Traditional Rice Varieties Research Articles

Antioxidant Activity, Total Phenolic and Total Flavonoid Content of 22 Sabah Traditional Rice Varieties

Studies have demonstrated that the traditional rice cultivated in Sabah, East Malaysia, exhibits substantial genetic diversity and is renowned for its outstanding nutritional content. However, there are limited studies to ascertain the antioxidant activity and composition of biochemical substances in it. The present study evaluates the antioxidant properties of 22 Sabah Traditional Rice varieties, which are classified into pigmented and non-pigmented types. An analysis was performed on 22 Sabah Traditional Rice varieties to determine their Total Phenolic Content (TPC), Total Flavonoid Content (TFC), and DPPH assay. In addition, a metabolic profiling analysis was performed on biochemical substances extracted from a specific rice variety, Beras Perang, which is known for its high levels of TPC, TFC, and antioxidant activity. It was observed that pigmented rice possesses high phenolic content, namely Beras Perang and Baragang Merah (semi-polished), with values ranging from 1.300±0.004 to 1.967±0.019 mg GAE/g. For TFC results, Beras Perang, Masuri Hitam and Tadong Biasa (unpolished) showed higher abundance (1.000±0.001, 0.888±0.001 and 0.793±0.003 mg QE/g), respectively. The antioxidant assay results indicate that three varieties, namely Baragang Merah (92.832± 0.651%), Beras Perang (91.916± 0.331%), and Rongguol (91.965± 0.515%) have antioxidant levels exceeding 90%. Beras Perang has the greatest levels of TPC, TFC, and antioxidants. In metabolic profile analysis, Beras Perang contains a specific form of linoleic acid (12-oxo-10Z-octadecenoic acid) which is not present in the negative control. In conclusion, Sabah Traditional Rice exhibits a highly promising antioxidant activity, over 90%, making it a potential candidate for further development as an alternative superfood.

Abscisic Acid Can Improve the Salt Tolerance and Yield of Rice by Improving Its Physiological Characteristics

Salt stress exerts a notable influence on rice’s normal growth and development process. It causes a decline in rice yield, and in certain extreme cases can lead to the complete failure of rice crops. Abscisic acid, also known as S-ABA, may play an important role in regulating rice plant responses to various stressors and promoting crop growth against adversity. In this research, the impact of externally applied S-ABA (0.03% S-ABA, diluted 100 times) on the growth and yield of rice was explored. The experiment made use of the traditional rice variety Huanghuazhan as the test material. The study focused on how S-ABA affected rice at various growth phases under salt-stress conditions. The effects of S-ABA sprayed once (three-leaf/one-heart stage) and twice (three-leaf/one-heart stage, break stage) on the photosynthetic characteristics, antioxidant metabolism, membrane lipid peroxidation products, osmotic regulation, and yield of rice under 0.4% NaCl were studied. The experimental outcomes indicated that the presence of salt stress had a restraining effect on the growth of rice. There was a notable decline in the net photosynthetic rate; moreover, the yield was diminished by 26.90%. Salt-induced stress clearly imposed negative impacts on these aspects of rice’s physiological functions and productivity. The exogenous application of S-ABA was highly effective in mitigating the inhibitory influence of salt stress on the growth of rice. When S-ABA was sprayed on two occasions, there was a notable increase in the total chlorophyll content within the rice leaves, ranging from 7.40% to 80.99%. This led to an enhancement in the photosynthetic ability of the plants. Additionally, the growth of rice seedlings was significantly promoted. The activity of antioxidant enzymes also witnessed an upward trend, and the content of soluble protein increased by 0.87–2.60%. The content of malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide were decreased by 4.18–12.49% and 13.71–52.18%, respectively, the damage to membrane lipid peroxidation was alleviated, and rice yield was increased by 14.84% and 29.29% after spraying S-ABA once or twice under salt stress, respectively. In conclusion, salt stress inhibits the growth and development of rice during grouting and destroys the antioxidant system of the rice plant, thus reducing its yield. Leaf spraying with S-ABA can alleviate the degradation of chlorophyll, enhance the photosynthesis, antioxidant system, and osmotic regulation ability of rice, reduce salt-stress damage, and thus alleviate the yield loss under salt stress to a certain extent. In addition, the regulation effect of two sprayings of S-ABA is better than that of one spraying. The results of this study revealed the physiological regulation mechanism of S-ABA at different growth stages of rice under salt stress, and provided theoretical support for the reduction of salt-stress damage to rice. This suggests that S-ABA has potential applications in the improvement of salt tolerance in rice.

Evaluation of mycorrhizae transplantation from Panicum maximum as biofertilizer for paddy cultivation in Sri Lanka

Indiscriminate chemical fertilization in paddy fields is causing detrimental global impacts, therefore exploration of bio-based sustainable alternatives to compensate requirement of chemical fertilizers is necessary. This study was designed to evaluate use of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) obtained from roots of a spontaneous weed grass (Panicum maximum), which demonstrated an average AMF root colonization of 75-85%, as self-produced biofertilizer for rice cultivation. Field trial was carried out in paddy field at Monaragala, Sri Lanka. Two traditional rice (Oriza sativa L.) varieties (Suwadel and Kuruluthuda) were selected, and Randomized Complete Block Design was employed with three replicates in eight different treatment plots per block. Different chemical fertilizer regimes (100%, 50% and 25% of recommended fertilizer dose) and no amendments as controls were applied. AMF inocula were applied alone or supplemented to fertilized treatments (100% +AMF, 50% +AMF, 25% +AMF, AMF alone). Treatment plan was implemented separately for two varieties. Rice yield and percentage of AMF root colonization were quantified at harvest. Results revealed that grain dry weight for Suwadel was significantly higher (p<0.05) in treatments supplying AMF in addition with chemical fertilizer at optimal dose (100%) or 50% reduced, compared to other treatments. Highest number of seeds was observed in plants treated with 100% fertilizer, but result was not significantly different (p>0.05) from 50% +AMF and 100% + AMF treatments. Treatments with AMF inocula alone showed highest percentages of AMF colonization in Suwadel. Inverse connection was observed between fertilizer level and AMF colonization. Differently from Suwadel, no AMF colonization was observed in Kuruluthuda variety and no significant differences were observed in harvest for treatments with and without AMF application. According to results, usage of AMF inocula as on-field prepared biofertilizer combined with 50% of chemical fertilizer is effective in improving sustainable agriculture but efficacy of application strictly depends on crop variety.

Effect of integrating organic and inorganic sources of nutrients on growth, root morphology, yield parameters and yield of improved black kavuni rice variety (CO 57)

The growing demand for high-quality rice and rice products is motivating farmers to cultivate traditional rice varieties. To meet this demand, rice production must increase significantly, which requires effective nutrient management practices. Therefore, this study was conducted to assess the impact of integrated nutrient management practices on the growth, root morphology, yield parameters and overall yield of improved black Kavuni rice during the Early Kar season (April - August 2023) and Late Samba season (September - January, 2023-24). The experiment followed a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with 12 treatments and 3 replications. Based on nitrogen (N) equivalence, appropriate amounts of inorganic fertilizers, farmyard manure (FYM), vermicompost (VC) and poultry manure (PM) were applied. Data on plant growth, root morphology, yield parameters and yield were recorded and analysed using LSD at a 5 % significance level. The results indicated that the treatment involving 50 % of the recommended nitrogen dose (RDN) from inorganic fertilizer, 50 % from vermicompost and foliar sprays of 0.5 % ZnSO? and 1 % FeSO? at the tillering, panicle initiation (PI) and flowering stages (T11) produced significantly better growth, root morphology and yield parameters. This treatment was statistically on par with the treatment involving 50 % RDN from inorganic fertilizer, 50 % from vermicompost and foliar sprays of 0.5 % ZnSO? and 1 % FeSO? at the tillering and panicle initiation stages (T8).

Phytochemical profiling of pigmented traditional rice variety Aruvatham Kuruvai: GC-MS study

Phytochemical profiling of pigmented traditional rice variety Aruvatham Kuruvai: GC-MS study

Enhancing Agro Morphological Traits of three Unique Traditional Rice Landraces of Chhattisgarh through Gamma Ray-Irradiation

Mutation breeding is a simple and effective technique for generating genetic variation within crops. Mutagens such as Gamma radiation induce changes in their DNA that could lead to the development of new traits, such as improved yield or disease resistance. In the present study, Gamma ray mutagenesis was performed on three traditional rice varieties (Gudma dhan, Dawar dhan, and Lohandi dhan) to identify potentially beneficial mutants with desirable agro-morphological agricultural characteristics. The major constraints to address were their tall statures and weak culms, fewer panicles and tillers, and late maturity. Using a fixed dose of 300 Gy, 35 mutants were identified in Dawar dhan, 33 in Gudma dhan, and 21 in Lohandi dhan. The selected mutants showed an average reduction in plant height that ranged from 42.69% to 33.11%, as compared to their respective landraces. Also, a substantial reduction (ranging from 3.08%-10.55%) in days to 50% flowering was observed. Importantly, these mutants showed an increase in yield of 38.11% (Dawar dhan), 32.63% (Gudma dhan), and 7.0% (Lohandi dhan). These findings demonstrate the utility of mutation breeding through Gamma radiation in alleviating the key constraints inherent to traditional rice landraces.

Starch Kinetics, Cooking Quality and Phytochemical Composition of Geographical Indication (GI) Tagged Rice of Kerala

Geographical Indication (GI) tagged traditional rice of Kerala namely the red pigmented Palakkadan Matta and non-pigmented aromatic rice - Wayanadan Gandhakasala and Wayanadan Jeerakasala are well known for their cooking and eating quality, but are under utilized for their nutritional significance. The objective of this study was to classify these varieties based on their starch digestibility, biochemical composition and cooking characteristics. Results indicated significant (p < 0.05) variation among rice varieties for all the parameters evaluated. In vitro starch digestibility studies found significantly low glycemic index (< 68) but higher RS content for Wayanadan Gandhakasala and Chettadi. Aromatic varieties had lower cooking time (< 25 min) than Palakkadan Matta varieties. High water uptake ratio and elongation ratio was also noted for Wayanadan Gandhakasala. Total phenolic content correlated positively to total flavonoid content. Over all, Palakkadan Matta varieties had significantly higher free phenolic, free flavonoid and total flavonoid content than non pigmented varieties. The study indicates that these GI tagged traditional rice varieties can thus be utilised in the functional food industry based on their intermediate glycemic index, desirable cooking qualities and the presence of beneficial bioactive components.

Effect of Integrated nutrient management practices on nutrient uptake, yield and quality of improved black kavuni rice variety (CO57)

The rising demand for high-quality rice and rice products motivates farmers to produce traditional rice varieties. Rice production needs to be substantially increased with suitable nutrient management practices to meet the demand. Hence, the present study was carried out to evaluate the influence of integrated nutrient management practices on nutrient yield and quality of improved black kavuni rice. The research was conducted during the Early kar (April-August 2023) and Late samba (September - January 2023-24) seasons in a randomized block design (RBD) with three replications and twelve treatments consisting of N in equivalent basis with organic manure and inorganic fertilizers and one control. Based on an N equivalent basis, the required quantity of inorganic fertilizer, farmyard manure (FYM), vermicompost (VC) and poultry manure (PM) were applied to rice. Observations on nutrient uptake, yield and quality were recorded, and the data were analyzed using LSD at a 5% probability level for significance differences. The results revealed that higher nutrient uptake, yield and quality parameters of rice were recorded with 50% recommended dose of nitrogen through inorganic fertilizer + 50% recommended dose of nitrogen through VC + foliar spray of 0.5% ZnSO4 & 1% FeSO4 at tillering, panicle initiation (PI) and flowering stage (T11).

Stress response of some traditional rice varieties of Indian Sundarban: Salinity regime, morphological variation and anti-oxidant enzyme assay

Rice, one of the most important cereal, feeds half the world’s population. This study focuses on the Sundarbans, a unique ecosystem where rice is cultivated in the islands where most of the farmlands are below high tide water level. Climate change is causing rise in water level and frequent climatic catastrophe in the region, making the area unsuitable for cultivation, threatening lives and livelihood of the local people. Salt-tolerant traditional rice varieties (TRVs) can be grown in varied conditions, especially after saline water intrusion into agricultural fields due to cyclones. Therefore, assessing the stress response of different traditional varieties under varying salinity gradients is crucial for identifying the most resilient ones for climate change adaptation. For this, 3 TRVs viz. Patnai, Malabati and Gheus were selected, after field survey, for trial in different salinity regime. Antioxidant enzymes viz. Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Ascorbate Peroxidase (APX) and Catalase (CAT) along with amount of chlorophyll were assessed for understanding the stress response of the varieties towards salinity stress. Significant variation in morphological characters were observed among the varieties. In the study, it was found that the Malabati is the most tolerant variety followed by Patnai and Gheus. This study may pave way for adaptation of such tolerant rice varieties, especially during post-climatic catastrophe in vulnerable areas like Sundarban and other coastal areas.

Effect of Ash, Crude Protein and Nitrogen in Traditional Varieties of Rice Against Sitophilus oryzae (L.) Infestation in Storage

Effect of Ash, Crude Protein and Nitrogen in Traditional Varieties of Rice Against Sitophilus oryzae (L.) Infestation in Storage

Effect of organic nutrient sources on growth and yield of traditional scented rice (Oryza sativa L.) variety Lokti Machhi Selection -1

Effect of organic nutrient sources on growth and yield of traditional scented rice (Oryza sativa L.) variety Lokti Machhi Selection -1

Physico-chemical basis of insect-resistance of traditional rice varieties against Sitophilus oryzae (L.)

Physico-chemical basis of insect-resistance of traditional rice varieties against Sitophilus oryzae (L.)

Revitalizing Bites - Formulation of Low-budget Nutri Crackle Rusk for Empowering Pediatric Oncology Warriors.

Nutri Crackle rusk, developed using an innovative pigmented variety of black rice flour, possesses a rich nutritional profile with essential amino acids, dietary fibers, and antioxidants, offering unique health benefits beyond traditional rice varieties. Establishing healthy eating habits during childhood cancer treatment is crucial for long-term well-being. Mindful consumption, incorporating Nutri Crackle rusk instead of empty-calorie snacks, can significantly improve the quality of life of childhood cancer survivors during their survivorship period. The novel Nutri Crackle rusk using black rice flour was developed under proper hygienic conditions. Semi-trained panel and consumer panel members evaluated the organoleptic properties of the developed product. Nutrient components of the formulated Nutri Crackle rusk were examined through an organoleptic assessment. The nutrient composition of the formulated Nutri Crackle rusk was analyzed using a standard procedure. Sensory evaluation indicated positive feedback, with an overall acceptability score of 8.01. Nutrient analysis revealed a well-rounded profile, emphasizing energy provision (464.285 kcal), (11.97 g protein), (11.29 g fiber), and essential micronutrients (zinc, iron, and vitamins B1 and B2). Nutri Crackle rusk is a favorable and potentially beneficial snack for this vulnerable group. The study signifies that the novel healthy Nutri Crackle rusk is rich in fiber, zinc, iron, protein, vitamin B1, and vitamin B2. Intake of the developed Nutri Crackle rusk could be a healthy alternative for pediatric cancer patients and cancer survivors.

Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management Practices on Physiology and Yield of Improved Traditional Rice Variety (Black Kavuni)

Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management Practices on Physiology and Yield of Improved Traditional Rice Variety (Black Kavuni)

Boosting resistant starch in rice: Bacterial inulin as a metabolic and glucose uptake modulator

Bacillus stercoris PSSR12 (B. stercoris PE), an isolate from rice field soils, was identified via 16s rRNA sequencing. The synthesis of the inulin and inulin producing enzyme (IPE) in B. stercoris PE was verified using SDS-PAGE and FTIR. This study aimed to assess the impact of B. stercoris PE treatment on in vitro inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase from traditional and commercial rice varieties of South India. Additionally, the study investigated enzymatic inhibition and mRNA expression of starch synthesis genes (RAmy1a, GBSSIa, SBEIIa, and SBEIIb). Glucose transporter gene expression (GLUT1 and GLUT4) patterns were analyzed in 3T3-L1 adipocytes to evaluate glucose uptake in B. stercoris PE treated rice varieties. The application of B. stercoris PE enhanced grain quality by imparting starch ultra-structural rigidity, inhibiting starch metabolizing enzymes, and inducing molecular changes in starch synthesis genes. This approach holds promise for managing type II diabetes mellitus and potentially reducing insulin dependence.

Proximate composition, micronutrient and dietary fiber analysis of ten traditional rice varieties of Wayanad District

Proximate composition, micronutrient and dietary fiber analysis of ten traditional rice varieties of Wayanad District

Local Management in the Varietal Diversity of Rainfed Rice (Oryza glaberrima) from Goh-Djiboua and Mountains Districts in Côte d’Ivoire

The awareness of farming practices regarding the varietal diversity management of cultivated crops is essential for setting up an in-situ preservation strategy. The objective of the current work was to probe the varietal diversity status of the rainfed rice and its management design in farming conditions. The study was implemented from Goh-Djiboua and Mountain Districts as significant locations for rainfed rice production in Côte d’Ivoire, through descriptive investigation at field led from 450 local farmers of traditional rainfed rice varieties. Data on the anthropological, production, and post-harvest preservation of the traditional rice varieties were collected. The investigation evidenced the rice production as a gender activity accounting 58.5% men against 41.5% women. The most produced traditional rice varieties are spelled Danané (20.22%) and Danané fowl (17.80%). The rice seeds mainly result from self-production by the farmers investigated (91.3%), especially deriving from traditional varieties (96.6%). The cultivated lands are below 1 ha acreage for most farmers (63.1%) and are worked for auto-consumption needs (99.8%). Besides the survey exhibited four storage structures, most significant of which are the granaries (79.4%). Further attempts focusing nutritional and technological advantages of the traditional rice varieties could enhance their spreading in local culture of rainfed rice.

Unravelling the metabolomic diversity of pigmented and non-pigmented traditional rice from Tamil Nadu, India

Rice metabolomics is widely used for biomarker research in the fields of pharmacology. As a consequence, characterization of the variations of the pigmented and non-pigmented traditional rice varieties of Tamil Nadu is crucial. These varieties possess fatty acids, sugars, terpenoids, plant sterols, phenols, carotenoids and other compounds that plays a major role in achieving sustainable development goal 2 (SDG 2). Gas-chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry was used to profile complete untargeted metabolomics of Kullkar (red colour) and Milagu Samba (white colour) for the first time and a total of 168 metabolites were identified. The metabolite profiles were subjected to data mining processes, including principal component analysis (PCA), Orthogonal Partial Least Square Discrimination Analysis (OPLS-DA) and Heat map analysis. OPLS-DA identified 144 differential metabolites between the 2 rice groups, variable importance in projection (VIP) ≥ 1 and fold change (FC) ≥ 2 or FC ≤ 0.5. Volcano plot (64 down regulated, 80 up regulated) was used to illustrate the differential metabolites. OPLS-DA predictive model showed good fit (R2X = 0.687) and predictability (Q2 = 0.977). The pathway enrichment analysis revealed the presence of three distinct pathways that were enriched. These findings serve as a foundation for further investigation into the function and nutritional significance of both pigmented and non-pigmented rice grains thereby can achieve the SDG 2.

Effects of UV-B Radiation Exposure on Transgenerational Plasticity in Grain Morphology and Proanthocyanidin Content in Yuanyang Red Rice.

The effect of UV-B radiation exposure on transgenerational plasticity, the phenomenon whereby the parental environment influences both the parent's and the offspring's phenotype, is poorly understood. To investigate the impact of exposing successive generations of rice plants to UV-B radiation on seed morphology and proanthocyanidin content, the local traditional rice variety 'Baijiaolaojing' was planted on terraces in Yuanyang county and subjected to enhanced UV-B radiation treatments. The radiation intensity that caused the maximum phenotypic plasticity (7.5 kJ·m-2) was selected for further study, and the rice crops were cultivated for four successive generations. The results show that in the same generation, enhanced UV-B radiation resulted in significant decreases in grain length, grain width, spike weight, and thousand-grain weight, as well as significant increases in empty grain percentage and proanthocyanidin content, compared with crops grown under natural light conditions. Proanthocyanidin content increased as the number of generations of rice exposed to radiation increased, but in generation G3, it decreased, along with the empty grain ratio. At the same time, biomass, tiller number, and thousand-grain weight increased, and rice growth returned to control levels. When the offspring's radiation memory and growth environment did not match, rice growth was negatively affected, and seed proanthocyanidin content was increased to maintain seed activity. The correlation analysis results show that phenylalanine ammonialyase (PAL), cinnamate-4-hydroxylase (C4H), dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR), and 4-coumarate:CoA ligase (4CL) enzyme activity positively influenced proanthocyanidin content. Overall, UV-B radiation affected transgenerational plasticity in seed morphology and proanthocyanidin content, showing that rice was able to adapt to this stressor if previous generations had been continuously exposed to treatment.

Effect of Cooking and In Vivo Glycemic Response of Sri Lankan Traditional Rice: A Source of Sustainable and Underutilized Functional Food

The availability of scientific information on the nutrient composition of cooked rice and glycemic responses of Sri Lankan traditional rice varieties with a high export potential is scarce. This study determined the nutrient composition (moisture, ash, crude fat, and protein, digestible (DC) and total carbohydrate (TC), resistant starch (RS), insoluble (IDF), soluble (SDF), and total dietary fiber (TDF)), amylose, amylopectin, and glycemic indices (GI) of sixteen cooked unpolished traditional rice varieties with standard methods. Cooked rice and rice flour contained 55.9-70.6% (fresh weight) and 6.2-9.5% (dry basis) moisture respectively. Ash, crude fat and protein contents were 1.1-1.6%, 4.1-6.0% and 4.8-9.5% respectively. Digestible carbohydrates comprised 73.8-83.8% with over 80% TC. Cooking increased the RS (1.3-5.5%) while IDF, SDF and TDF of cooked rice were 3.8-6.4%, 0.4-4.8%, and 5.4-9.8% respectively. All varieties contained high amylose (24.2-35.7%) except for one variety and elicited either low or medium GI (49-67). GI and amylose of cooked rice showed a significant (P=0.04) negative correlation. Significant (P≤0.05) positive correlation between moisture and rice portions containing 50g of carbohydrate allows the selection of rice that provides low glycemic loads. Unpolished traditional rice, rich in nutrients eliciting low or medium GI are highly suitable in diet plans for controlling the glycemic response and in achieving sustainable health benefits.