Traditional Print Research Articles

SOME ICONIC TEXTILE CRAFT OF HAND BLOCK PRINTS IN INDIA

In India the practice of block- printing goes back to the ancient period. Near about 4000 years ago from the period of Indus valley civilization the Ajrakh of Kutch and Sindh uncovered the history.
 Ajrakh, Sanganer, Bagru, Kalamkari, and Bagh all have some specific specialities. Other places like Umedhpur, Tarapur are special for traditional prints using indigo.The other styles of hand-block printing are mostly in movement within the local area. The products made using this printing technique include saris, shawls, dress materials, dupattas, turban etc and furnishing material, usually bed sheets, curtains, table cloths, and pillow covers are used to print.Today for catching up with the youngsters, Shirts are also used to print in a new ethenic look.

Visual Communication Design Using Machine Vision and Digital Media Communication Technology

The dynamic design of graphic language can be seen everywhere in life as the digital media era progresses. Graphic designs, such as product packaging, poster design, book binding design, and logo design, are examples of traditional visual design. The print media is the most important factor. Graphic design that is aided by digital media technology is not limited to print but also includes network media. The teaching research of China’s visual design specialty is still in its early stages, the relevant teaching system reform of various colleges and universities is still being explored, and there is no unified standard in the digital information age. As a result, it is critical to conduct in-depth research using scientific and systematic methods in order to pave the way for the development of a domestic visual design specialty in the information age. Simultaneously, the popularization and development of new media have had a significant impact on traditional printing media, breaking the monotony of traditional visual communication and making modern visual design more vivid and intuitive. Visual perception in psychology is introduced into design thinking in this paper. Apart from its expression in art culture, the concept of space also encompasses the physics concepts of time and space, as well as the scientific research theory of visual perception in psychology, which transcends the perceptual cognition level of space in art design.

Digital Art Pattern Design Based on Visual Material Colouring Intelligent Programming System

With the continuous enhancement of computer technology, digital technology brings more convenience to people with its powerful functions. After the digital technology is applied to the design field, it greatly expands the creative space of art design. In the digital age, fabric printing and dyeing design needs to be combined with digital technology under the guidance of art theory. Traditional flat patterns can no longer satisfy people’s pursuit of visual illusion patterns with a sense of space and three-dimensionality. The use of computer representation can realize the innovative artistic design and can directly generate various highly creative visual images in the computer according to the theme and creative needs. We input the digital data related to the fabric, such as graphics, photographic photos, logos, fonts, and textures, into the computer and then use various application software to perform various special effects on them to produce creative, unique, and surprising picture effects. In the aspect of exploring the meaning of the theme, the application of spatial expression means is studied, and practical research is carried out to guide the design of works with spatial beauty and creativity. In view of the neglect of artistic design, on the basis of studying the space art expression of traditional printing and dyeing process patterns, the traditional space art expression is combined with computer image processing technology. And special techniques are used to create differences in various textile fabrics and garments. We use the software of digital art design to carry out the artistic creation practice of spatial expression. Through the application of computer software functions, combined with the guidance of spatial expression techniques, the design comparison of patterns is carried out, which provides design practice ideas for the integration and innovation of traditional printing and dyeing technology and modern design. The implementation of the visual material colouring programming system reduces the coupling between artists and programmers and reduces the coupling between art collections and producers. The colouring program in the process of art pattern development improves the efficiency of art design.

The Soviet Lubok of the First Half of the 1920s as a Form of Propaganda among the Peasantry

The lubok of the 1920s is a little-studied page of Soviet art. The tradition of using lubki (popular prints) and folklore for revolutionary propaganda goes back to the 19th century. The first part of the article examines the cases of using the lubki in the revolutionary movement. The Narodniks were the first who used the lubok literature form for revolutionary propaganda among peasants. The Narodniks’ “ryazhenaya” (“mummer”) literature masked in lubok clothing both for the purposes of conspiracy and for attractiveness for the peasantry. Before the October Revolution, the lubok had been mainly used by the Narodniks and Socialist-Revolutionaries who positioned themselves as a peasant party. After the revolution, the Bolsheviks also used the lubok form when it was necessary to broadcast Marxist ideas to the countryside. For this purpose, they used Soviet popular prints (Soviet lubki) and lubok books (propaganda prints). The second part of the article is dedicated to Soviet popular prints. At first, the Soviet lubki were oriented in their pictorial form on old traditional folk prints, and in their texts — on folklore. They imitated folk speech and took over ditties (chastushki) from the new Soviet folklore. From the second half of the 1920s, the Soviet lubok started changing its form, transforming into a reproduction from realistic easel paintings. The third part of the article considers the lubok books and agro tales for peasants. There is shown that the Soviet lubok books in their form also resembled pre-revolutionary ones.

Subharmonic resonance and antiresonance characteristics for high-frequency confined interface vibration inkjet printing

Confined interface vibration inkjet printing (CIVIJP) in another immiscible liquid phase has been investigated previously as a novel strategy proposed for actively generating ultra-fine droplets, which can be dozens of times smaller than the orifice from which they are ejected. However, the working frequency of this novel CIVIJP technique is much lower than the traditional inkjet printing, and the unique droplet generation mechanism and the interface behavior of CIVIJP are still unapprehended at high working frequency. Here, the CIVIJP working at high frequency was explored to reveal the droplet generation mechanism and improve its printing efficiency. The subharmonic resonance and antiresonance effects which have a final influence on the interface behavior and size of the droplets were found in the case of high working frequency. The droplets' size will fluctuate regularly with the increasing printing frequency induced by the residual vibrations. The subharmonic resonance and antiresonance depend on whether the residual movement of the meniscus is in-phase or out-of-phase with the next droplet formation cycle. The mechanism of this phenomenon was delineated in detail, and the theoretical predicted optimal resonance frequencies were in good agreement with the experimental values. Based on the above mechanisms, a new route was proposed to regulate the size of the droplets facilely. The antiresonance effect was successfully utilized to develop an unprecedented droplet propelling regime after the droplet being dispensed with the same nozzle.

“I find this really entertaining” – first look of the relationship between vocational school students and various media

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to study how young vocational school students in Finland frame themselves and their participation in society and whether they are seen in various media. The explorative research, with n = 213 vocational school and prepatory VALMA students as co-researchers, tells us that young vocational school students use value framing to create understandings of themselves as participants in society and in media. The purpose is this to present the breadth of their thinking and to draw conclusions from the empirical data produced solely by the co-researchers.Design/methodology/approachExplorative multidisciplinary research was done as co-research with n = 213 vocational school students in Finland. Research includes theoretical background and focuses on empirical qualitative data to further illustrate the explorative nature and results of the study.FindingsThe findings of the explorative co-research tell us that young vocational school students use value framing to create understandings of themselves as participants in society and in media. Co-researchers view themselves as missing in traditional media but find freedom on social media. Content from various media is viewed as reliable and trustworthy but also as problematic propaganda based on personal value framing. The relationship with traditional print media is strained because young people feel that media has othered them and continues to frame them negatively. While they look for that entertaining content across the media spectrum, bullying is an ever-present concern.Research limitations/implicationsThis study focused only on vocational school students in Finland. A broader sample of young people, or of minorities, could produce profound results on media literacy, relationships and power relations in the society. Also, framings of the various international media would provide content for analysis. More profound analysis of the data shall be done in the next phase of the research.Practical implicationsStudy time was limited. More in-depth study will follow. Implications to future research, media consumption and framing should be done with a larger group of researchers and youth.Social implicationsSocial implications towards framing of youth in various media and the transfer of these framing as knowledge in larger society. This includes notions of power of various actors in media and in society at large.Originality/valueMultidisciplinary explorative co-research on the topic is largely missing from academia. Additionally, the voices of those in the fringes of society is muted, whilst also those youth studying the vocational schools.

Use of Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter for recruiting healthy participants in nutrition-, physical activity–, or obesity-related studies: a systematic review

There are limited systematic reviews exploring the use of social media for recruiting participants specifically for nutrition-, physical activity-, and obesity-related studies. The aim was to conduct a systematic review on the effectiveness of using social media (Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter) for recruiting healthy participants in nutrition-, physical activity-, or obesity-related studies. Studies were identified from 5 databases and included if they reported the number of participants recruited by social media (Facebook, Instagram, or Twitter) vs. traditional (print, e-mail, etc.). The effectiveness of recruitment was compared between methods by study procedures (in-person vs. online procedures). The cost-effectiveness of methods was also explored. The protocol was published in the Prospero database (ID# CRD42020204414). Twenty-six studies were included. Among studies with both types of recruitment methods, 49% of the sample was reached through traditional methods, 40% through social media, and the rest by other methods. For in-person study procedures, the median number of participants recruited using social media was 19 (range: 3-278) and for online study procedures, it was 298 (range: 3-17,069). Median recruitment cost using social media (n=14 studies) was $11.90 (range: $0-517) per participant, while this varied considerably for traditional methods depending on how it was calculated ($214, $18.9-$777). The ratio of participants reached vs. recruited was 0.12%; the overall ratio of participants interactions vs. recruited was 21.2%. For in-person study procedures, traditional recruitment methods were more effective than social media, but for online study procedures, about half reported that social media was more effective. While more potential participants were reached through social media, only 21.2% of those who interacted with ads were enrolled. With the increased use of social media, their use for recruitment may be more frequent; therefore, future reviews may show different results.

Media Technologies of Attracting the Audience’s Attention on the Internet: Preserving Traditional Media’s Value Priorities

The modern sphere of media communications is characterized by significant Internet human involvement. Network (new) media – blogs, social networks, video platforms, aggregators and other online media, created exclusively for the network – have an advantage over traditional media, forced to compete for the attention of users in an alien environment. The modern online media text consisting of verbal and nonverbal components is mostly focused on attracting the attention of the audience, influencing its feelings and receiving certain emotions. These purposes, especially in the environment of the new media, are often achieved by unscrupulous means, such as the presentation of material in a “yellow” tone, the abuse of emotional audio-video content, the publication of false information, etc., going against the traditional values of journalism. However, the preservation of the traditional axiological component is an extremely important issue for journalism. Regional print media find themselves in a more losing position due to limited resources. However, the potential of publications, especially located in Russian million-plus cities, is quite high. By developing their websites, they can become solid players in regional media markets, and at the same time preserve their axiological potential, continuing to be conductors of the traditions of the cultural code of society. The purpose of this study was to analyze the current place of traditional print media on the Internet with an emphasis on the axiological aspect. The article presents the results obtained by the method of comparative content analysis of materials posted on official websites of newspapers of Privolzhsky Federal District’s million-plus cities during the pandemic (March-May 2020) and in the same period of 2019. Changes of sites during the specified time periods are also analyzed. The novelty of this research is the field of research – till now, the content of websites of newspapers of million-plus cities in the context of using modern tools increasing their attracting for users has not been studied. The study displays increase in the number of tools traditionally used by digital media (such as attractive clickbate titles, audiovisual content and interactive methods of interaction with users) on newspapers’ websites during the pandemic. However, the frequency of the use of these tools is quite small, which allows us to conclude that the value humanitarian potential of publications is preserved even in digital format. The wider use of audience-attracting technologies is vital for print newspapers, as it guarantees them recognition and the possibility of surviving in the face of fierce competition in the Internet environment. But at the same time, it is important to pay attention to the preservation of value priorities. Editors are aware of this importance and do not change the nature of the content, maintaining the image and justifying the trust of readers. In the future, it seems significant to use the methods and means of new media listed in the study on traditional media sites, as well as to establish the dependence of the audience reaction to these actions.

The Application and Teaching of Digital Technology in Printmaking

Along with the popularization of digital technology, artists began to use digital technology as a technological means to make more attempts in the creation of print art, thereby breaking through the formal constraints. The diversity of information technology inspires artists’ creative inspiration and makes the development of art move in a more varied and diversified direction. The new vision brought by digital technology, digital printmaking, comprehensive printmaking, and digital technology in the creation of comprehensive printmaking and its positive influence on the future development of printmaking provide favorable conditions for the development of diversified art. This paper takes the application of digital technology in the creation of comprehensive prints as a research point and separately expounds the development and application background of digital computer technology and the development history of traditional prints, thereby extending to the modern combination of these two techniques and then transitioning to today’s synthesis print. Based on the background of modernity and history, this article analyzes the classical language forms and characteristics of traditional printmaking to comprehensive printmaking from the theory and practice. And based on the techniques of software plate-making technology, it has been expanded to a series of specific measures such as materials and mechanisms. The research in this paper shows that artists can use digital prints to create high-impact works of art with higher quality and more artistic content.

Facile Fabrication of Amorphous Colloidal Array Patterns with Good Mechanical Stability via an Infiltration-Driven Mayer Rod Coating Method

In this study, cationic monodisperse polystyrene (PS) microspheres and polybutyl acrylate (PBA) nanoparticles were synthesized and used in combination to fabricate various steady amorphous colloidal array (ACA) patterns via an infiltration-driven Mayer rod coating method. During the rapid assembly process, PBA nanoparticles were embedded in PS microsphere voids to lock the colloidal array, thereby promoting its mechanical stability. Meanwhile, the fabricated ACA patterns could still exhibit bright angle-independent structural color when moderate PBA nanoparticles introduced. In summary, this study provides a convenient and fast method to fabricate steady ACA patterns, which is a promising potential substitute for traditional ink printing.

Evaluating multimodal literacy: Academic and professional interactions around student-produced instructional video tutorials

This paper offers a reflection on how academic and professional interactions can help guide best practices for constructing viable evaluation grids to assess multimodal literacy. Preparing English-language learners for today's digitally and culturally complex workplace environment is a central concern in English as a second language (L2) teaching environments. It requires meeting specific teaching goals, such as supporting traditional print and multimodal literacies as well as increasing learners' English-language fluency and appropriateness. Our study focuses on an underexplored professional multimodal genre – instructional video tutorials – and proposes a multimodal evaluation grid incorporating theoretical concepts and empirical results from multimodal linguistics and multimedia learning. We examine how four video communication professionals use the grid to measure the effectiveness of students' video tutorials and identify areas for improvement. We present results for three areas for which the experts considered students did not meet expected professional standards: information organization, timing, and L2 spoken language narration. Our findings suggest possibilities for introducing appropriate forms of action or intervention into teaching multimodal design projects to better prepare L2 English students to meet workplace multimodal literacy requirements.

Probe into the Low-Carbon Economic Environment Challenges and Opportunities of Textile and Garment Export.

Ecological and environmental protection is the main problem of China's economic construction. As one of the high-energy-consuming industries, the traditional textile printing and dyeing industry has led to great concern from all walks of life in the context of the country's in-depth promotion of energy conservation and consumption reduction. The comprehensive development of a low-carbon economy is the fundamental guarantee for China to solve the problem of climate warming and complete the sustainable development of economic development. The traditional textile printing and dyeing industry should also change its development mode to meet the standards of low-carbon economy. Here, the connotation of low-carbon economy and the significance of promoting the low-carbon economic reform of the textile printing and dyeing industry are described, and the current situation and development trend of the low-carbon economy of China's textile printing and dyeing industry is deeply analyzed. Taking the basic theory of garment trade and low-carbon economy as the carrier, the application of low-carbon development mode in China's textile and garment export business process is expounded. According to the fundamental goal of sustainable development of low-carbon economy and related objectives, the adverse impact on the domestic textile and apparel export business process was discussed and eliminated from three aspects: improve the relevant legal system, enhance the development of new energy, and enhance the importance of enterprises in the relevant whole industry chain.

ROLE OF IMAGE ENHANCEMENT IN PADDY LEAF DISEASE DETECTION : A STUDY

The detection and classification of illnesses using plant leaf photographs is required in the sector of agriculture. Finding the illnesses of paddy leaf using an image processing system will lessen the dependency on farmers in order to safeguard agricultural products. Using image processing, the study article identifies and categorises illness in paddy leaf. 2- Dimensional computerised photos are electronic images that have been made using a computer. They are mostly created utilising two-dimensional forms such as 2-Dimensional geometric shape, word, and electronic graphics, as well as ways unique to them. It is possible to use the term to refer to a branch of computer science that involves specific methodologies, or it may refer to the forms themselves. These are the most common forms of digital photographs. Initially, they are based on traditional printing and drawing technologies, such as scientific drawing, advertising, typography, mapping, and so forth. A two-dimensional image/graphic is more than simply a mirror of a real-world item in such implementations; it is an independent creation with extra textual content. Two-dimensional models are selected because they have more stringent control over images/graphics than three-dimensional electronic images. In terms of aesthetic, the approach of three Dimensional digital images is extremely similar to camera work. In this post, we used BILINEAR Interpolation to scale photos and compress them with little image quality loss. This research introduced an advanced CNN-based technique to detecting and classifying rice leaf disease. In order to diagnose illness more quickly and accurately, advanced mechanisms have used a strategy that considers picture compression, edge detection, and CNN.

Investigating the Potential of 3D Printing Technology on Spare Parts Business for Supply Chain Management in Appliance Industry

3D printing is a process used to fabricate three-dimensional objects based on the digitally controlled deposition of successive layers of material until a final structure is created. This research presents a case study in which two models were built to estimate the operation cost of a spare parts business for an appliance manufacturing company: a base model and an alternate benchmark model in which spare parts are supplied by the traditional manufacturing method or 3D printing. With the developed models, this research compares the total inventory cost of ownership and the number of suppliers for two supply chain management scenarios. Further, a third model (hybrid cost model) was established where spare parts are supplied partially by traditional manufacturing and partially by 3D printing according to maximize cost savings. The cost analysis from the three models concludes that the mixed model shows the best outcome for simplifying supply management complexity and ultimately reducing total cost of spare parts inventory. This case study can help appliance industries to assess and decide if 3D printing is a feasible production method for spare parts in terms of supply chain management strategy.

Discrediting bullying in online dialogues (on the material of linguo expert practice)

This article presents the results of the study — discrediting cyberbullying in the polylogues of network communication. The purpose of the study is to describe the options for the formation of defamatory cyberbullying in network communication and to identify some of its typological features in comparison with conflicting texts of a defamatory orientation in the materials of traditional print media based on the material of controversial texts that became the object of litigation in 2019–2021. The study, conducted on the material of three types of aggressive verbal behavior of network communicators — SMS correspondence, chat in the WhatsApp messenger and personal correspondence in the same messenger, made it possible to clarify some typological features of cyberbullying varieties as a distinct social problem that requires discussion and search for solutions. A comparative analysis of public aggressive speech actions associated with an attempt to discredit an opponent in traditional media (media) and social messengers made it possible to identify their common and different features. The common features, united by the strategy and tactics of discrediting, include: purposeful and pre-planned choice of the victim, due to the situation of communication, goals, the implementation of which is pursued by discrediting or offensive actions; conventionally or legally fixed rules of speech behavior in public and private speech communication. The differences, in our opinion, are primarily due to the type of discourse (institutional, interpersonal or mixed), the form of language manifestation as a means of communication (written/printed, oral, electronic); addressee factor (the number of participants involved in a speech conflict or observing it); a set of linguistic and non-linguistic means selected for cyberbullying. We believe that modern mass media serve as a kind of standard for the selection of speech means of communication, not only in “real”, but also in modern virtual communication.

A Study on Halftoning Improvement for Low-Resolution Digital Print Engines With Machine Learning Methods

As today’s printing volume worldwide decreases, and most traditional printing engines are expensive non-digital devices (offset), the demand for a low-cost digital replacement is rapidly increasing. A main disadvantage of digital presses is the low-resolution capabilities, introducing a compromise in the print quality (PQ). A key factor of print quality is the halftoning algorithm. A very common halftoning method is amplitude modulation (AM) halftone screening, in which dots are placed on a repetitive lattice, varying in size as a function of the grey level. The main AM screen design PQ challenge for low-resolution devices is the quantization frequencies, a disturbing pattern that usually emerges when a screen is approximated to a rational angle due to low resolution. Fourier-based analysis is a classical rule-based method to filter out screens that suffer from visually disturbing quantization patterns. This work presents a new approach that tackles this challenge by incorporating machine learning with the classic Fourier-based approach. Particularly, we show that a binary decision tree classifier with a Fourier-based feature vector has an accuracy of 95% in identifying quantization-free screens compared to the classic rule-based method, which has an accuracy of 66%. We conclude by demonstrating the use of the screen classifier to design a quantization-free screen set. This is done by first applying the screen classifier to the entire screen pool, that is, the set of all possible screens for a given print engine, followed by a rosette zero-moiré offset-like screen design.

A Survey of 3D Printing Technologies as Applied to Printed Electronics

3D printing technologies (3DP) leverage the benefits of additive manufacturing across many areas including electronics, food, medicine and optics. These technologies allow varying materials to be precision deposited, forming structures ranging from simple to complex composites such as organs and satellites. One important application for 3DP is printed electronics which is expected to exceed USD10 billion in market value by 2030. However, while considerable work has been reported in areas including inter alia: mechanical, thermal and multiple aspects, there has been less emphasis on the critical electromagnetic (EM) domain. In the EM domain, related work for 3DP encompasses interrelated EM studies of materials, processes and built structures and examines material characteristics including permittivity, permeability, electrical conductivity, which are foundational to 3D printed electronics design and fabrication. This paper presents a comprehensive report of 3DP technologies as applied to EM research & development (R&D) and end applications in order to inspire exploratory work in related areas by providing sufficient breadth for newcomers and depth for experts. The paper contributions include: summarization of the major R&D and applications areas for 3DP, thereby quantifying the prevalence of EM related work; examination of mainstream 3DP technologies applied to EM related R&D and end applications based on their materials, technology highlights and known issues; examination of relevant research which incorporates traditional printing, proprietary methods and composite 3DP methods; and classification of 3DP built EM structures as reported by research teams. Finally, the key challenges and opportunities for future research are identified and discussed.

Systematic analysis of digital reading studies in the digital age

Digitalization has led to significant changes in reading like it does in almost every field. When traditional print reading is considered together with digital reading, it can be argued that digital reading differs from printed reading in many respects. Given the complex nature of reading, it is predictable that an in-depth examination of digital reading is needed. In this context, this research aims to determine the trends and prominent concepts/topics by examining the studies on digital reading in a systematic and holistic manner. In the research, peer reviewed articles related to the concept of digital reading indexed in the Web of Science database were analyzed. Data analysis methods such as content analysis, descriptive analysis and bibliometric analysis were used in the research. As a result of the research, it was seen that there was a significant increase in digital reading studies especially in recent years. It is also determined that digital reading studies are concentrated in developed countries. The data on the participants were also examined in the studies. Accordingly, it was identified that the highest number of studies took place at the K-12 level, and the participants generally had a lower-to-medium socioeconomic status. The sampled papers were also analyzed in terms of reading methods and it was seen that digital shared reading was used more than other reading methods. When the most commonly used variables, the most used concepts in the abstract sections or the most used keywords are examined, it is noticeable that the concept of reading comprehension comes to the fore. When the authors/references that received the most references in the field were analyzed, it was determined that OECD reports were referenced the most. In line with the findings obtained, results were discussed mutually with the literature and various inferences were made.

Keeping Up with Power/Corruption in a Pandemic: A Study of an Investigative Journalist’s Twitter Handle

Investigative journalists have the special role of conducting investigations and reporting on them. In Nigeria, studies have confirmed that a lot of investigative reports are found in the traditional media, both broadcast and print, and most of these reports, which are about financial scandals, originate from government agencies saddled with the responsibility of battling corruption. This paper applies the social responsibility theory of the press to investigate the transformation and change in investigative reporting in Nigeria as occasioned by the COVID-19 pandemic and disseminated on the social media. The study focuses on the COVID-19 tweets of Fisayo Soyombo, an acclaimed Nigerian investigative journalist who has over 101,000 followers on Twitter. Soyombo’s tweets from 1 April 2020 to 30 June 2020 harvested from his eponymous Twitter handle formed the study sample. By identifying narratives of corruption, scandal stories and follow-up stories in the tweets, the paper finds out that unlike what obtains in the traditional media, Soyombo initiates investigation into the non-financial activities of people in positions of authority and seizes the opportunity of asynchronous communication on Twitter to report his findings regularly. However, the same asynchronicity as well as the unfolding events of the pandemic also cause him to end up with many questions and not enough answers. Nonetheless, the paper concludes that such questions can form the basis of further investigations beyond the pandemic.

Digital revolution and place of printed books

“Digital-first” seems to be a crucial idea of our time. From the practical, economic, and even ecological point of view printed books are not the best solution. But still, this practice exists. This survey aims to answer, why in the digital environment occurs the textual niche. Is it a kind of relic or something which is deeply connected with human reading comprehension and the quality of text experience? To solve this problem will be used case study and cognitive methods. The crucial question for the presented paper is whether printed (codex) books and their reading means a form of distributing texts which will be progressively declining under pressure in the digital revolution (Q1). To answer this question, it is necessary to describe the current situation of traditional printing and also raise the question of printed documents especially printed and codex books have any features which cannot be replaced by online publishing (Q2). In the second question, one should take into account the cultural and subjective context of reading or possessing printed books.