Traditional Process Research Articles

Японские письменные предсказания в виртуальном пространстве

The article presented to your attention addresses the problem the virtualization of the well-known traditional Japanese divination practice — “omikuji” (translated from Japanese as “divine lot”), and also touches upon more global issues such as how Japanese religious practices are currently developing on the Internet. A significant portion of the research is dedicated to analyzing the transformation process of a religious tradition that used to be practiced exclusively “in person” and examining how contemporary Japanese people of different age groups and social status relate to the phenomenon of web religiosity. The study is based on data collected from an online survey conducted in July 2023. A total of 32 people responded to the survey (almost all informants are either Japanese or long-time foreign expatriates residing in Japan). The article includes screenshots of digital omikuji and their translations made by the author. The results of the study indicate that virtualization has made the practice of omikuji more accessible to laypeople, especially for people with disabilities. The texts of the predictions were significantly simplified during their virtualization. However, as the survey results suggest, the accessibility of the practice has led to a certain degree of loss of trust among believers. While omikuji had previously been perceived by the Japanese as a kind of entertainment within the temple or shrine grounds, the transition of the practice to the online space has further “simplified” it. Moreover, virtualization has turned the practice of traditional divination into another tool of promoting and advertising Japanese commercial companies, which negatively affects the perception of the omikuji tradition among believers.

Makna Simbolik dalam Tradisi Adat Khatam Al-Qur’an Pada Acara Pernikahan Oleh Masyarakat Desa Sekernan Muaro Jambi

Every Muslim has various forms of interaction with the Qur'an. For example, the people of Sekernan Village make the recitation of khataman al-Qur'an part of the traditional wedding procession. In practice, this tradition has a unique procession that acculturates with local culture. Therefore, the community makes this tradition a religious ritual in the form of meaningful symbols that are believed to have a positive influence on the sustainability of building a household. So, this research aims to look at the procession and the meaning behind the practice. Using Clifford Geertz's theory, it is used as an analysis to find the meaning behind the symbols in the traditional tradition of khatam al-Qur'an. The results of this study show that there are several series of customs that must be carried out by the bride before reading the Qur'an. Among them are the procession of processions, weighing, then reading the khatam al-Qur'an starting from surah al-Duha to surah an-Nas accompanied by the Koran teacher and his parents. In addition, this tradition also has symbols that relate to the concept of religion, namely in the form of religious education, birrul walidain, and privileges that are believed to have ultimate meaning, so that it continues to be maintained to this day.

Changes in the Oil Maantaan Tradition: Case Study in the Community of Nagari Ampuan Lumpo District IV Jurai Pesisir Selatan Regency, West Sumatra Province

This research aims to explain the procession of the oil maantaan tradition as well as changes in the oil maantaan tradition. The theory used in this research is Gillin's Theory of Social Change. The method used in this research is a case study method with a qualitative approach. The results of this research show that the oil maantaan tradition consists of 4 stages. The first stage is maucok (inviting) the nagari community. Second, fill the tray. The third stage is delivering the oil (baggage) from the bako party to the pangka (the baby's parents). At the end of the procession, the oil is handed over to the pangka. However, over time, this tradition has also changed. These changes can be seen from the implementation stage, especially the items brought by the community in this tradition. These items include kerosene which is replaced with long cloth, betel leaves replaced with the use of gulo-gulo, the addition of gold in luggage, and transportation.

Inequitable Community Reciprocity in the Kalomba Tradition in Indonesia

This research aims to analyze and describe the unequal social reciprocity in the kalomba tradition, the implications and sustainability of the kalomba tradition. This research was conducted in Tanah Towa Village, Kajang District, Bulukumba Regency, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Tanah Towa Village was chosen because the kalomba tradition is still strongly maintained and implemented as a traditional obligation and this tradition is specifically found in Kajang District. This research uses a qualitative approach with an ethnographic strategy. Data collection techniques through interviews, observation and documentation as well as the use of field notes (field log). Data sources, in the form of person, place and paper. The person group consists of: (i) elements of village government, (ii) administrators of village community institutions; and (iii) community elements who are directly involved in the Kalomba traditional procession, including community leaders, religious leaders, traditional leaders, and residents who live outside the village, but still have kinship relations with the residents of Tanah Towa Village. Place group through observation by looking closely at the traditional Kalomba procession and specifically observing the Massolo tradition. Paper group by tracing documents, such as Kalomba party permits, records of the number of invitations, records of attendees, records of costs for holding the Kalomba, records of the number of passolo. Data analysis was carried out through the Qualitative Data Analysis (QDA) Software Program, to assist during the data processing and analysis phases as well as writing research reports. The research results show that unequal exchange occurs because there is competition to give passolo more than what has been received before, especially passolo from close family because they want to get praise and increase their social status in society. Passolo which exceeds tens of millions of rupiah has psychological, social, economic and cultural implications. However, the Kalomba tradition remains sustainable because it is a traditional obligation, social solidarity and mutual help within the village community.

Recent Developments and Challenges in the Application of Fungal Laccase for the Biodegradation of Textile Dye Pollutants

Abstract: According to the European Environment Agency, the textile industry is responsible for 20% of global water pollution due to dyeing and finishing products, thus facing severe environmental challenges. It is essential to design more biocompatible and sustainable treatment processes capable of removing dyes from industrial wastewater to fight this environmental hazard. Chemical industries must change traditional chemical-based concepts to more environmentally friendly and greener processes to remove pollutants, including dyes. Enzymatic bioremediation is a smart tool and a promising alternative for environmental pollutant degradation. The use of enzymes in dye decolourization makes the process a green and clean alternative to conventional chemical treatments. Moreover, enzymemediated biocatalysis decreases the formation of toxic by-products compared to chemical reactions. The most used enzyme for the decolourization of dyes is laccase. Laccase is a multicopper oxidase found in diverse organisms such as fungi. It promotes the oxidation of phenolic compounds and has a wide range of substrate specificity, making it a promising enzyme for removing different dyes used by the textile industry, including recalcitrant aromatic dyes. The present article gives a comprehensive revision of textile dye decolourization, its types, recent developments in laccase-mediated dye bioremediation technologies, the mechanism of biocatalysis, and their limitations and challenges. Emphasis on the chemical pathways of laccase reaction mechanisms for dye bioremediation processes is also provided. In addition, a brief overview of textile industries and the respective traditional treatment processes for textile wastewater is presented.

Lexical semantic study of the Bubakan Manten Tradition in Mojodelik Village, Bojonegoro, East Java, Indonesia

This research aims to analyze the lexicon contained in the bubakan manten traditional procession in Mojodelik village on AM Production's YouTube account and analyze the lexical and cultural meaning contained in the bubakan manten traditional procession in Mojodelik village on AM Production's YouTube account. This research uses a qualitative descriptive method with a lexical semantic approach. The data in this research is in the form of a lexicon contained in the bubakan manten tradition, which contains lexical and cultural meanings. The primary data source in this research is the video of the bubakan manten tradition in Mojodelik Village, which is available on the AM Production Purwosari YouTube account, entitled Live Streaming Season 2 Langen Tayub Mustiko Laras Mojodelik Gayam, as well as interviews with the resource person who served as the leader in the implementation of bubakan manten, namely Mr. Jimin and Mr. Pandholi. Data collection techniques in this research used note-taking and interview techniques. Data analysis techniques used include sorting data for analysis, classifying lexicon forms, explaining the lexical and cultural meaning of the lexicon, and conclusion. The results of the research are a lexicon of places, equipment, food, and plants. The lexical meaning of the bubakan tradition is to open the way for marriage, while the cultural meaning contained in the bubakan tradition is to ask for safety and to be kept away from bad things.

Tradisi Kumpolan Di Desa Tanah Abang Utara Kec. Tanah Abang Kab. Penukal Abab Lematang Ilir

This research explains the Kumpolan tradition in Tanah Abang Utara village, Tanah Abang subdistrict, Penukal Abab Lematang Ilir district. This study used qualitative research methods. A framework is needed to provide an explanation of the object of the main problem in more detail, the first main problem is how the Kumpolan traditional procession is in Tanah Abang Utara village, Tanah Abang subdistrict, Penukal Abab Lematang Ilir district. Second, what are the religious values contained in the Kumpolan tradition? This research uses religious value theory. The data sources used in this research are primary sources in the form of interviews with traditional leaders, village heads, traders and so on as well as secondary sources in the form of theses, journals and books related to this research.The results of the university's research show that the Kumpolan tradition was first formed from the habit of people who like to gather together while slaughtering buffalo, cows and goats, which was done during the Eid al-Adha and Eid al-Fitr holidays. It is on this day that all people carry out transactions. buying and selling meat from animals that have been slaughtered. This habit carried out by the people over time formed into a tradition which was named the Kumpolan tradition. The name Kumpolan itself was created according to the people's habit of often gathering, therefore the people gave the tradition the name Kumpolan which means gathering. As time goes by, currently the only animal used in Kumpolan traditional events is the Saia cow.

Ngumpul Dingsanak Sebuah Tradisi Pra Pernikahan Di Desa Keban Agung Kecamatan Lawang Kidul Kabupaten Muara Enim

This research is entitled The Value of Local Wisdom in the Pre-Wedding Dingsanak Gathering Tradition in Keban Agung Village, Lawang Kidul District, Muara Enim Regency. This research aims to find out how the process and implementation of the Dingsanak gathering alms tradition and its implementation in Keban Agung Village, Lawang Kidul District, Muara Enim Regency and the values contained in the dingsanak gathering tradition in Keban Agung village, Lawang Kidul subdistrict, Muara Enim district. The results of this research are the history of the dingsanak gathering tradition, local wisdom values in the dingsanak gathering tradition, namely: religious values, mutual cooperation values, harmony values, cultural values, and responsibility values, time and process of implementing the dingsanak gathering tradition, tools and materials to make a typical food gathering dingsanak, the Islamic values contained in the gathering dingsanak tradition are: Aqidah values, worship values and moral values.

Makna Simbolik Tradisi MAPPACCI

This study investigates the symbolic meaning of tradition and tries to explain the Mappacci symbols of Bugis Traditional weddings in Pomburea Village, East Kolaka Regency, Lambandia District. The employed qualitative descriptive research methodology in this research is Charles Sanders Pierce's semiotic analysis. The research data comes from the symbols used in the Bugis Traditional Mappacci wedding procession from the Pomburea Village community. This study shows that mapacci is used in three main stages: Mapacci, Barasanji, and Khamatal Al-Qur'an. 2) The Mappacci ceremony, which is interpreted as "clean" and "holy", aims to cleanse the soul and body of the bride and groom before starting household ark by cleaning everything, including "Mappaccing ati" (clean heart), "Mappaccing nawanawa" (clean mind), "Mappaccing pangkaukeng" (clean actions and behavior), and "Mappaccing ateka" (clean faith) and the symbolic meaning of the Mappacci process is: (1) The pillow represents honor, glory, dignity, and mutual respect (sipakatau); (2) the silk sarong represents self-respect, sitat istikamah, and perseverance; (3) the leaves of banana shoots represent mutual connection or continuous life; (4) the leaves of jackfruit represent noble ideals or hope and honesty; (5) the leaves of pacci represent cleanliness or purity; and (6) rice represents well-developed, blooming, and good living creatures.(8), means unity, (9) young coconut and brown sugar: both represent sweetness

The Existence of Hyang Waringin Temple in Kubu Customary Village

A harmonious relationship with God can be realized by thanking, devotion (Bhakti), and belief (Sraddha). Human devotion to God is realized by building a sacred building or temple. There are several temples with unique and high religious values in Bali, especially Hyang Waringin Temple. This temple is located in Kubu Pakraman Village, Bangli District, Bangli Regency. The existence of this temple is unique, which has unique traditions, such as the Ngusabha ceremony during Sasih Kaenem, Nimbang Sanganan Kukus Injin tradition, and the implementation Yadnya tradition held at Hyang Waringin temple led by Jro Mangku because of the Siva Bhuda concept. This study used several methods: observation, interviews, documentation, and literature. All collected data were reduced, displayed, and verified. The results showed that (1) Hyang Waringin Temple was a public temple, and the existence of this temple was closely related to the Kehen Temple’s history in Bangli. (2) The procession of religious ceremony tradition in Hyang Waringin Temple was the community’s gratitude and joy for the abundance of His grace of traditions. (3) The meaning of the religious ceremony tradition at Hyang Waringin Temple from the perspective of Hindu religious education, namely the meaning of Tattwa, Ethical, ritual, Tri Hita Karana, Socio-religious, and Tattwamasi education. This study found that Hyang Waringin Temple in Kubu Pakraman Village still exists and has religious traditions nowadays. It became a reflection for the Kubu Pakraman Village community to increase the high religiosity aspect, which is expected to increase the community’s belief (Sradha) and devotion (Bhakti).

Overview on Data Ingestion and Schema Matching

This overview traced the evolution of data management, transitioning from traditional ETL processes to addressing contemporary challenges in Big Data, with a particular emphasis on data ingestion and schema matching. It explored the classification of data ingestion into batch, real-time, and hybrid processing, underscoring the challenges associated with data quality and heterogeneity. Central to the discussion was the role of schema mapping in data alignment, proving indispensable for linking diverse data sources. Recent advancements, notably the adoption of machine learning techniques, were significantly reshaping the landscape. The paper also addressed current challenges, including the integration of new technologies and the necessity for effective schema matching solutions, highlighting the continuously evolving nature of schema matching in the context of Big Data

A Review on Design and Mechanical Properties of Additively Manufactured NiTi Implants for Orthopedic Applications.

NiTi alloy has a wide range of applications as a biomaterial due to its high ductility, low corrosion rate, and favorable biocompatibility. Although Young’s modulus of NiTi is relatively low, it still needs to be reduced; one of the promising ways is by introducing porous structure. Traditional manufacturing processes, such as casting, can hardly produce complex porous structures. Additive manufacturing (AM) is one of the most advanced manufacturing technologies that can solve impurity issues, and selective laser melting (SLM) is one of the well-known methods. This paper reviews the developments of AM-NiTi with a particular focus on SLM-NiTi utilization in biomedical applications. Correspondingly, this paper aims to describe the three key factors, including powder preparation, processing parameters, and gas atmosphere during the overall process of porous NiTi. The porous structure design is of vital importance, so the unit cell and pore parameters are discussed. The mechanical properties of SLM-NiTi, such as hardness, compressive strength, tensile strength, fatigue behavior, and damping properties and their relationship with design parameters are summarized. In the end, it points out the current challenges. Considering the increasing application of NiTi implants, this review paper may open new frontiers for advanced and modern designs.

The Study of Living Hadith: Acculturation of Local Culture and Religion in Mandoa Asyura Tradition in West Sumatra

Mandoa Ashura is a community tradition that is carried out as the community's implementation of the meaning of the prophet's hadith in honoring the day of Ashura by fasting. However, however, the practice carried out by the community is different from the meaning of the hadith, thus However, the practice carried out by the community is different from the meaning of the hadith, so that it appears that the meaning of the hadith is distorted by the community into a procession of mandoa tradition. This article aims to describe the implementation of the Ashura mandoa tradition in the community of jorong lubuk alung, Agam Regency. This research is a living hadith study that is a living hadith study that uses qualitative methods with a phenomenological approach. The findings The findings describe that the mandoa ashura is a teaching from Shaykh Burhanuddin as a scholar spreading Islam in West Sumatra and as a tribute to the month that has a lot of history. West Sumatra and as a tribute to the month that has a lot of history, worship and social values. and the value of worship and social community. The findings also show the understanding of local scholars use the proposition of the Prophet's hadith related to the command to fast in the month of Ashura, which coincides with the month of the month of Ashura which coincides with the month of Muharram and the hadith is considered maqbul by the scholars. the scholars. Another finding shows the use of the Ashura mandoa carried out by the community, namely as a form of taqarrār. the community, namely as a form of taqarrub to Allah SWT, taking ibrah the events in the month of Ashura, and a form of self-introspection in running life.

Implementation of Big Data Analysis Technology to Improve Decision Making in the Accounting Field

This article explores the Implementation of Big Data Analysis Technology to Enhance Decision Making in the Accounting Field. With the exponential growth of data, accounting professionals face challenges in processing and extracting meaningful insights. The study delves into the integration of advanced analytics tools within accounting practices to harness the potential of big data. The research begins by examining the current landscape of the accounting field and the traditional decision-making processes. It identifies the limitations and inefficiencies in handling vast amounts of financial data. Subsequently, the article elucidates the pivotal role of big data technologies in revolutionizing accounting practices. By employing sophisticated algorithms and data processing techniques, accountants can gain deeper insights into financial trends, risk factors, and performance metrics. Moreover, the study investigates real-world implementations of big data analytics in accounting firms. It highlights success stories and challenges faced during the transition, shedding light on the practical implications of adopting such technologies. The article emphasizes the importance of skill development among accounting professionals to effectively navigate and utilize big data tools. Furthermore, the impact of big data analysis on decision-making accuracy and efficiency is scrutinized. The findings underscore the potential for improved financial forecasting, fraud detection, and strategic planning. The integration of big data analytics is positioned as a catalyst for more informed and timely decision-making in the dynamic landscape of accounting. In conclusion, this research contributes to the evolving discourse on the intersection of big data technology and accounting. It provides valuable insights into the transformative potential of implementing advanced analytics tools, ultimately enhancing decision-making processes within the accounting field.

Cultural Governmentality and the Momentum of Religious Rituals in Taiwan: A Religio-Cultural Evolution of Popular Religion

Taiwanese popular religion has encountered significant challenges due to the sweeping social changes accompanying the modernization of Taiwanese society. This paper seeks to uncover the distinct dynamics at play, focusing on the transformation of procession troupes, which are an essential part of important religious events known as divine processions: a common collective ritual among local worship communities in Taiwan. Two pivotal external forces have surfaced, providing traditional procession troupes with opportunities for revitalization amidst what had been waning relevance. The first is the narrative of cultural heritage advanced by the public sector, and the second is the commercialization trend of the troupe market. The interplay of ‘cultural coding’ and ‘commercial coding’ has emerged as a key factor in maintaining the relevance and operations of traditional procession troupes in contemporary times. The analysis in this paper reveals that the modern evolution of popular religion is grounded not in its religious core but rather in the cultural significance of its rituals amidst the broader process of ‘culturalization of religion’.

Segmentation Method of Concrete Small Cracks Based on UAV Images

Introduction:: Cracks are one of the major problems in modern concrete buildings, especially in locations that are difficult to map manually, such as bridges and high-rise buildings. Accurate analysis of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) images has become the key to determining whether a building needs maintenance. Methods:: Traditional image processing methods are easily interfered by high-frequency background. Neural network methods need fine datasets, which increase labor costs. Therefore, this paper proposes a segmentation algorithm based on UNet3+ network. After obtaining the UAV image, the rough location of the crack can be obtained by only rough labeling. And then, the sample balance can be carried out by clipping the target area. The UNet3+ network is used to train the processed datasets and extract the region of interest to ignore the non-target texture. Finally, the region of interest is further segmented by color clustering and edge detection methods. Results:: The proposed method can detect the cracks accurately. In all test images, the relative errors are less than 13%. Especially in test images whose width is less than 0.2mm, the maximum absolute error is only 0.0237mm, which is completely acceptable in actual production. The proposed method has higher practicability in the detection of concrete crack images taken by UAV. The results show that the proposed method outperforms the cutting-edge method published in the journal "Sensor", when the background is complex. Conclusion:: The proposed method can segment and detect cracks effectively, which can remove the high-frequency interference region from the images.

Carrying the Cross of Discord

This article investigates the traditional procession of the cross of Vladimir of Dioclea, known as Jovan Vladimir among the Serbians. The ritual is annually held on Trinity Day in June near the city of Bar in Montenegro. Vladimir ruled over the Principality of Dioclea at the beginning of the eleventh century and is venerated as the first Serbian as well as the first Montenegrin saint. Orthodox pilgrims had been carrying the cross up to Mount Rumija for centuries alongside the Catholic and Muslim communities of southern coastal Montenegro, where the saint’s relic has been equally respected by all confessions. After being discouraged by socialist Jugoslav authorities, the ritual was fully restored in the 1990s. However, in 2005 a metal church was erected on the peak of the mountain by the Serbian Orthodox Church, recalling the myth of an old church demolished by the Ottomans in the sixteenth century. This unilateral action induced the other groups to give up the ritual. The dispute over the legitimacy of the metal church in Rumija reveals forms of conflict, negotiation and interaction that redefine the inter-religious and political landscape of Montenegro. Based on fieldwork conducted in 2022 and in 2023, this article pays specific attention to the nationalistic discourse pervading the cult, the myth, and the ritual of Saint Vladimir. It reflects on the attitude of both Serbian Orthodox clerics and believers towards this important procession, but also the volatile degree of inter-religious (in)tolerance.

A Systematic Review of Computational Approaches to Deciphering Bronze Age Aegean and Cypriot Scripts

Abstract This article provides a detailed insight into computational approaches for deciphering Bronze Age Aegean and Cypriot scripts, namely, the Archanes script and the Archanes formula, Phaistos Disk, Cretan hieroglyphic (including the Malia Altar Stone and Arkalochori Axe), Linear A, Linear B, Cypro-Minoan, and Cypriot scripts. The unique contributions of this article are threefold: (1) a thorough review of major Bronze Age Aegean and Cypriot scripts and inscriptions, digital data and corpora associated with them, existing computational decipherment methods developed in order to decipher them, and possible links to other scripts and languages; (2) the definition of 15 major challenges that can be encountered in computational decipherments of ancient scripts; and (3) an outline of a computational model that could possibly be used to simulate traditional decipherment processes of ancient scripts based on palaeography and epigraphy. In the context of this article the term decipherment denotes the process of discovery of the language and/or the set of symbols behind an unknown script, and the meaning behind it.

Preparation method and industrialization of Ta-based ultra high temperature ceramic Tujia jar tea baking jar materials

The production materials of traditional Tujia jar tea often face problems such as poor high-temperature performance and poor durability. To improve the temperature resistance and durability of tea baking utensils, this study proposes a new type of TaC ultra-high temperature ceramic. TaC ceramics with excellent performance were prepared through powder metallurgy technology, including high-energy ball milling to ensure uniform mixing, followed by compression molding and high-temperature sintering. The test results demonstrated excellent mechanical properties, with a maximum depth of 948.67 nm and a contact depth of 954.45 nm, proving outstanding compressive and wear resistance. The hardness reached 21.4±0.5 Gpa, and the elastic modulus was 397.2±8.7 Gpa, both of which indicate its stability under high loads. In addition, the fracture toughness was 2.8±0.2 Mpa*m1/2. At a high temperature environment of 1000 °C, the oxidation rate constant of TaC ceramics was only 0.183 mg2 *cm−4 *h, which demonstrates its excellent high-temperature stability. The development of this TaC ceramic not only strengthened the traditional production process of Tujia teapots and tea roasting teapots, thereby improving the product’s service life, but also holds potential for other industrial applications that demand ultra-high temperature stability. These contributions provide new directions for the high-temperature application of ceramic materials and bring tangible economic and technological value to related industries.

Effects of Mebyakaonan Marriage Law in the Perspective of Balinese Customary Law: Study on Balinese Community, Rantau Jaya Village, Ilir District, Putra Rumbia, Central Lampung Regency

Marriage is the outward and inner bond between a man and a woman as husband and wife to continue their lineage. Marriage in Balinese customs is called pawiwahan. Pawiwahan is a sacred thing in the process of human life from the status of brahmacari to the time of grhasta. Mebyakaon marriage is marriage under the hand. The problem in this study is why mebyakaon marriage is taken by the parties to form a marriage and the legal consequences of mebyakaon marriage on their marital status in the community and the status of children born from this marriage in Rantau Jaya Ilir Village, Putra Rumbia District, Central Lampung Regency. This research is normative-empirical legal research with a descriptive research type. The problem approach used sociological juridical approach with data sources is primary data and secondary data. Data collection techniques with literature studies and field studies are interviews with informants and respondents who carry out marriage mebyakaon. Data analysis is qualitative analysis. The results of research and discussion show that the reason for the marriage is caused by several factors, namely economic factors, educational factors, mutual demen, parental desire factors, and the factor of men who are still legally married to other women. The marital status of mebyakaon is not the same as traditional Balinese marriage in general, what distinguishes it from mebyakaon marriage is that it lies in a traditional procession that has not been carried out completely. Based on the decisions and decrees of Parisadha Hindu Dharma Indonesia (PHDI), the validity of marriage is determined on condition that Tri Upasaksi. The legal position of mebyakaon marriage does not have a strong binding force so that this marriage may not have the same legal status as traditional Balinese married couples in general. Similarly, the legal consequences of marriage will be different. Couples who perform mebyakaon marriage may not enter the temple and participate in the massacre in the village because mebyakaon marriage is valid according to the parties only but, according to Balinese customary law this marriage is invalid and children born from mebyakaon marriage are extramarital children (anak astra) and marital property in mebyakaon marriage There is no legal certainty and there is no mixing of property between husband and wife.