solar salt) is an essential step in the food and pharmaceutical industry to ensure product quality. One of the methods used for the purification of krosok salt in this study was recrystallization, involving the addition of slaked lime (Ca(OH)2) at various concentrations. Recrystallization entails dissolving salt crystals in water, followed by filtration to separate impurities from the clean salt solution. This purified salt solution is then heated to produce purer salt crystals. The aim of this study was to analyze the quality content of salt in the yielded pure salt. The significance of this research lies in its contribution of new knowledge regarding simple traditional salt processing methods, which can yield higher-quality salt with significant economic value. In this process, Ca(OH)2 was added at concentrations of 0.1%, 0.08%, and 0.06% to assess its effect on krosok salt purification. The research methodology employed experimental methods. The study's results indicated that the NaCl level test yielded an average value of 96.7% with a C concentration of 0.06%. The highest avera-ge value of 97.686% for the degree of whiteness was observed at a C concentration of 0.1%. Magnesium content averaged 0.07% at a C concentration of 0.06%, while calcium content averaged 0.058% at the same concentration. Keywords: Krosok salt, recrystallization, betel lime, salt quality.

Study on the Cultural Landscape of Traditional Salt Village Settlement – Taking Dingshan Settlement, Qigu as an Example

<p>我國《文資法》於2005年修法，新增「文化景觀｣類別。十多年來，已有75處「文化景觀｣案例，其中又以「產業文化資產｣為主要成員。從已登錄的案例來看，多將重點擺在產業遺構本身，少與聚落結合，更少能凸顯「人類與自然的結合之作」。因觀念落差，造成「文化景觀｣經常與建築類文化資產，產生混淆的現象。因此，本研究以位於「七股鹽場｣中心位置的「頂山聚落｣為研究對象，採用「歷史地理研究法｣進行圖資爬梳，與田野實查及記錄；透過產業遺構與聚落結合，建置「歷史模型｣進行研究分析與成果撰寫，以符合「人類與自然的結合之作」觀念的實質案例。頂山庄民帶來的原鄉文化，形成祭祀「山神｣與「王爺｣的信仰，成為聚落的文化底蘊。在近290年的使用過程（生活）中，庄民面臨五大環境變化－「產業轉變｣、「外侮威脅｣、「洪水侵襲｣、「殖民政策｣與「人口增長｣，透過「技術力｣、「信仰力｣與「政治力｣的適應模式，傳承、轉換與協調這些變化，進而逐漸適應環境變遷。因此，「頂山庄｣是兼具天日晒鹽業、王爺信仰與區域中心等，多重樣態於一身的鹽村聚落，具有長久以來「自然與人為交互作用｣之成果，屬於「有機演變的地景｣中，「持續存在的地景｣的實質案例。</p> <p> </p><p>The Cultural Heritage Preservation Act (Taiwan) was amended in 2005 with the addition of new category of “cultural landscape.” Over the past decade, a total of 75 cases of “cultural landscapes” have been identified, and “industrial cultural heritages” have been the main members. Based on the observation of the registered cases, emphasis is mainly put on the industrial heritage itself and seldom put on the integration with settlement, revealing the lack of “combination of human beings and nature.” Due to the conceptual gap, “cultural landscape” is often confused with architectural cultural assets. Therefore, this study took the “Dingshan Settlement” located in the center of “Qigu Saltworks” as the research object and used the “historical geography research method” to investigate relevant information, perform field research, and record relevant data. Through the combination of industrial relics and settlement, this study established a “historical model” for research analysis and compilation of results, in order to conform to the substantive research case with the concept of “combination of human beings and nature.” The native culture of Dingshan Villagers formed the belief of offering sacrifices to “mountain gods” and “Wang Ye,” which became the cultural heritage of the settlement. During the nearly 290 years of use of saltworks (to make a living), the villagers faced five major environmental changes – “industrial transformation,” “threat of foreign aggression,” “flood invasion,” “colonial policy” and “population growth.” Through the adaptation model of “technical power,” “belief power” and “political power,” villagers inherited, transformed, and coordinated these changes, and then gradually adapted to environmental changes. As a result, “Dingshan Village” is a salt village settlement with multiple patterns, including sun-dried salt industry, Wang Ye belief and regional center. Besides, this Village is also featured by the long-term results of “interactions between nature and human beings” and belongs to the substantive case of “a continuing landscape” in “the organically evolved landscape.”</p> <p> </p>

Superacidic Properties of Protonated PtFn (n = 1–6) and Their Ability to Form Supersalts: DFT Study

AbstractIn the present communication, this study has modeled protonated PtFn (n = 1–6), a new series of superacids. The calculated vertical de‐attachment energy (VDE) of PtFn (n = 1–6) reestablishes the superhalogenic behavior. The vibrational frequency, dissociation energy through the HF channel, and optimized geometries are utilized to discuss the stability of HPtFn (n = 1–6). The deprotonation energy of HPtFn is used to calculate the acidic strength of HPtFn (n = 1–6). The acidity of protonated PtFn (n = 1–6) is directly related to its counterpart superhalogen anions. The computed correlation factor (R2 = 0.9754) shows that VDE is directly associated with acidity. The mechanism of acidity of HPtFn (n = 1–6) is described by using natural bond orbital analysis charges on atoms. The electronic properties of HPtFn (n = 1–6) are calculated using the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy. The nature of chemical reactivity is also determined by the HOMO–LUMO plot of HPtFn (n = 1–6). It has formed the supersalts using superacids HPtFn (n = 1–6) and superbase (OLi3OH), and the nature of supersalts is compared with traditional salt LiF. The most stable conformers of supersalts PtFnOLi3 (n = 2–6) are analyzed for optoelectronic properties. It has computed the dissociation of supersalts through neutral and anions through superhalogns and superalkalis. The computed results show that PtF4OLi3 favors dissociation through anions as in traditional salts. The nonlinear optical parameters are calculated using dipole moment, mean polarizability, anisotropic polarizability, molar reflectivity (MR), order parameters, and hyperpolarizability of PtFnOLi3 (n = 2–4). The estimated nonlinear optical properties parameters are compared with corresponding parameters of traditional salt LiF by the same level theory.

The shelf life of cooked sausages with reduced salt content

The aim of this study was to compare the microbiological quality of cooked sausages produced with a traditional salt content (2.1%) and reformulated batches with a salt content reduced to 1.7%. The reformulation was tested on two types of comminuted meat products – Špekáčky sausage with a diameter of up to 46 mm or Bologna-type sausages in diameter of 85 mm (Gothaj sausage) or 75 mm (Junior sausage). The total viable count (TVC) increased only slightly during the four-week storage (4 ± 1 °C) of all batches of Špekáčky sausage. Comparing batches 1.7 and 2.1, there is an evident difference in the number of CFU/g, with samples of Špekáčky 1.7 showing numbers of bacteria higher by approximately 1 logarithmic order throughout practically the entire storage period (P = 0.001). The population of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) remained well beneath a value of 5.0 log CFU/g even at the end of the experiment. For Bologna-type sausages, the TVC was either beneath the limit of detection or at its boundary in all samples. LAB were not detected during storage of Bologna-type sausages. The results confirmed that the proportion of salt in cooked sausages can be reduced to 1.7% without negatively affecting the shelf life or safety of the final products.

Iodium fortification on traditional salt with spray different potassium iodate

The purpose of this study was to increase the iodine content of traditional salt after fortification of iodine with potassium iodate spray. In addition, this study also aims to determine the NaCl content and water content of traditional salt after potassium iodate fortification is carried out. This research is also expected to provide an alternative solution to increase the iodine content of salt by fortification of potassium iodate. And hopefully this research can help the government in handling cases of Iodine Deficiency Disorder in Indonesia. The treatments used were the addition of KIO3 solution with different weight of traditional salt P1 (50 gram traditional salt : 3 ml KIO3 solution), P2 (33,33 gram traditional salt : 3 ml KIO3 solution) dan P3 (25 gram traditional salt : 3 ml KIO3 solution). Potassium iodate fortification in traditional salt affects iodine and NaCl levels. Fortification of 3 ml potassium iodate with a salt weight of 25 grams (P3) produced the highest iodine content with an average of 64.74 ppm, an average NaCl content of 86.14 %, and an average water content of 3.7%.

The effect of old water making time and heating temperature on moisture content and NaCl on traditional salt production

The manufacture of salt from old water is only done in salt ponds by geomembrane methods and prisms with the help of evaporation from sunlight. This study uses experimental methods. Working procedures in this study include sampling, followed by characterizing water samples including pH, NaCl, salinity and clarity tests. Then continued with the manufacture of salt samples. After that, each sample was tested on the water content and NaCl levels. The data to be obtained will be analyzed using the Duncan and Tukey Test tests with the SPSS 25.0. While the sensory test using Krustal Wallis if there is a noticeable difference (p<0.05) it will be continued with the Mann Whitney test and compared to the quality standard of SNI 3556:2010 iodine consumption salts. Sensorically covering the color, taste and texture of salt with the method of making using hotplate has met the quality 1 and 2. The chemical characteristics of the moisture content parameters have met the standard SNI 3556: 2010 salt consumption of iodine. Some salt samples do not meet the SNI’s standards on NaCl levels. Salt quality is affected by the NaCl levels of old water, impurities and the process of making salt.

Insight into the Contribution of the Electrolyte Additive LiBF4 in High-Voltage LiCoO2||SiO/C Pouch Cells.

High-voltage pouch cells using an LiCoO2 cathode and SiO/C anode are regarded as promising energy storage devices due to their high energy densities. However, their failure is associated with the unstable, high-impedance cathode electrolyte interphase (CEI) film on the cathode and the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) film on the anode surface, which hinder their practical use. Here, we report a novel approach to ameliorate the above challenges through the rational construction of a stable, low-impedance cathode and anode interface film. Such films are simultaneously formed on both electrodes via the participation of the traditional salt, lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF4), as electrolyte additive. The application of 1.0% LiBF4 enhances the capacity retention of the cell from 26.1 to 82.2% after 150 cycles between 3.0 and 4.4 V at 1 C. Besides, the low-temperature discharge performance is also improved by LiBF4 application: the discharge capacity of the cell with LiBF4 is 794 mAh compared with 637 mAh without LiBF4 at 1 C and -20 °C. The excellent electrochemical performance of pouch cells is ascribed to the contribution of LiBF4. Especially, the low binding energy of LiBF4 with the oxygen on the LiCoO2 surface leads to the enrichment of LiBF4 that forms the protective cathode interface, which fills the blanks of previous research.

Towards rational design: Developing universal freezing routes for anchoring DNA onto gold nanoparticles

DNA-functionalized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), also known as spherical nucleic acids, are widely used in the development of biosensors, resulting in anchoring DNA onto AuNPs being a crucial preparation step and a popular research topic. The latest freeze-anchoring method is a simple and time-saving alternative to traditional salt aging; however, its universal applicability remains limited. In this study, we explored the interfacial interaction between DNA and the AuNP surface and proposed various universal routes for promoting freezing anchoring. Among them, rational design has been considered as the core idea to overcome these limitations, particularly using non-thiolated DNA anchoring, which offers significant advantages such as being unmodified, cost-effective, and easily accessible. We emphasize the importance of sequence structure and preparation process optimization, which mainly considers differences in DNA conformation and electrostatic repulsion. Additionally, the prepared DNA-functionalized AuNPs exhibited complete biological hybridization capability, and the extreme limiting conditions for non-thiolated DNA freeze anchoring were clarified. In summary, this study enhances our understanding of the interfacial relationship between DNA and AuNPs in the freeze-anchoring process and can significantly advance the applications of DNA-functionalized AuNP-based biosensors.

Enhancing Seawater Salinity through Spray-Assisted Evaporation: Investigating the Effect of Nozzle Sprayer Diameter and Feed Flowrate on Evaporation Rate using Multiple Regression Analysis

Salt production plays a vital role in life due to its essential minerals. Traditional salt production methods using direct solar rays are the most common in Indonesia. It needs a large area and several weeks extended to evaporate sea water into concentrated brine. It is very weather dependent. This study investigates the utilization of a spray-assisted evaporator to increase the salinity of seawater for salt production. The experimental setup consisted of a custom-designed spray evaporator that atomized seawater into fine droplets. A series of experiments were conducted to analyze the effect of different operational parameters, including feed flow rate (1000 ml/min; 1200 ml/min; 1400 ml/min; 1600ml/min; 1800ml/min) and diameter of nozzle sprayer (1 mm; 2 mm; 3 mm) on the average of evaporation rate. The results demonstrated that Higher spray flow rates and smaller droplet sizes positively correlated with increased evaporation rates, leading to higher salt concentrations in the collected brine. Optimizing the Impact of nozzle sprayer diameter and flow rate on the average evaporation rate utilizing multiple linear regression and deriving the Equation ,where x1 represents the seawater feed flow rate, and X2 represents the nozzle sprayer diameter.

Tourism and work environment in sea salt pans

ABSTRACT The present study focuses on the perceptions of workers in traditional salt pans that receive visits from tourists in the south of Portugal. Methodologically, an ethnographic approach is taken. It is found that, on the one hand, for sea salt workers, the main incentive in their labour is the freedom to work outdoors. On the other hand, for tourists, their main motivations to visit the salt pans are related to the benefit of being outdoors in natural spaces, observe the telluric process of salt harvesting and participate in leisure activities related to this type of space. These findings also suggest that tourism in traditional salt pans enhances cultural heritage values and brings more economic sustainability to the activity.

Safeguarding intangible cultural heritage for sustainable development. The case of traditional salt activity

PurposeThe authors have carried out a research project on artisanal salt activity in the Gulf of Cadiz, providing a new vision of the theories of intangible cultural heritage. The main objective has been to characterise artisanal salt activity in terms of its cultural and sustainable values, a perspective that had not been addressed until now. Moreover, the replacement of this activity by a more industrialised one has contributed to problems in the preservation of this heritage and a transformation of its places.Design/methodology/approachThe research has combined qualitative methodology, based on observation and fieldwork, with a statistical review of the phenomenon under study. Finally, the data has been triangulated to understand the heritage and sustainable value, as well as its historical evolution.FindingsAll this contributes to understanding the importance of artisanal salt activity as an element of the intangible cultural heritage of the region, for the conservation of biodiversity and sustainable ways of life in the marshes of the Gulf of Cadiz, and the possibility of preserving it in the face of the problems of globalisation.Originality/valueTo date, there has been no research that combines sustainability and heritage in the field of salt activity. Likewise, until this study was carried out, there had been no research on salt activity from the perspective of intangible cultural heritage.

Experimental and modeling study of bubble absorption-based deep dehumidification using the ionic liquid: Parametric analysis on heat and mass transfer

Conventional liquid desiccant dehumidification is good at humidity control with energy conservation and stable operation, but is limited by corrosion and crystallization in deep dehumidification. Thus, it is necessary to broaden the humidity adjustment range of liquid desiccant deep dehumidification as well as avoid corrosion. Ionic liquids (ILs) with deep dehumidification potential (e.g., extremely low vapor pressure and non-corrosion) are a promising alternative to traditional salt solutions. Meanwhile, the bubble absorption-based mode can obtain a huge gas–liquid specific interfacial area, which is expected to solve the low wettability and insufficient gas–liquid transfer efficiency in traditional falling-film/packed dehumidifiers using IL. In this work, the bubble absorption-based deep dehumidification using IL (BADD-IL) is investigated. Meanwhile, the heat and mass transfer mathematical model of BADD-IL is established, and a bubble column dehumidifier using the novel IL is experimentally examined under different conditions. The results indicated that the deep dehumidification performance is strongly dependent on operating parameters, and the minimum outlet air humidity ratio is around 1.2 g/kgda. In particular, it is most sensitive to inlet air humidity ratio, followed by liquid height and superficial velocity, and the effect of solution temperature is the least. Notably, the influential mechanism of superficial velocity and solution temperature on volumetric transfer coefficient is different. The increase of superficial velocity promotes both gas–liquid specific interfacial area and heat and mass transfer coefficient. For the IL with lower temperature, its higher heat and mass transfer coefficient makes up for the poor specific interfacial area caused by high viscosity. Additionally, the Lewis factor of bubble column dehumidifier using the novel IL is basically less than 0.6, which is important for the device design and scale-up. This study clarifies the heat and mass transfer mechanism of BADD-IL, and provides guidance for the development of ILs deep dehumidification technology.