Traditional Port Research Articles

Challenges of integrating hydrogen energy storage systems into nearly zero-energy ports

Sustainable development is the primary global goal for port authorities to maintain and improve their commercial activity and attractiveness. The need to diminish their environmental impact ought to be accomplished by reckoning economic and social euphoria sectors. This research aims to convert a traditional port to a sustainable one while eliminating its carbon footprint emissions. The incorporation of cold ironing technology is investigated to reduce the emissions caused by the operation of berthing vessels' auxiliary engines and to set the ground for future legislation. After studying and evaluating the current strategies, and technologies, thirteen scenarios were conceptualised, simulated, and evaluated using the HOMER PRO software. For each scenario, the port's autonomy is ensured by generating renewable energy and storing excess energy in a hydrogen storage system. The optimal solutions were chosen, utilising the actual area's data. In particular, zero carbon footprint emissions for the port's operation were achieved, and the Levelised Cost of Energy was reduced by 51.8% and 41.2%, respectively, by incorporating or not the cold-ironing technique. Also, the port is capable of operating autonomously for a whole day. Finally, this study proves that small-sized ports can implement cold-ironing technology and enhance their energy efficiency via a renewable hydrogen system.

Tourist Boat Electrification

As a city crossed by rivers, Surabaya has the potential for attractive water tourism. Kalimas is one of them. Kalimas is a river that divides Surabaya. Kali Mas is a tributary of the Brantas River. This main river flows from Mojokerto as its headwaters, then flows to the northeast, empties into Surabaya, and ends in the Madura Strait. Muara Kali Mas has been Surabaya's traditional port for centuries. This port became the gateway to the capital of the Majapahit Kingdom (in Trowulan), and became part of the Surabaya people's battle against the allies before November 10, 1945. In various countries, river tourism has developed. Not only for city residents, but has become part of the State's tourism. One example is in Italy, namely tracing the river canals in Venice in Italy. Everything is described so well that everyone who comes wants to try it. Experiences and interesting photo documentation make river tourism an opportunity to develop. River tourism can be a potential alternative for Surabaya residents. Become a means of recreation or further developed into a tourist vehicle of national and even international standards. An important means of water tourism is a boat. Tour boats were developed to support the success of this tour. This article discusses the electrical installation for tourist boats that will be used on the Kali Mas River. Its power source is taken from diesel engines and also from solar panels that are capable of generating electricity.

An Optimized K-means Clustering for Improving Accuracy in Traffic Classification

With the explosive grown network traffic, the traditional port- and payload-based methods are insatiable for the requirements of privacy protection as well as the fast real-time classification for the today traffic classification. Here, a network traffic classification model based on both the Self-Organizing Maps (SOM) and the K-means fusion algorithm is proposed. In which, the traffic data is initially clustered by the SOM network to derive the cluster number and each cluster center value. Then those values are taken as the initial parameters to run the K-means algorithm, achieving optimal classification. As results compared with the traditional K-means algorithm, the initially clustering done by using the SOM network not only inherits its advantages of simple method and efficient processing, but also reduces time cost. Moreover, a significant improvement in coossification accuracy is achieved with our proposed algorithm.

Study of shoreline evolution under the influence of jetty construction: A case study of Karangsong Beach, Indramayu, Indonesia

Karangsong Beach, Indramayu located on the north coast of Java Island of Indonesia has been an important traditional small downstream river port for the fishermen who live in the Indramayu District area. This traditional port has been rehabilitated by construction of jetty in the period 2005 to 2007. The jetty construction affected coastal process, which was previously dominated by erosion turned into dominated by accretion. This study examines the process of shoreline evolution by calculating the sediment transport rate and analyzing the shoreline changes. The analysis began by extracting shoreline data from Google Earth images to provide a historical database of shoreline. The coastal process was then simulated using the coastline model Uniform Beach Sediment Transport Coastline (UNIBEST-CL) with waves and the longshore component of tidal currents as input and also calibrated using the shoreline database. The calibrated model was employed to simulate the annual conditions over a nine-year period, 2008-2017. The results show the sediment transport rate is dominated by the southeast direction. There is a significant difference in coastal processes between northern and southern regions, which is due to the presence of jetty. In the northern region, the sediment transport rate was blocked by the jetty so that this region is accreted. In the southern region, the supply of sediment from the north replaced by sediment supply from the river causes accretion yet smaller than the northern region.

Dynamic traffic classification algorithm and simulation of energy Internet of things based on machine learning

With the rapid development of information technology, a large amount of traffic generated by various Internet applications occupies a large amount of network resources. It poses a huge challenge to service quality and has a negative impact on Internet security. In order to utilize network resources effectively and provide effective management and control measures for network administrators, network traffic classification technologies is a hot topic for scientists to identify application layer protocols. Today, there are more and more applications based on TCP/IP. With the emergence of various anti-surveillance applications, traditional port and application-based identification methods are difficult to meet current or future traffic identification requirements. It has become a very challenging problem to require more efficient, accurate, intelligent and real-time Internet traffic identification. The Internet of Things is a new network concept proposed by people who based on Internet prototypes. It enables the end user of the system can carry out communication and exchange of information and data between any project. In recent years, with the continuous advancement of Internet of Things technology, the coverage of the Internet of Things has become very wide, and the number of different types of networks that make up the Internet of Things is also increasing. This paper aims to find the dynamic network traffic classification problem of hybrid fixed in dynamic network and dynamic network in mobile network, and gives a reasonable mapping scheme. The dynamics of network traffic for Internet of Things are reflected fully and will not cause route flapping. The simulation results show that the decision tree classification algorithm in machine learning has higher efficiency, and improves the utilization of network resources.

Strategies to Aid Identification of Apheresis PowerFlow Ports: A Case Report

IntroductionThe PowerFlow implantable apheresis intravenous port is a venous access device for therapeutic apheresis procedures. In this case review article, we identify key similarities and differences between apheresis PowerFlow ports and traditional ports. We also list strategies that emergency departments can implement to aid in correct port identification. MethodsUsing a case review format, we describe the clinical presentation of a 33-year-old female with neuromyelitis optica who was evaluated in the emergency department for an acute exacerbation. She had a history of outpatient apheresis procedures that made use of bilateral PowerFlow ports. Mistaken for a conventional port, the right PowerFlow port was accessed with a Huber needle rather than the appropriate catheter-over-needle device. On infusion of intravenous fluids, the patient experienced pain and swelling. Ultimately, the port malfunctioned and was eventually replaced. ResultsA subsequent root cause analysis identified opportunities for education and aids to improve port identification. To this end, strategies were implemented to appropriately identify the PowerFlow port using at least 2 of the following methods: (1) look in the patient’s chart for record of an implantable apheresis intravenous port; (2) check the port identification card, bracelet, or keychain issued at insertion; (3) palpate the port to look for the rounded top and hollow concave entry point; and (4) use x-ray or fluoroscopy to identify radiopaque port markers. ConclusionWhen a patient with a history of apheresis procedures presents with an implanted port, steps should be taken to ensure correct identification and access.

The Sustainability Dimensions: A Territorialized Approach to Sustainable Development

The paper proposes the territory as the fourth dimension of sustainable development. Research starting from three dimensions of sustainable development - economic, social, environmental - highlights the difference between the spatial approach and the territorial approach in sustainable development practices. The paper shows that to include in the development approach the morphological (hilly, mountain, plain), functional (metropolitan or non-metropolitan city, cross border region), traditional (port city, financial city, industrial city), government (National strategy, special laws, etc.), governance (formal and not formal network, institutional/ noninstitutional body) aspects, leads to different development results than not including them. This evidence shows to distinguish development practices from sustainable development practices as emerged from recent Territorial Impact Assessment studies in which policies, through the territorialization of the results, guide planning actions: (local) planning actions selected on (general) policy objectives create the conditions for adaptation (about planning) and mitigation (about policies) of human actions on the environment, thus being able to speak of sustainable development.

Study on the Constructing and Developing Mode of the Smart Port in the Beibu Gulf of Guangxi

In order to form a new constructing and developing mode under the background of the deep integration of the traditional port and the modern information technologies, the Beibu Gulf Port Group in Guangxi will focus on the three core themes which are the intelligent control, the digital supply chain and the “Internet + port” information services, to carry out the smart port construction. Aiming at studying the constructing and developing mode of the construction of the smart port in the Beibu Gulf, its constructing objectives were clarified, the overall technical framework was built, the system constructing plans were put forward, and the expected effects were analysed. On the whole, the Beibu Gulf Smart Port will realize the intellectualization, automation and platform construction of the group ports, help the transformation and upgrading of “intellectualization” of the ports, and create a new smart port ecosystem of “resource integration and optimization, business cohesion and coordination, information interconnection and interoperability” in the Beibu Gulf region. The construction of the Beibu Gulf smart port can also play its leading role in the regional economy better, and provide strong support for promoting the development of the Beibu Gulf Economic Zone and the opening and development of Guangxi.

The natural environment in port development: A ‘green handbrake’ or an equal partner?

Rapid urbanization of the coast, growing global trade, stakeholder emancipation and ongoing depletion of natural resources mean that ports can no longer operate and develop without acknowledging and incorporating societal and environmental considerations. Drawing primarily on first-hand experiences in South African ports, supplemented with learning taken from international literature, this paper proposes a conceptual change in the position of the natural environment in port development from that of a ‘green handbrake’ to ‘equal partner’. The argument for this conceptual change is developed in three stages. First, we merge two concepts emerging from the literature, namely natural capital (or natural infrastructure) and infrastructure systems, to embed the natural environment as an integral component or ‘equal partner’ in port development. We then identify practical avenues through which the profile (or value) of the natural environment can be enhanced in port development, drawing on concepts such as Building with Nature (BwN) and multi-use of natural capital. Finally, we build a framework for Integrated Port Management (IPM) by conceptually positioning and aligning environmental processes within the traditional port development cycle, as well as identifying the need for coordination across and continuity between individual environmental assessment processes.In essence, bridging the disconnect between natural environmental issues and port development requires early consideration of the natural environment in port development, and an acknowledgement of multi-use benefits from natural capital. Further, in the operations and maintenance phases, environmental management systems in ports should not only focus on environmental performance, but also embrace multi-use valuation of the natural environment (ecosystem services) to give purpose to the need for environmental protection. However, crucial to effective implementation of an Integrated Port Management (IPM) framework will be its integration in organisational processes, supported by collaborative institutional structures. Only then will the environment take its place as equal partner in port development.

Study on Fuel and Injection Influence on a Spark Ignition Aeropiston Engine

Abstract Spark ignition aeropiston engines have good prospects due to light weight and high power to weight ratio. Both gasoline and kerosene can be utilized on these engines by using either traditional port fuel injection (PFI) or the novel air-assisted fuel injection (A2FI). In this article, the effects of different fuels and injection methods on the performance of a four-cylinder opposed aeropiston engine were studied. The spray performance test rig and the engine performance test rig were established. First, the influence of different injection methods on engine performance were compared, which indicated that A2FI is superior to PFI in engine power and starting performance. Furthermore, the fuel performance comparison by using A2FI was conducted, which demonstrates that kerosene is inferior to gasoline in terms of spray characteristics and power performance. Finally, detailed working characteristics of A2FI system using kerosene were studied, which indicated that the stable and reliable operation of the spark-ignition operation can be realized and the kerosene's spark-ignition combustion process can be optimized similar to that of gasoline. Results shows that the use of kerosene combined with A2FI is the best technical way to achieve ideal working process of the spark ignition aeropiston engine.

Information Sharing Platform of Port Supply Chain Enterprises

Qian, C., 2020. Information sharing platform of port supply chain enterprises. In: Yang, Y.; Mi, C.; Zhao, L., and Lam, S. (eds.), Global Topics and New Trends in Coastal Research: Port, Coastal and Ocean Engineering. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 103, pp. 722–725. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.The traditional port supply chain information sharing is not timely, which leads to the problem that the optimal allocation of resources cannot be realized. Then the information sharing platform of port supply chain enterprises is proposed. According to the difference of resource nature, it can be divided into different sharing modules to ensure the real-time scheduling of resources and establish a multi-Agent model of supply chain collaboration. Combining the actual situation, the factors of environment and node enterprises are considered in adoption of the integration scheme of web service technology, to realize the real-time sharing of information and complete the research on the information sharing platform of port supply chain enterprises. The contrast experiment is designed so as to analyze and compare the difference of information sharing effect between the designed platform and the traditional platform. It proves to be faster, shorter time-consuming, and better allocation of the supply chain resources through optimization result of the designed platform.

Gender, the Indian Rural Economy and the Household Historical Perspectives on Migration from British India to Africa

In the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the poor socio-economic and political conditions in India facilitated the migration of both indentured and free or “passenger” Indians to Natal, South Africa. The latter unencumbered by contractual labour arrived under normal immigration laws and hence were referred to as “passenger” Indians. Whilst the “push” and “pull” factors of indentured Indians to some extent have been documented, this has been largely absent for “passenger” Indians. This article examines male-centred “passenger” Indian migration in the context of gender, the rural household and economy in western India in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. This paper highlights that the male outmigration to a very large extent was governed by two factors: gender relations within the household and women’s role in the rural economy. Women were left behind in the towns and villages not because they were absent from the decision-making process during migration, but because their domestic activities were central in augmenting the rural household. This article obliterates the myth of the “passive” and “docile” female in historical migrations in the Indian diaspora by shifting the migration narratives from the traditional ports of settlement to the untapped ports of departure to acquire better insights to historical “push” factors that facilitated “passenger” Indian migration. It makes the colonial rural household, of which women were an integral part, the centre of analysis, thereby providing new perspectives on gender relations and how they shaped and influenced male-centred migration.

Urban Tissue of Traditional Chinese and Southeast Asian Port Cities: The Influence of Maritime Trade

In the process of urban development and regeneration, a city always gradually derives multiple morphological characteristics from its original single form. The transformation of urban form can be viewed as representation of consequence of overlapping of cultural attributes, an urban quality which is often ignored by property developments. This paper addresses that culture is a starting point to analyze traditional urban forms of Chinese and Southeast Asian traditional port cities. On the one hand, it analyzes their urban morphological characteristics focusing on the urban tissue level, which can reflect a process of urban evolution based on multi-culture brought by the ancient maritime trade. On the other hand, four port cities with similar cultural attributes including Quanzhou and Guangzhou in China, Hanoi in Vietnam and Malacca in Malaysia are analyzed comparatively to demonstrate their morphological differences and similarities. Based on the analysis of the two aspects, the paper recovers the relationship between cultural attributes and urban morphology, as well as some universal and special rules of urban development.

Direct Radiative Effect and Public Health Implications of Aerosol Emissions Associated with Shifting to Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) Technologies in Light-Duty Vehicles in the United States.

Due to their enhanced fuel economy, the market share of gasoline direct injection (GDI) vehicles has increased significantly over the past decade. However, GDI engines emit higher levels of black carbon (BC) aerosols compared to traditional port fuel injection (PFI) engines. Here, we performed coupled chemical transport and radiative transfer simulations to estimate the aerosol-induced public health and direct radiative effects of shifting the U.S. fleet from PFI to GDI technology. By comparing simulations with current emission profiles and emission profiles modified to reflect a shift from PFI to GDI, we calculated the change in aerosol (mostly BC) concentrations associated with the fleet change. Standard concentration-response calculations indicated that the total annual deaths in the U.S. attributed to particulate gasoline-vehicle emissions would increase from 855 to 1599 due to shifting from PFI to GDI. Furthermore, the increase in BC associated with the shift would lead to an annual average positive radiative effect over the U.S. of approximately +0.075 W/m2, with values as large as +0.45 W/m2 over urban regions. On the other hand, the reduction in CO2 emissions associated with the enhanced fuel economy of GDI vehicles would yield a globally uniform negative radiative effect, estimated to be -0.013 W/m2 over a 20 year time horizon. Therefore, the climate burden of the increase in BC emissions dominates over the U.S., especially over source regions.

Port efficiency and emissions from ships at berth: application to the Norwegian port sector

This paper explores how port efficiency affects the time that ships spend in port and therefore their atmospheric emissions whilst berthed. While the literature on port productivity and efficiency measurement largely ignores this aspect, we explore the biases in the measurement of productivity when resources spent on providing swift cargo-handling are ignored. A distinction is made between ports’ technical and scale efficiencies. Their impacts on environmental productivity (i.e., units of cargo handled per unit of ship emissions) are examined using data envelopment analysis on a unique dataset containing information about the duration of cargo-handling operations in the 25 largest ports in Norway. The results show that adopting best practices can significantly improve environmental productivities: if all ports under consideration become technically productive, the environmental productivity of the entire sample could be 80% higher. Technical efficiency alone would increase average environmental port productivity by 30%. Enhancing traditional port productivity can also substantially improve environmental productivity.

An IoT-Based Ship Berthing Method Using a Set of Ultrasonic Sensors.

It is indisputable that a great deal of brand new technologies such as the internet of things, (IoT) big data, and cloud computing are conquering every aspect of our life. So, in the branch of marine technology, the mentioned technologies are also being applied to obtain more features and to automate marine-related operations as well as creating novel smart devices. As a result of this, traditional ports and ships are being replaced by smart ports and vessels. To achieve this transition, numerous applications need to be developed to make them smart. The purpose of this paper is to present a dedicated an IoT-based system for automating linkage procedures by searching for available locations via port-mounted sensors and planned ship notification. In the experimental system, we have used smartphone as an alternative to the client-side vessel of the system and created an Android app called “Smart Ship Berthing” instead of the charging program, for instance, NORIVIS 4, VDASH, ODYSSEY, etc. To test our proposed server-side system, we used Raspberry Pi with a combination of an ultrasonic sensor to detect the ship and modify the empty berth for anchoring. The experimental results show that the set of UR sensors have high accuracy to detect ships at the port for ship berthing and our proposed system is very amenable to implementation in the real marine environment.

Totally robotic right hemicolectomy: a multicentre case-matched technical and peri-operative comparison of port placements and da Vinci models.

The objective of the study was to review the technical and peri-operative outcomes using the da Vinci Xi (dVXi) and da Vinci Si (dVSi) models with suprapubic port placement (SPPP) or traditional port placements (TPP) during a robotic right hemicolectomy (RRHC). A retrospective review was undertaken of prospectively maintained databases of RRHC performed by two senior colorectal surgeons in the USA and Australia. Data were prospectively collected for patient demographics, intra-operative technical outcomes and peri-operative clinical outcomes. A cohort of 138 patients underwent RRHC between 2013 and 2017: 134 (97%) had intra-corporeal anastomoses (ICA), 50% for polyp disease and 38% for cancer. 16 (12%) patients had post-operative complications, 11 (8%) of whom had only one complication. There were five (4%) anaemias requiring transfusion; five (4%) anastomotic bleeds; one (1%) leucocytosis/sepsis; two (1%) paralytic ileus; and two (1%) delayed readmissions. There were no conversions to open operations, anastomotic leaks, 30-day readmissions, or 30-day mortalities. With dVSi compared to dVXi, median (IQR) total operation time (TOT) reduced by 16% [134 (118-169)min versus 113 (90-132), p < 0.001]. dVXi had shorter console times (CST) [75 (62-97)min vs 94 (77-108), p = 0.004]. SPPP seemed more advantageous than TPP with less CST [75 (60-98)min versus 85 (70-106), p = 0.02]; less TOT [110 (90-130)min versus 130 (108-167), p < 0.001]; and shorter LOS [2 (2-3)days versus 3(2-3), p = 0.03]. There are operative technical improvements and peri-operative patient clinical benefits during RRHC with ICA using either da Vinci models or port placement configurations. It appears more advantageous to use dVXi with SPPP configuration as our preferred setup for RHHC. Many gastrointestinal surgeons foresee potential benefits of robotic surgery (RS) over conventional laparoscopic surgery, hence evaluation of RS in both routine and more complex operations is needed (Kwak and Kim in J Robot Surg 5:65-72, 2011).

Adapting ports to sea-level rise: empirical lessons based on land subsidence in Indonesia and Japan

ABSTRACT Five cases of ports in Japan and Indonesia that have subsided by a metre or more were analysed. The findings suggest that there are no unsurmountable technological, cost-benefit, financial and social limits to the progressive raising of these ports, at least for the magnitude of climate-induced sea-level rise expected during the 21st century. In Indonesia observed adaptation is a sequential process: only part of the port is raised at one time, allowing port operations to continue elsewhere and spreading costs in time. Jumps in unit costs are apparent as the elevation height increases. In addition, the possibility of sea-level rise triggering innovative changes in port design to lower costs (e.g., a move to floating ports) is being considered. For traditional ports to upgrade by up to 1 metre, unit costs are found to be somewhere between 50–360 USD/m3 rise (not including the cost of piling). Nevertheless, such adaptation costs would represent a significant burden and adaptation is often reactive rather than proactive, leading to significant damage costs, as in the case of Hurricane Katrina’s impact on Gulf Coast Ports.

Volume 58.1: Guest Editors' Introduction

Global shipping is a volatile industry, but it is rapidly recovering from the 2016 market which saw the consolidation and bankruptcy of several shipping lines, including the Korean giant Hanjin Shipping. This forced global shippers and carriers to rethink how they are going to remain competitive in a market that still has significant overcapacity in 2018, and for the foreseeable future. Luckily, 2017 was a good year financially for the large carriers with improving operating margins. Extending the first special themed issue in summer 2018, this second special issue on global shipping and ports focuses on how shippers and carriers are becoming more flexible in their strategies and operations to create new competitive advantages. It addresses issues with the methods used to study ports, strategic impacts on large and small vessels, hinterland constraints to ports, as well as the emergence of supply chain theory to guide port priorities.The lead article by Chang and Talley examines port competitiveness from the perspective of traditional port efficiency and the more contemporary supply chain viewpoint. It points out that there are some critical methodological issues in current port literature that may explain contradictory findings. They recommend directions for future research to resolve many of these issues.The second article by Yalcin, Chakravorty, and Yun focuses on the contemporary perspective to discuss how supply chain agility and ambidexterity concepts can be used to improve port competitiveness through the theoretical lens of the Balanced Theory of Port Competitiveness. They find that both explorative and exploitive practices are beneficial to port competitiveness.The third article by Lu and Yeh examines the impact of larger container vessels on port agility, which leads to greater efficiency and profits, but may harm customer service and safety. They note how Europe and Asia differ in how they tend to prioritize competitive factors from the proliferation of mega container vessels.The fourth paper by Fliehr, Zimmer, and Smith focuses on hinterland access to ports that affects port operations and prices. In the context of Brazil, the authors examine how inefficiencies in farm-to-port logistics affect farm gate pricing.Collectively, the studies in this second special issue show that contemporary supply chain factors, in addition to the traditionalist approach, must be examined using more appropriate methodologies. This includes weighing efficiency against effectiveness through a host of port operations including transportation, logistics, strategic objectives, and hinterland access.

Investigation on the dynamic characteristics and control accuracy of a novel proportional directional valve with independently controlled pilot stage

The pilot operated directional valves are widely used in hydraulic systems. For the purpose to improve the dynamic characteristics and control accuracy of the traditional valve, this paper proposes a novel pilot valve that employs two independent valve spools instead of the traditional port coupled valve spool. Due to the new structure, the influence of deadzone and damping on the performance of the valve is lightened; the dynamic characteristics and control accuracy of the valve are improved. Both of the open-loop simulation and experimental closed-loop position control of the entire valve demonstrate that the novel valve has impressive performance improvement of the entire valve. The results of experiments show that the -3dB-frequency of novel valve improves 61.5% in the case of single side control mode (SS) and 57.1% in the case of both side control mode (BS); the tracking error decreases from 6.21% to 2.6% in the case of SS and from 7.48% to 3.96% in case of BS.