Traditional Printing Techniques Research Articles

Cultural and Historical Considerations of Traditional Eco-Friendly Persimmon Juice Dyeing in Korea and Japan

By reviewing the cultural and historical literature on persimmon juice dyeing and Galot in Korea and Japan, this study aims to show the similarities and differences between the traditional and eco-friendly persimmon juice dyeing practices of these two countries and suggest a direction for the development of modern Galot. The root of persimmon dyeing in Korea is presumed to have begun around the 13<sup>th</sup> or 14<sup>th</sup> century; however, no documents or records have been found to support this notion. Meanwhile, there are records of persimmon dyeing in Japan that date back to around the 10th century, but that fact is rarely mentioned. The historical and folk cultural significance of traditional persimmon dyeing in Japan and Korea was different in terms of the use of persimmon dye and the wearing of Galot. In other words, in Korea, Galot was mainly used as work clothes for farmers and fishermen, who took advantage of the garment's functional strength, while kaki-tannin in Japan was applied to fishing tools and industrial materials. Furthermore, Japanese traditional Galot (Kakigoromo) was worn by monks. This was a remarkable difference in that the garments were used as clothing by a special class within society. There were also differences between the two countries in terms of their use of modern persimmon juice dye and Galot. Korea is currently developing and releasing a variety of modern Galots. Meanwhile, Japan is attempting to develop a feeling of relaxation by using the natural colors of Kakisibu dyeing and applying sophisticated traditional pattern printing techniques to modern Galot.

Printing the weather: the language of rain as a source for an evolving print landscape.

Contemporary printmaking has introduced unusual combinations of techniques and materials, extreme scales or incorporation into three-dimensional constructions. While some printmakers remain faithful to traditional printing techniques, others have begun to extend practices towards an expanded field, in which printmaking enters into dialogues with other and non-human languages. In this article I investigate the intersection of printmaking and rain in the work of Dutch designer Aliki van der Kruijs. Developing a technique she termed ‘pluviagraphy’ to record visually rain events at particular coordinates of time-space, her ‘Made by Rain’ series probes the relations between weather, matter, colour, time and space. Looking across the prints featured in this article, the question arises how falling rain as part of the material world becomes part of that recorded world when registered as a mark on a surface. Further, how printmakers might work with different surfaces to begin to probe such questions. A key concern of van der Kruijs practice is the reframing of printmaking as a liminal site of interdisciplinarity in the context of examining the surfaces between adjacent disciplines. This manifests in a visual conversation informed by the rhythm of the rainfall and printmaking process. The result is an expanding body of research surrounding interdisciplinary practice, mark-making and how printmaking might function at the boundaries of other disciplines.

Research on Digital Exploration of Cultural Genes of Batik Patterns in Guizhou Province and Malaysia

Batik is a traditional printing and dyeing technique that uses dyeing techniques to create patterns by applying wax to fabric as a dye-resistant medium. As the crystallization of human wisdom, batik has a unique style and connotation in China, Malaysia, and other places. As one of the world cultural heritage, batik technology not only has a long history and brilliant achievements, but also shows a unique artistic charm. This study aims to compare and explore the batik patterns of Guizhou and Malaysia through a mixture of quantitative and qualitative methods and digitalize and analyze their cultural genes. By revealing the commonalities and differences between the batik patterns in Guizhou and Malaysia, we can better understand the cultural significance behind these patterns and provide useful references for the protection and inheritance of cultural heritage. Keywords: Batik Pattern; Cultural Heritage; Quantitative And Qualitative Methods；Digitalize And Analyze；Cultural Genes; Protection.

3D printing methods and materials for sensor fabrication

Recent advancement in the 3D printing process also brings interest in improving the sensor fabrication process. There is a huge demand for sensors in various applications. Industry 4.0 revolution’s main aim is to bring advancement and improve productivity. In this paper, we have reviewed recent work in 3D printed sensors, an overview of the sensor, traditional fabrication techniques and 3D printing techniques. This paper focused on 3D-printing engineering application sensors. For a better understanding of 3D printing technology, its classification is also discussed in detail so that we can understand commonly used 3D printing techniques. For studying sensor fabrication commonly used materials are also discussed and with a lot of drawbacks that need to be improved in sensor fabrication.

A magnetically controlled microfluidic device for concentration dependent in vitro testing of anticancer drug.

Compartmentalizing magnetically controlled drug molecules is critical in several bioanalytical trials and tests, such as drug screening, digital PCR, magnetic hyperthermia, and controlled magnetic drug targeting (MDT). However, several studies have focused on diluting the nonmagnetic drug using various passive devices based on traditional microfabrication and 3D printing techniques, leading to the requirement of sterilized cleanroom facilities and expensive equipment, respectively. This work develops a strategically designed and straightforward lithography-free process to fabricate a magnetic microfluidic device using a multilayered PMMA substrate for concentration-dependent compartmentalization of a magnetically controlled anticancer drug. The device contains an array of outlet chamber wells connected to five primary separation microfluidic channels for collecting different drug concentrations. The microfluidic design geometry, magnet configuration, and fluid flow rate are optimized using FEM (Finite Element Method) simulations to attain a systematic concentration gradient region within the microfluidic channel. A stair-step-like patterned magnet creates an attenuating magnetic force between 0.01-0.24 pN on magnetic nanoparticles, capable of generating the concentration gradient for the clinically acceptable flow range of Q = 0.6-1.1 μL min-1. The chamber well of the device is designed to adapt different cell cultures and simultaneously expose five different concentrations by introducing a predefined concentration from the inlet. As a result, this innovative design provides a predictable concentration control in each well through a single injection port to minimize drug loading errors. The concentration gradient generation of the drug and exposure to cell culture chambers are controlled using the magnetic and drag forces capable of running a time-varying dose screening experiment. The concentration range of the compartmentalized drug sample in the device is determined as 10-480 μg mL-1 using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS) measurement and fluorescence intensity. The cytotoxicity test of MCF7 and NIH3T3 cells using the device was consistent with the results obtained with the manual dilution method, resulting in the reusability of the device.

P-Type Chemical Doping-Induced High Bipolar Electrical Conductivities in a Thermoelectric Donor–Acceptor Copolymer

P-Type Chemical Doping-Induced High Bipolar Electrical Conductivities in a Thermoelectric Donor–Acceptor Copolymer

Screen Printing Carbon Nanotubes Textiles Antennas for Smart Wearables.

Electronic textiles have become a dynamic research field in recent decades, attracting attention to smart wearables to develop and integrate electronic devices onto clothing. Combining traditional screen-printing techniques with novel nanocarbon-based inks offers seamless integration of flexible and conformal antenna patterns onto fabric substrates with a minimum weight penalty and haptic disruption. In this study, two different fabric-based antenna designs called PICA and LOOP were fabricated through a scalable screen-printing process by tuning the conductive ink formulations accompanied by cellulose nanocrystals. The printing process was controlled and monitored by revealing the relationship between the textiles’ nature and conducting nano-ink. The fabric prototypes were tested in dynamic environments mimicking complex real-life situations, such as being in proximity to a human body, and being affected by wrinkling, bending, and fabric care such as washing or ironing. Both computational and experimental on-and-off-body antenna gain results acknowledged the potential of tunable material systems complimenting traditional printing techniques for smart sensing technology as a plausible pathway for future wearables.

3D printing of hollow fiber nanothermites with cavity-mediated self-accelerating combustion

Advanced techniques, such as 3D printing, have been developed for the design and fabrication of unique structures to meet user-customized requirements. However, the traditional 3D printing technique has not been used for the construction of the nanothermite hollow structure, hindering the development of 3D printing and the further applications of nanothermite materials. Recently, we discovered an unexpected self-accelerating combustion phenomenon of hollow fiber nanothermite (Al/CuO/fluororubber ternary composite). The results show that the stable flame propagation rate of the nanothermite hollow fiber significantly improved compared to the solid fiber from 0.09 to 395 m/s (up to 4400 times higher than the solid fiber), and the combustion test also exhibits the self-accelerating propagation of combustion by the “cavity-mediated effect.” With the versatile shape-design capability, this work on hollow structure nanothermite and developmental potential of 3D printing could lead to structural applications of microrockets, aerospace propulsion components, space exploration, microelectromechanical system (MEMS) devices, and high temperature destruction of MEMS.

Microfluidic patterning using a digital microfluidic system

There are some issues in printing technology, such as stencils having a brief life span and limitations in patterning; therefore, we propose microfluidic patterning using an electrowetting-on-dielectric (EWOD) and liquid-dielectrophoresis (L-DEP) system. Propylene carbonate liquid was generated, moved, separated, and positioned, and was patterned into various English alphabetic characters. Unlike traditional printing techniques, patterns become limited and fixed, so the shape of the desired pattern cannot be modified arbitrarily. Each single English alphabetic pattern can be formed with a volume of droplet of about 100 nl; the width of the pattern can be decreased to about 0.15 mm or less. Using an EWOD system, we have implemented an open-plate L-DEP system and a two-plate L-DEP system, for the patterning of all English alphabetic characters with the same volume of liquid at a fixed voltage.

Advancement of Khadi Textile: Textile Glummer of India

Khadi fabric is the textile glummer of India and has been started to use in India from at least ten decades ago (from 1920s). Normally it consist of cotton, wool, silk like natural fibre etc. and the concern fabric is made by hand made (by charka spinning technology) yarn and in the traditional handloom process. Normally, different kind of natural dyes (vegetable based, wastage material based, tannin based colour) and the eco-friendly synthetic dyes are used for the coloration of the khadi textile. In addition some traditional printing techniques like hand screen printing, block printing is used for the special effect on the khadi textile. Concerning the value addition, only stiff khadi fabric is marketed which is made by adding starch. However, some special low cost other value addition of the khadi fabric will make it more acceptable to the consumers of the India and also in the other countries. In this respect, bioactive based finish and the mosquito repellent khadi textile is very much important. This kind of functionality will make the fabric hygienic in terms of attack by deadly mosquitoes and also some harmful microorganisms. Apart from it, if it is possible to make UV protective and the fire retardant khadi textile, it will increase its popularity and also gain the socio economic importancy to the consumers and the handloom weavers of India and the other subcontinental countries.

GÜZEL SANATLAR EĞİTİMİ BÖLÜMLERİNDE UYGULANAN GELENEKSEL YÜKSEK BASKI RESİM TEKNİKLERİNE ALTERNATİF OLABİLECEK TEKNİK ÖNERİLERİ

Bu araştırma Güzel Sanatlar Eğitimi bölümlerine uygulanan geleneksel yüksek baskıresim tekniklerine alternatif olabilecek tekniklerin ortaya konmasını amaçlayan bir çalışmadır. Güzel Sanatlar Eğitimi bölümleri baskıresim derslerindeki teknikler, okulların sahip olduğu baskıresim atölyesi donanımı ve imkânları doğrultusunda öğretilmektedir. Bu araştırma atölye imkânlarının kısıtlı olduğu okullarda yapılabilecek alternatif yüksek baskıresim teknikleri ve bu tekniklerde kullanılabilecek malzemelerle ilgilidir. Geliştirilen ve uyarlanan alternatif yüksek baskıresim teknikleri, Güzel Sanatlar Eğitimi bölümlerindeki öğrencilere yöneliktir. Söz konusu bu öğrenciler, birer görsel sanatlar öğretmeni adayıdır. Bu nedenle alternatif tekniklerin muhatabının ilk, orta ve lisedeki öğrencilerin olduğunu da söyleyebiliriz. Araştırmada yüksek baskıresim tekniği ile yapılan denemeler sonucunda dakota, kapron ve köpük gibi malzemeler denenmiş ve bu malzemelerden yüksek baskıresim tekniğinin gerektirdiği standartta olumlu sonuçlar alınmıştır. Bu malzemeler geleneksel yüksek baskıresim teknikleri ve malzemelerden bazı farklılıklar göstermektedir. Araştırmada bu farklılıklar belirtilerek alternatif malzeme ve teknikler ile geleneksel yüksek baskıresim tekniklerinin farklılıkları ortaya konmuştur. Alternatif malzemelerin zaman, maliyet, sağlık ve güvenlik açısından avantajlarının olduğu tespit edilmiş ve bu avantajları araştırma içersinde belirtilmiştir.

Uniform and graded copper open cell ordered foams fabricated by rapid manufacturing: surface morphology, mechanical properties and energy absorption capacity

Pure copper open cell ordered foams (COCOF) have tremendous applications in the field of thermal mechanical management systems. These foams possess high thermal and electrical conductivity, sufficient mechanical strength and energy absorption capacity because of copper as the parent material. In the present study, the combination of ultrasonic assisted pressureless sintering and 3D printing as a rapid manufacturing technique has been used to fabricate COCOF. Two different unit cell designs, Simple Cubic (SC) and Body-Centered Cubic (BCC) were selected to fabricate uniform foams of three strut sizes 1, 1.3 and 1.6 mm and graded foams with strut size varying from 1 to 1.6 mm. The dimensional deviations of the fabricated COCOF samples from the designed CAD model were found to be less, as compared to the traditional metal printing technique i.e. electron beam melting (EBM). Significant effect on the surface roughness was noticed due to post processing on the fabricated COCOF. The SC and BCC fabricated by COCOF possessed 19-160 MPa Young's modulus, 2.5-25 MPa compressive strength, 2.5-30 MPa plateau stress and 1.2-9.3 MJ/m3 energy absorption capacity. Moreover, the compression deformation behavior of these foams was investigated and found to be in-line with Ashby-Gibson model. However, due to micro-pores in fabricated COCOF, the struts were observed to be crushed during compression. The graded foam, with similar relative density, outperformed the uniform foam in terms of mechanical and energy absorption capacity for both SC and BCC COCOF. Moreover, the present method can be used to fabricate complex multi-functional thermal mechanical monolithic heat exchanger devices.

Block Copolymer Elastomers for Stretchable Electronics.

As industrial needs for healthcare sensors, electronic skin, and flexible/stretchable displays increase, interest in stretchable materials is increasing as well. In recent years, the studies on stretchable materials have spread to various pivot components, such as electrodes, circuits, substrates, semiconductors, dielectric layers, membranes, and active nanocomposite films. The block copolymer (BC) elastomers have been playing considerable role in the development of stretchable materials. Since BCs are soft elastomersbased on physical cross-links, they show differences in physical properties from normal elastomers formed with chemical cross-linking. BC elastomers does not require additional chemical cross-linking procedure, so they can be easily processed after dissolved in various solvents. Their viscoelasticity and thermoplasticity enable the BCs to become moldable and sticky. Although their unique physical properties may serve as disadvantages in some cases, they have been actively applied to create various stretchable electronic materials and their uses are expected to be enlarged more than ever. In this Account, we summarize recent successful applications of BCs for the stretchable electronic devices and discuss the possibility of further uses and the challenges to be addressed for practical uses. Studies on BC-based stretchable materials have focused initially on the fabrication process of stretchable conductors; mixing conductive fillers physically with BCs, infiltrating BCsin a conductive filler layer, and converting metal precursors into metal nanoparticles inside BCs. When conductive fillers with high aspect ratios, such as nanowires or nanosheets are used, the fillers can be infiltrated by the BCs after deposited. Since the contacts between the fillers are maintained during the infiltration process, even thin composite films possess high conductivity and stretchability. The metal precursor solution printing is suggested as a promising approach because it is compatible with traditional printing techniques without clogging the nozzles and allows high filler loading efficiency. When using a BC as a substrate, it is advisable to use a BC/PDMS double layer because of viscoelastic and thermoplastic properties of BCs. If BC/PDMS double layer is used with much thicker PDMS layer instead of viscoelastic BC alone, the double layer substrate can show a perfect elastomeric behavior, and the advantages of the BC substrate are preserved. Additionally, the use of conventional manufacturing techniques is important for commercialization of the stretchable devices. BC substrates having preformed microfibril network on their surfaces facilitate the fabrication of high-resolution circuitry by directly depositing metals through a mask on the substrate. Recent successes of fabricating stretchable organic transistors were obtained based on in situ phase separation of polymer semiconductors to form nanofibril bundles on the surface of a BC substrate. They have led to the achievement of high resolution transistor array printed in large area. BCs are expected to expand their applicability, including stretchable batteries, since they make it feasible to fabricate various hybrid nanocomposites, pore size-controlled membranes, and microstructured surfaces. However, it is necessary to secure long-term stability under heat, solvent, and UV; in addition, there is a need for the synthesis of functional BCs for use in stretchable implanted biomedical devices.

Manufacture of microfluidic chips using a gap-control method based on traditional 3D printing technique

The solution to the commercialization of polymer microfluidic chips lies in the development of a low-cost and concise method. We present in this paper a gap-control method for obtaining low cost microfluidic chips on PMMA (polymethyl methacrylate) sheets based on traditional 3D printing technique—fused deposition modeling. The influence of 3D printing parameters such as printing temperature, printing speed, wire flow rate and initial layer thickness on printing quality is studied by experiments. The effect of O2 plasma parameters such as chamber power and treatment time on the adhesion strength between printed PLA (polylactic acid) structures and PMMA substrate is investigated. The dye filling tests demonstrate that there is no blocking or leakage over the entire microchannels. With this newly developed technology, low-cost and large scale microfluidic chips can be fabricated, which allows commercial manufacturing of microchannels over large areas.

Silk-Based Aqueous Microcontact Printing.

Lithography, the transfer of patterns to a film or substrate, is the basis by which many modern technological devices and components are produced. However, established lithographic approaches generally use complex techniques, expensive equipment, and advanced materials. Here, we introduce a water-based microcontact printing method using silk that is simple, inexpensive, ecofriendly, and recyclable. Whereas the traditional microcontact printing technique facilitates only negative lithography, the synergetic interaction of the silk, water, and common chemicals in our technique enables both positive and negative patterning using a single stamp. Among diverse application possibilities, we exemplify a proof of concept of the method through optimizing its metal lift-off process and demonstrate the fabrication of electromagnetic metamaterial elements on both solid and flexible substrates. The results indicate that the method demonstrated herein is universally applicable to device production and technology development.

All-solid-state pseudocapacitive micro-supercapacitors from laser-treated polymer derivatives

We report a simple method for fabricating all-solid-state micro-supercapacitors, utilizing laser writing technology. Porous graphene films with three-dimensional networks induced by laser from commercial polymer was acted as scaffold for loading MnO2, a typical pseudocapacitive materials. Using gel electrolyte, all-solid-state pseudocapacitive micro-supercapacitors were fabricated. Compare to traditional printing and lithography techniques produced micro-supercapacitors, the as-fabricated devices demonstrate high volumetric capacitances, good stability and low leakage current, indicating a scalable and facile approach for future energy storage devices in portable microelectronics.

Digital light procession three-dimensional printing acrylate/collagen composite airway stent for tracheomalacia

Recently, more and more researchers have focused on airway stent applied in tracheomalacia. The airway stents for clinical application were usually manufactured in accordance with a fixed pattern, which were difficult to perfect match with children, especially infants. Digital light procession of light curing acrylate resin implantation showed higher accuracy and printing speed over traditional three-dimensional printing techniques. In this article, a novel personalized airway stent was developed by digital light procession three-dimensional printing and was modified by collagen I extracted from the fish scales. The morphology of the collagen-modified airway stent was examined by scanning electron microscopy, and the chemical structures were examined by attenuated total internal reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The biocompatibility of this synthetic acrylate/collagen composite airway stent was characterized by water contact angle test and cell culture. The results confirmed that the composite airway stent was hydrophilic and non-cytotoxic toward a cultured human bronchial epithelial cell line with good cell viability and show excellent physicochemical and biological properties. In conclusion, this study presented the three-dimensional printing composite acrylate and collagen airway stent may have potential in customized treatment for tracheomalacia.

Conductive grid patterns prepared by microcontact printing silver nanoparticles ink

Metal grid transparent conductive electrodes have been developed by traditional printing techniques, but lower resolution of grid line has limited its performance. In this study, conductive grid patterns with ~10 µm width were created on the polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate by microcontact printing (µCP) silver nanoparticles ink. We have found that the composition of silver nanoparticles ink and the O2 plasma treated time of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) stamp were critical for the µCP process. Specially, the hole size of stamp has great influence on the patterns shape when using grid-structured stamp. This is because the break of liquid bridge formed between two adjacent lines of stamp depends on the hole size of stamp during the dry process of ink. Larger hole was beneficial for the formation of grid patterns with smooth edge. Conductive grid patterns with typical sheet resistance of 610 Ω/□ and 74% transparency were acquired over the entire 1 cm square area using 40 µm hole stamp. This method will lead to a facile strategy to prepare conductive electrode.

3D-printable, highly conductive hybrid composites employing chemically-reinforced, complex dimensional fillers and thermoplastic triblock copolymers.

The use of 3-dimensional (3D) printable conductive materials has gained significant attention for various applications because of their ability to form unconventional geometrical architectures that cannot be realized with traditional 2-dimensional printing techniques. To resolve the major requisites in printed electrodes for practical applications (including high conductivity, 3D printability, excellent adhesion, and low-temperature processability), we have designed a chemically-reinforced multi-dimensional filler system comprising amine-functionalized carbon nanotubes, carboxyl-terminated silver nanoparticles, and Ag flakes, with the incorporation of a thermoplastic polystyrene-polyisoprene-polystyrene (SIS) triblock copolymer. It is demonstrated that both high conductivity, 22 939 S cm-1, and low-temperature processability, below 80 °C, are achievable with the introduction of chemically anchored carbon-to-metal hybrids and suggested that the highly viscous composite fluids employing the characteristic thermoplastic polymer are readily available for the fabrication of various unconventional electrode structures by a simple dispensing technique. The practical applicability of the 3D-printable highly conductive composite paste is confirmed with the successful fabrication of wireless power transmission modules on substrates with extremely uneven surface morphologies.

Some Thoughts on Contemporary Graphic Print

<p align="center">The production requirements of original graphic works of art have changed since 1980. The development of digital printing using lightfast colors now rivals traditional techniques such as wood cut, screen print, lithography, etching etc. Today, with respect to artistic legitimacy, original graphics using traditional printing techniques compete with original graphics produced by digital printing techniques on the art market. What criteria distinguish traditional printing techniques from those of digital printing in the production and acquisition of original graphics? What consequences is the serious artist faced with when deciding to implement digital print production? How does digital print change original graphic acquisition decisions?</p>