Traditional Occupations Research Articles

Constraints Faced by Loom Weavers Related to Production and Marketing of Weaved Products in Bhagalpur District of Bihar

The cloth and loom were a long history since the emergence of human beings on the earth. The Hindu epics, the Mahabharata and the Ramayana, the Vedas and the sacred books of Hindu mythology speak of the art of weaving. Loom work is proving a large-scale employment in rural and urban places and it is an ancient industry. Weaving is the traditional occupation in India as well as in the Bhagalpur district of Bihar. Even though weavers form an integral part of the Indian loom industry, there is not enough recognition of their contribution to the sector due to various production and marketing constraints. It leads to poor economic conditions which casts doubt on their social security and future aspirations. Bhagalpur district of Bihar state was selected for this study.120 respondents were selected from 3 villages based on the population of weavers in villages. The present study was conducted in the years 2021-2022.The main constraints in production and marketing are revealed by respondents as scarcity of raw materials, insufficient weaving facility, COVID- 19 lockdown, lack of cooperative support, high commission charges, less transportation etc.

OCCUPATIONAL DIVISION AND CONTEMPORARY CHANGES IN INDIA

Occupational divisions in any country are understood largely as change in the activities of the membersin a given society and the way to earn their livelihood. Mostly, the change is observed in terms of changes in the distribution activities in the socio-economic structure of the society. India is a traditional caste-based society and so it is pertinent to describe occupational activities in terms of socio-cultural rather than the socio-economic structure. The socio-cultural implications of these occupational changes of the communities’ opted alternative occupational options and understanding their development, requires interrelations of various aspects with holistic approach. The researchers felt that there is inadequacy of empirical studies relating to socio-cultural, economic and political attributes of different occupational groups. The point of departure of this paper is the caste affirmation and its ramifications on traditional communities by claiming their traditional occupations for new social identity. This affirmation in turn is expected to lead to a shift in the socio-political relationships of the community with the other dominant communities in social hierarchy. In India, occupational changes are taking place more widely than statistical changes and emerging with alternative social movement. This paper also critically analyses the existing caste theories, lacuna in the existing nomenclature, and gives a glimpse of Constitutional Privileges and their reflection on contemporary Government Orders (GOs) with special reference to a community (Scheduled Caste) in Tamil Nadu (State in South India). The paper empirically validates the emerging alternative collective social movement of a community, their social status through traditional occupation, knowledge system and their resistance to inclusion in the existing nomenclature

Eco-Drama, Multinational Corporations, and Climate Change in Nigeria

Abstract Oil explorations by multinational corporations in Nigeria have grave consequences on the ecosystem. Gas flaring, oil spillage, and other forms of land and water pollution seriously degrade the natural environment as well as displace Nigerians from their homes and traditional occupations. Pollution has caused increased flooding, erosion, and dearth of both food and fishes, leading to poverty and hidden hunger, among other problems. More destructive is the reactionary disposition of the Nigerian state to climate change and ecological disasters. Beside the provision of make-shift structures and relief materials to flood victims, there are hardly any proactive efforts on the ground to check the activities of multinational corporations operating in the country. Greg Mbajiorgu’s eco-drama Wake Up Everyone (2011) depicts the challenges of the climate crisis in contemporary Nigeria. A close reading and critical analysis of the play, which is a microcosm of the country, illuminates the ways these challenges affect Nigerians and the need for action. Apart from displacing individuals from their homes, flooding takes a heavy toll on the agricultural sector, as most crops and livestock production systems in Nigeria are not yet fully technology-based and are, therefore, susceptible to environmental degradation. As a result, the flooding of farms and plantations, damaging crops and seedlings, leads to a corresponding degree of food scarcity/insecurity and indeed inflation in the cost of farm produce. This paper concludes that conscious efforts suggested in the play should be made to forestall multinational corporations from further pillaging the environment, and that government functionaries saddled with the task of forging active measures to stem the effects of climate change in the country should rise to their responsibilities.

Understanding the Construction of Otherness in Harijan Community in Bangladesh

Otherness sees the world as divided into mutually excluding opposites. It is built through subjective perceptions and cultural practices in society on which, human beings are remade and separated from each other always based on their own experiences. This was a cross-sectional study, applied a qualitative approach to explore how cultural otherness was produced and practiced within the Harijan community. The studied population live in a separate geographical location due to their traditional occupation. Their accommodation and occupation made them others in the society. They have limited access to public places, shops and restaurants, barbershops, playgrounds, movie theatres, burial grounds, social gatherings, temples, music concerts and cultural events. This subordinated social position has also made them others within their sociocultural context. The identity of the Harijan as ‘others’ has been categorised and identified through the existing sociocultural context they live in. This identity is being perpetuated from one generation to another.

Livelihood of salt farmers in the context of environmental changes in Can Gio district, Vietnam

Agricultural production is highly dependent on the environment and sensitive to environmental changes. During the past time, the changes in natural and socio-economic factors have strongly affected salt production. Thus, salt farmers in Can Gio, Ho Chi Minh City have put great effort into implementing various solutions to overcome the difficulties to maintain production, secure income, stabilize life and preserve traditional occupation. To have a full and systematic view on this issue, a study on the livelihoods of salt farmers in the context of environmental changes was carried out. The study used the social survey method with a sample size of 106 salt-producing households in Can Gio district. Data collection tool is a structured questionnaire and data analysis methods are descriptive and inferential statistics. Results show that salt production is a livelihood that is easily vulnerable to changes in natural and socio-economic factors. As for the natural factors, early and erratic rains are the main risk for salt production. Regarding the socio-economic factors, unstable markets, falling selling prices and increasing production costs bring many risks to salt farmers. They perceive environmental changes and their impacts on their livelihoods. The current livelihood capacities of farmers including financial, technical and institutional capacities for salt production are not high. Solutions implemented locally to deal with negative environmental impacts include adjusting production inputs, diversifying livelihoods and connecting salt production areas with consumption markets.

Investigating the Idea of Multifunctional Public Spaces for Sustainable Communities

In order to accommodate the needs of a rapidly growing population, cities are losing their open urban spaces to provide infrastructure. These spaces act as lungs of a city, areas of traditional occupations, and community gathering spaces during social events. This paper takes up the case of open spaces used for traditional livelihoods. This research investigates whether multifunctional spaces can generate economic opportunities alongside urban experiences for traditional communities. This paper assumes that a multifunctional urban space is the integration of different functions in time and space. A technique of questionnaire-based study coupled with architectural design iterations is used to analyze and propose sensitive design solutions to the problems identified with the multifunctional urban space. The chosen area is Ulsoor Dhobi Ghat in Bangalore, a historic site in an upcoming heritage precinct of the city, thus providing the opportunity to transform it while creating an identity for the Dhobi community.

TRADE IN THE CONDITIONS OF DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION

In modern conditions, when the Internet has reached the peak of its development and application., and enabled efficient and fast communication, the world is facing a series of changes that require adaptation to new circumstances. The road to a new digital-Internet economy is opening up. There is a digital transformation of the economy (trade) and society as a whole. Industry 4.0, artificial intelligence, "fight" robots-cashiers, buy-sell on "Click", virtual trade, mobile platforms, e-money, lead to a turnaround in creating a new model of competitive advantage of trade in the conditions of "new-Web-Internet- digital "economy. It all takes place on a digital platform. It is negotiated, sold-bought, on a virtual platform, without the participants being seen. The World Bank predicts that 1/3 of traditional occupations will disappear by 2030, while the "Silicon Valley" oligarchy predicts that in 2050 the human brain ("identity-thinking entity") will be stored in a “klaud” environment. Physical-psychosociological- "material" and other recognizability of today's man, economy and society as a whole will be formatted in the form of a "digital" record. Therefore, futurists predict a new initiation of society as a whole on a new path of humanity: HUMANITY 2.0. The aim of this paper is to show the way trade works in the age of everyday changes on a global level. The expected results of this paper are to provide adequate information on the functioning of trade in the conditions of digital transformation, to present new models of society, humanity, economy-trade, better known in the futurist vision as "Digital format of new society, humanity and man-as a mosaic of harmonized details".

Last Names Derived from Woodworking Terminology

The ethnogenesis space of the Romanian people knows the most varied landforms: mountain, hills, plains. What is noteworthy is that no matter what form of relief we relate to, the forest has been present everywhere. The specific terminology of the forest and of all that means the processing of wood in order to obtain whatever necessary for man was a source of enrichment of the Romanian anthroponymic system. In this article, the author capitalized on the information coming from the book “Traditional occupations on the territory of Romania”, vol. 4, by Gheorghe Iordache, and from the Anthroponymic Database of Romania, established at the Onomastic Research Laboratory of the Faculty of Letters, University of Craiova, in 1994. The identified last names, totaling 180, are presented with the frequency recorded by region and county.

Distribution of Household Assets and Pattern of Income and Consumption among Rural Artisans Households in Punjab

The present study attempted to analyse the distribution of household assets and pattern of income and consumption expenditure among rural artisan households in Punjab. The durable household's asset had the predominant percentage of the total asset structure among sampled households. An average household from rural artisan families held around 39000 per capita assets in rural areas. The study found that slightly more than 50 per cent of the total income of sampled households comes from their respected traditional occupations. As far as the pattern of households was concerned, the overall analysis observed that an average sampled household consumed a higher percentage share of his income on non-durable items followed by marriages and other socio-religious ceremonies, services and durable items of consumption. The overall analysis revealed that the income of rural artisan households was low, but faced the challenge of maintaining a reasonable level of living and meeting their basic living needs.

A Theoretical Framework for Strengthening Women “Employment” Opportunities in Digital Technologies in Saudi Arabia

Digital technology is revolutionising employment, creating new job opportunities while disrupting traditional occupations. Few studies, however, have examined the impact of technology on women’s employment in developing countries. There is a scarcity of literature on employment opportunities arising from the digitalization of economies for women in Arab countries, especially in Saudi Arabia. In this study, the major theories suggesting the applications and construction of technological knowledge and skills for improving the prospects of women’s employment in digital technologies are presented. Numerous theories reviewed have emphasized the urgency of digital skills and competencies for enabling women to harness the job opportunities due to deployment of digital technologies, but they have not provided the mechanisms and ways to achieve the increased competencies and subsequently increased participation level in the labour markets in general, and in the labour market of Saudi Arabia in particular. Thus, the impact of digital technologies on the employment opportunities in digital technologies for women in Saudi Arabia need to be further assessed, since the unique political, social and economic characteristics of the state compound may contribute to employment opportunities and barriers against the successful participation of Saudi women in the labour market. This paper therefore highlights on the need for adoption of relevant approaches to address the research issue relating to the impact of digital technologies on the women’s employment in Saudi Arabia. This study should therefore serves as guide for identifying areas of research needs in relation to factors that are necessary for increasing women’s employment opportunities resulting from proliferation of digital technologies in Saudi Arabia and elsewhere.

Remittances and Development: Mirage of Prosperity in Dalit Community of Kaski District

This article examines the propensities in international labour migration, remittances usage patterns and the influence of remittances on Dalit livelihood. Most Dalit groups of Nepal have their traditional occupational skills, but due to limited market access and the easy availability of cheap international products, their traditional occupations have been lost or threatened that has deteriorated livelihoods and the chances of development. Further, historic relegation, lower education levels, caste discrimination and sectarian hierarchy has curtailed better jobs opportunities in Nepal, compelling them to migrate abroad for work. Despite the role of remittances in alleviating caste/class discrimination and supporting family livelihoods, there has been a modest improvement in the human, educational and financial assets of Dalit households. The scenario of poor educational, economic, and human status, low participation in social and development sectors is evidence of the inability of remittances to solve livelihood problems. The rhetoric of permanent prosperity through foreign employment has proved a fiasco and a mirage of unsustainable prosperity rather than prospects of enduring genuine fortune. In the absence of productive and sustainable remittance use pattern, labour migration has become an addictive practice with high dependency on foreign labour and upsurge of consumerism that has created insecurity in livelihoods. A socioeconomic structural adjustment is mandatory to augment community economy along with human and social capital enrichment strategies that will pave the way to break the poverty and unemployment cycle. The prerequisites are the development and effective implementation of strategies that facilitate the maintenance of traditional skill-based jobs at home and policies using remittances.

ADOPTION STRATEGIES AND IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON RICE CULTIVATION PRACTICES

Climate change is contemporary global threat to this planet. Greenhouse gases which are responsible for global warming and its impact is accelerated by anthropogenic activities. Increasing temperature is creating influence on rice cultivation, production and productivity. In this regard, this study was conducted on Dilasaini Rural municipality of Baitadi district during the period of Jan to Feb 2018 to assess the impact of climate change on rice production and adaptation strategy. Interview survey, key informant interview, focus group discussion were conducted in collecting primary information. Sixty households were sampled from a total of 1538 households with random sampling for interviews survey. The data were analyzed using SPSS computer software. Temperature and precipitation data analysis between 1987 to 2015 showed some changes. Temperature was in increasing trend. The maximum mean temperature was increasing at 0.057°C/year and the minimum mean temperature was increasing at 0.0075°C/decade. Total rainfall was decreasing by 25.22 mm/yr. It was found that some special signs of climate change are experienced by rural communities of the study area. Local communities perceived increasing warm days and shortening cold/winter days. Almost 100 percent respondents have experienced increasing temperature and unusual rainfall events with direct impacts on rice production. Most of the farming communities experienced unusual weather patterns with negative impacts on rice production, increasing water scarcity and increased frequency of weather related disasters. The indicators to this were decrease in the production of crops, occurrence of invasive species at alarming rate and infestation of pests and diseases. As the farmer are practicing the cultivation of the local seed instead of hybrid varieties of the crop as the production is decreasing due to lack of resistance power of the local variety with changing climate, new diseases and pest infestation. On the other hand, changing climate of the area is showing effect on the flowering time of rice species and so were the germination, harvesting and maturing times of rice had changed. All these changes in rice had influenced on the food security of the people in study area, the income from agriculture had decreased, so people are separating from their traditional occupation, way of life and they are seeking alternative professions. Adaptation strategy has not been used due to lack of proper knowledge on adaptation methodology so the farmer of the study area are facing problem to cope with the situation and ultimately facing problem of food security.

Legislative aspects at national and international level regarding the exploitation of gold-silver deposits

In Romania, mining is a historical, traditional occupation, attested since antiquity, when the Romans came here to extract gold and other base metals from the underground mines in our mountains. The exploitation of gold and silver deposits is still important for the economic and social development of the country. Generally, these ores are essential for modern life, so their exploitation must be regulated so as to respond effectively to these needs. Legislation in this field has an important role in promoting and supporting the exploitation of gold and silver deposits. Nationally, the mining activity is regulated by the Mining Law no. 85/2003, a law which, from my point of view, does not effectively ensure the mechanisms on the basis of which the capitalization of mineral resources should be done as smoothly as possible. At European Union level, the legislation contains a wide range of obligations and rights regarding the mining of natural resources and deposits, which the competent public authorities in the Member States must enforce. In countries with tradition in the field of gold-silver mining, the laws referring to the extractive sectors are developed in accordance with the interests of the citizens. This system provides sufficient opportunities for civil society participation in decision-making. This paper identifies the main legislative aspects that can be improved to create a fair legal framework for the exploitation and capitalization of precious metal deposits in Romania.

О диалектных особенностях якутской традиционной игры «хайах хостоһор»

The article considers the dialectical unit of the lexico-thematic group, which is of interest for study as a linguistic object in integration with materials on the traditional culture and life ISSN (print)2664-5157 Turkic Studies Journal 2021, Volume 3, Number 373Е.Р. Николаевof the Yakuts. In the article, the author conducts a linguoculturological interpretation of the semantics of the name of the game. The relevance of the topic is because the lexico-thematic group «Dialectical names of Yakut traditional children’s games» had not previously been subjected to special study as a linguistic object. The aim of the study is to identify the dialectical features of the semantic field of the name of the Yakut traditional game “hayakh khostohor”. Research tasks: to reveal the dialectical nature of the semantics of the name of the game; to determine the semantic connection between general Yakut and dialect in the name of the game. The material for the research was bilingual explanatory dictionaries of the Yakut language, records of reports of complex expeditions of the early 20th century. The research used the following methods: linguoculturological analysis of the semantic structure of the lexeme; descriptive analysis using techniques for interpreting linguistic material. To identify semantics, the method of semantic identification is used. As a result, the dialect aspect of the semantic field of the name of the game “hayakh khostohor” was revealed. In the game, hayakh is used in two meanings: 1) “fermented fish”, the source of which is mainly the Vilyui dialect zone; 2) the title of the game defines the semantic connection of the dialect lexeme hayakh “fermented fish” with the general Yakut lexeme hayakh ‘oil’. A playful imitation of everyday life is a representation of two traditional occupations of the Yakuts (Sakha): cattle breeding – as a heritage from the ancient Turkic layer of vocabulary of cattle-breeding culture and fishing – as the creation of a northern Turkic (Yakut) gastronomic culture

Causes of Occupational Changes among Dalit Communities of Kaski District

Occupational change from traditionally adopted occupations to new occupations is an increasing trend in the new generation of Nepalese society. And this seems relatively high in the people of Dalit communities. This study aims to investigate the status of occupational change and their causes among the Dalit communities of the Kaski district. This study has conducted by using the quantitative nature of data collected from primary sources with the help of a structured questionnaire. Total 300 head of the household covering 150 from each urban and rural area including 50 each from three Dalit caste groups namely Nepali (Sarki), Pariyar (Damai), and Bishowkarma (Kami) are the sample for this study. The information regarding the occupational change was collected from the head of the household. The study reveals that there is a statistically significant difference in the involvement in a particular occupation in the past and at present. The tendency of abandoning past & caste-based occupation and shifting to new & modern occupation is high (63.33%) among the people of the Dalit communities. While investigating towards causes for occupational change; insufficient for livelihood, low return compares to costs & efforts, lack of skills & knowledge of past occupations, skills & knowledge of other occupations, lack of work for a whole year in traditional occupations, have found as the key causes for the occupational change in the Dalit communities. However, 36.67 percent still involved in past occupations, and the key causes for no change in the past occupations are lack of other skill & knowledge, satisfaction in the past occupation, and lack of capital.

Occupational Change and Socioeconomic Status among Dalit Communities in Kaski District

The purpose of the study is to examine the occupational change, socio-economic status among, and the inherent association between occupational changes and socioeconomic status. This study has conducted among the people of Nepali, Pariyar, and Bishwokarma caste of the Dalit communities in the Kaski district of Nepal using the quantitative nature of the information collected from primary sources with the help of a structured questionnaire. The total sample of this study is 300 head of the family member covering 150 from each urban and rural geographical region consisting of 50 from each caste. The data and results show the involvement in a particular occupation in the past and at present have significant variation, as well as the tendency of leaving the caste-based traditional occupation and adopting new & modern occupations is high. From the overall economic perspective, Nepali caste people stand at the first position followed by Bishowkarma, and the last position occupied by Pariyar. While looking from the socio-cultural perspective, Bishowkarma caste people stand at the first position followed by Nepali, and the last position occupied by Pariyar. At the regional level, residence of urban areas have a better overall economic and socio-cultural position compared to the rural areas. However, test statistics reveal the economic status is statistically significant at the caste and regional level whereas, the socio-cultural status is not statistically significant at both caste and regional levels. Finally, while investigating the association between occupational change and socioeconomic status, the results reveal that the overall economic status is the best of those people who have completely changed their past occupations while the overall socio-cultural position is the best of those who have not changed. However, these variations are not statistically significant.

"Uma tarefa comum a qualquer corte constitucional"?: superinterpretação e a tese do marco temporal da ocupação no caso Raposa Serra do Sol

This paper investigates the connections between the phenomenon of overinterpretation in Law and the time of occupation criterion, called marco temporal thesis, using the Law and Literature methodology. The category of overinterpretation hereby considered comes from the literary theory by Italian semioticist Umberto Eco. In this paper, overinterpretation theory is applied to Law, from its interlocution with Literature. This very category was mentioned in the Report n.001/2017, by the Brazilian Federal Attorney General’s Office, on the marco temporal thesis, which gave rise to the judgement analysis of Petition 3388/RR, by the Brazilian Federal Supreme Court, also known as the case of Raposa Serra do Sol Indigenous Land, when the abovementioned thesis was established. Then follows the analysis on the approximations between overinterpretation and the institutional safeguards provided for in the sentence, which go beyond the original case; as well as the hyperfictional aspect of the marco temporal thesis, which, by adopting a restrictive interpretation of indigenous territorial rights, denies the colonial process and the State’s own efforts to carry out forced removals of indigenous peoples. It also ignores the historicity and traditional occupation of the Brazilian territory by the indigenous peoples, which crosses textual limits and contradicts the Constitution itself.

Roma People, Where to? Tradition and Change in Roma Communities

Abstract Roma community in Romania is one of the largest ethnic communities in this country. Romani people integration and reducing disparities between the Roma community and the majority one is a priority for both the Romanian state and the Roma civil society. The integration of the Roma on the labor market is an important step in the integration process. This article proposes qualitative research through the interview method. The research question investigates whether traditional occupations practiced by Roma do not provide Roma access to the labor market today. The general objective of this study aims to identify and analyze qualitatively non-traditional socio-economic practices in the Roma communities in Timișoara and Cluj-Napoca. This objective has been operationalized in several specific objectives related to the identification of traditional economic practices in the occupations of members of the Roma communities in Timisoara and Cluj-Napoca, depending on membership in the subgroup / ethnic group, the identification of non-traditional economic practices in the occupations of members of the Roma communities in Timișoara and Cluj-Napoca, analysis of the role of traditional economic practices in preserving the lifestyle specific to the Roma ethnic group, as essential elements of culture in the communities of Timișoara and Cluj-Napoca. The last two objectives propose the analysis of non-traditional economic practices taken over in the occupations of the members of the Roma communities from Timișoara and Cluj-Napoca following the process of internal and external migration, respectively following the intervention of European funded programs. The participants of this research are 10 Roma people from Cluj-Napoca and 10 Roma people from Timișoara. The research results show that with industrialization, traditional occupations tend to limit their activity and integrated Roma people no longer practice the traditional occupations practiced by their parents or grandparents.

The genetic scenario of Mercheros: an under-represented group within the Iberian Peninsula

BackgroundThe general picture of human genetic variation has been vastly depicted in the last years, yet many populations remain broadly understudied. In this work, we analyze for the first time the Merchero population, a Spanish minority ethnic group that has been scarcely studied and historically persecuted. Mercheros have been roughly characterised by an itinerant history, common traditional occupations, and the usage of their own language.ResultsHere, we examine the demographic history and genetic scenario of Mercheros, by using genome-wide array data, whole mitochondrial sequences, and Y chromosome STR markers from 25 individuals. These samples have been complemented with a wide-range of present-day populations from Western Eurasia and North Africa. Our results show that the genetic diversity of Mercheros is explained within the context of the Iberian Peninsula, evidencing a modest signal of Roma admixture. In addition, Mercheros present low genetic isolation and intrapopulation heterogeneity.ConclusionsThis study represents the first genetic characterisation of the Merchero population, depicting their fine-scale ancestry components and genetic scenario within the Iberian Peninsula. Since ethnicity is not only influenced by genetic ancestry but also cultural factors, other studies from multiple disciplines are needed to further explore the Merchero population. As with Mercheros, there is a considerable gap of underrepresented populations and ethnic groups in publicly available genetic data. Thus, we encourage the consideration of more ethnically diverse population panels in human genetic studies, as an attempt to improve the representation of human populations and better reconstruct their fine-scale history.

Surnames Derived from Pastoral Terminology

Growing cattle and especially sheep was one of the main traditional Romanian occupations. Some of the terms used in this field became nicknames and later surnames. The Romanian anthroponymic database includes such surnames (listed in the Annex) and specifies the distribution of the bearers by county and region.