Traditional North American Research Articles

Trilobites from theCedaria prolificaZone (Cambrian, upper Guzhangian) of the Precordillera of Mendoza, western Argentina

AbstractTrilobites from the upper Guzhangian of the southern Argentine Precordillera, preliminarily described by Carlos Rusconi in the 1950s, are revised herein. The specimens studied were collected from an allochthonous limestone block of La Cruz Olistoliths at 200 m northwest of Estancia San Isidro locality (San Isidro area, Mendoza). Taxa compriseKormagnostus seclusus(Walcott, 1884),Cedaria prolificaWalcott, 1924,C.puelchanaRusconi, 1954,Tricrepicephalus texanus(Shumard, 1861),Meteoraspis metra(Walcott, 1890),Coosia conicephala(Rusconi, 1954) new combination,Coosella texana? Resser, 1942,Nasocephaluscf.N. nasutusWilson, 1954, andOlenoides proa(Rusconi, 1954) new combination. The North American generaMeteoraspisResser, 1935 andNasocephalusWilson, 1954 are reported confidently from South America for the first time. This assemblage is representative of theCedaria prolificaZone, which correlates with the lowerCrepicephalusZone of the traditional North American genus-based zonation. Most of the genera and species identified were previously described exclusively from Canada, the United States, and northwestern Mexico, a fact that provides new support to an allochthonous Laurentian origin of the Argentine Precordillera.

De-marginalising and de-centring film studies in bodies, places and on screens

This paper presents a multimodal conversation that engages the personal teaching and learning experiences of the authors, Berenike Jung (in London when the conversation started) and Derilene Marco (in Johannesburg). Critically reflecting and engaging through an audio recording and letters, Jung and Marco ask each other about the processes of doing and performing the labour of decolonising film teaching in their respective courses and from different global locations. Keeping in mind the impositions and complexities of the pandemic, Jung and Marco also reflect upon the ways in which colonial posturing occurs in film studies spaces, such as highly visible international film conferences. In doing so, they reflect on how engagements such as these keep many scholars and their scholarship confined to traditional Eurocentric and North American strategies, methods and endorsements of approval and relevance. The piece is conversational and self-aware in its self-referential tone. It is intended that readers listen to parts of the audio if they please, but that they are not compelled to do so to find meaning.

25 JAHRE ZONENEINTEILUNG IN DEN USA

n the area of explosion protection, the publication of Article 505 in the 1996 National Electrical Code (NEC®) was seen as a giant step toward global harmonization. It allowed for the implementation of the Zone system for explosive gas atmospheres (gases, flammable liquid-produced vapors, and combustible liquid-produced vapors) in the United States to co-exist with the traditional North American Class/Division system.

From SRI to ESG: The Origins of Socially Responsible and Sustainable Investing

Socially responsible investing. It is a well-worn term that grew in prominence during the 1980s and 1990s, but its roots trace back two millennia, shaped by civil-rights-era thinkers, faith-based organizations, and women. The modern SRI process stands on three pillars: 1. Values-based avoidance screens 2. Proactive sustainability-focused analytics—colloquially referred to as “ESG investing” and 3. Corporate engagement and impact investing. In this article, we focus on the origins and continued evolution of the first two pillars, the traditional North American model for socially responsible investing, and ESG, which first took hold in Europe. TOPICS:ESG investing, portfolio theory, portfolio construction, style investing Key Findings • SRI and ESG have roots in not only faith-based investing, but also in the civil rights, antiwar, and environmental movements of the 1960s and 1970s. • The investment risks posed by climate change and poor corporate governance provided a huge catalyst in the growth of ESG investing. • ESG data is now much more widely available than even 10 years ago, making ESG investing much more viable.

“New Life” into Old Sounds

Simone Schmidt is a folk and country musician based in tkaronto (Mohawk word from which Toronto, Ontario, is derived). Schmidt's 2017 album Audible Songs from Rockwood is part of their solo work as Fiver and part of an attempt to write “new life into and around folk, country, and rock songs.” The album is based on their time spent at the Archives of Ontario reading the original case files of the Rockwood Asylum for the Criminally Insane that operated in Kingston, Ontario, from 1856 to 1881. The songs are sung from the imagined perspectives of different women imprisoned at Rockwood. I read and engage with Schmidt's work as a performance of unsettling. Unsettlement comes through on this album in direct ways, such as Schmidt's challenges to ideas of land possession and challenges to the bases of the medical and psychiatric designations. More subtle challenges come through the portrayals of the women, which, though largely imagined, come from a place of self-reflexivity. In this paper I will examine how Schmidt uses the sounds of traditional North American folk and country music as a sonic bed for a performance of unsettling on Audible Songs from Rockwood.

Early Mesozoic synrift Eagle Mills Formation and coeval siliciclastic sources, sinks, and sediment routing, northern Gulf of Mexico basin

AbstractThe sedimentary architecture and provenance of the early Mesozoic incipient northern Gulf of Mexico basin remains controversial due to both lack of outcrop exposure and sample scarcity across the southern United States with subcrop depths approaching 6 km. The Eagle Mills Formation and coeval deposition across the northern Gulf of Mexico provides both a stratigraphic foundation for some ∼15-km-thick overlying Mesozoic and Cenozoic deposits, and a coeval pre-salt equivalent for southern synrift deposits, in one of the most economically significant hydrocarbon basins in the world. This study presents more than 3200 new detrital zircon U-Pb analyses from sixteen Late Triassic pre-salt, siliciclastic, subcrop well samples, and combines over 14,000 linear kilometers of 2-D multi-channel seismic reflection data, 1511 geophysical well logs, and biostratigraphic data from 2478 wells to construct basin-scale pre-salt isochore and structure maps spanning the northern Gulf of Mexico margin from Florida to the USA-Mexican border.The data show that incipient Gulf of Mexico paleodrainage pathways held individual distinctions between basement sources and tectonic controls in three primary regions across the northern Gulf of Mexico: (1) The western Gulf of Mexico paleodrainage extended from the Central Texas uplift highlands to the submarine Potosi Fan on the western margin of Laurentia with local tributary sources from the East Mexico Arc, Yucatán/Maya, and Marathon-Ouachita provinces as evidenced by inverse Monte Carlo unmixing of peri-Gondwanan (ca. 700–500 Ma), Appalachian/Ouachita (500–280 Ma), Grenville (1250–950 Ma), and Mid-Continent/Granite-Rhyolite Province (1500–1300 Ma) detrital zircon ages. Isochore and associated geophysical well and seismic data suggest that by Early Jurassic time this depocenter had shifted into the present-day western Gulf of Mexico as East Mexico Arc development continued. (2) Southerly drainage in the north-central Gulf of Mexico region bifurcated around the Sabine and Monroe uplifted terranes with southwestern flow characterized by peri-Gondwanan detrital zircon ages from late Paleozoic accreted basement or discrete flexural successor basins, and southeastern fluvial networks distinguished by traditional North American basement province sources including Grenville, Mid-Continent, and Yavapai-Mazatzal. (3) Eastern Gulf of Mexico regional paleodrainage, with regional southern flow dictated by the brittle extensional tectonics of the South Georgia Rift as well as the regional southern flexure of the South Florida Basin, resulted in almost all pre-salt detrital zircon siliciclastic ages from this region to be dominated by local Gondwanan/peri-Gondwanan aged sources including the proximal Suwannee terrane and Osceola Granite complex. These regional, synrift sediment provenance models provide the first critical allochthonous evidence of Late Triassic–Early Jurassic paleodrainage stemming from the Appalachian-Ouachita hinterlands into the incipient northern Gulf of Mexico basin with critical implications for pre-salt hydrocarbon exploration and carbon sequestration reservoir potential.

Bringing the Neighbourhood Into Urban Infill Development in the Interest of Well-Being

This article examines the contradictory proposed connections between compact urban form and small housing and human well-being. Whereas planners have argued the merits of smart growth and more compact urban form, compared to the traditional North American sprawling suburb, since at least the 1990s, other researchers and the global urban development community have more recently added their own evidence and argument in order to understand how not just the land use dimensions but also the transportation infrastructure design, greenhouse gas emissions profile, and social and personality characteristics may be more favourable in a compact, infill urban context than in a suburban or sprawling context. At the same time, the connection between compact urban living and well-being is not clear to many, as suburban style development expands at a faster rate than compact urban development in much of the world. Moreover, compact urban form is increasingly criticized for exerting downward pressure on liveability and well-being by exacerbating unaffordability. Taking a case based focus on the Metro Vancouver region in British Columbia, well-known for its liveability advantage and compact urban form, we present the results of survey research on resident attitudes toward and perceptions of moderate density housing being added within existing neighbourhoods. We find evidence of a tipping point, at which attitudes about new compact housing may hinge on the possibility for existing residents to have a voice in new developments and on the rate of change as much as on design or structural characteristics of the development. Perceptions of the contribution of more compact urban form and housing options to well-being should be considered central to efforts to advance such housing forms and types in cities, if these efforts are to pass the test of public opinion.

Codes of conduct and practical recommendations as tools for self-regulation and soft regulation in EU public affairs

During the 2000s–2010s, EU Commission and Parliament and European interest groups advanced a specific model of regulation. It combines, on one side, lobbyists self-regulation—the codes of conduct for EU lobbying professionals' associations, such as SEAP and EPACA—with institutional nonbinding or “soft” regulation on the other side—the EU Transparency Register framework for registered interest groups, its code of conduct, the related system of checks, alerts, and complaints about interest groups misconduct put forward by the EU Joint Transparency Register Secretariat, the list of Dos and Don'ts by the EU Ombudsman. This paper examines the peculiar lobbying self-regulation and soft regulation tools and practices, as implemented within the EU model: SEAP and EPACA codes of conduct, EU Transparency Register, EU Interest Groups Code of Conduct, Commissioners and MPs codes of conduct, the procedures of the EU Joint Transparency Register Secretariat, and the Ombudsman list of Dos and Don'ts, underlining their growing impact on interest groups registration to the EU Transparency Register. This EU innovative regulatory model-based on a peculiar mix of self-regulation and institutional, incentive-based, soft regulation-stands as a concrete alternative to the traditional North American top-down binding regulatory pattern. The EU model is based on a participatory, cooperative, and pragmatic dialogue between European policy makers and interest groups. Clarifying the concept, the nature, and the functions of this model, while underlining its peculiarity is the purpose of this paper.

Conceptual foundations and categorical definition of «think tanks»: academic rethinking of traditional approaches

Analytical and research organizations known in the world as think tanks have become increas- ingly influential actors on the political scene in recent decades. In a context of constant change and erosion of the borders between internal and external policies, they are able to respond promptly, pro- viding timely, reliable, accessible and useful information for making substantiated political decisions. The definition of «think tanks», however, creates a conceptual gap that causes serious limitations on the development of this field of study. Excessive generality or inflexibility in the use of the concept raises questions about the validity of the category. Either way, the «trade offs» of the conceptual choices have delineated a not very useful concept of «think tanks» to both inter-contextual and inter-or- ganizational comparability and to differentiate think thanks from overlapping organizations. The article revisits some of these dilemmas. To do so, the treatment in the specialized literature of the analytic category, highlighting both the insensitivity of the traditional North American approaches to different national contexts and its obsolescence to the changes in the context of «think tanks» action, including their own context of origin, is explained. The reasons of «conceptual stretching» and separation of the analytic category «think tanks» from the evolution of the phenomenon as a whole are investigated. In shedding light on promising conceptual contributions to the study of the phenomenon in its con- temporary features, the main contribution of the present article is specifying the contents and the proposal of definition of «think tanks» with the peculiarities of their functioning in different national contexts.

Profiling the phenolic acids, flavonoids and tannins in skunk currants (Ribes glandulosum) of Northern Québec, Canada

BACKGROUND: Skunk currant is widely dispersed across North America and a feature of some traditional North American indigenous diets. Whereas many wild and cultivated berries have attracting interest related to their antioxidant phenolic metabolites and putative health benefits in humans, very few data are available concerning skunk currant phytochemistry. OBJECTIVE: Provide the first metabolic profile of skunk currant fruits with a focus on phenolic and polyphenolic compounds, owing to their emerging implications in human health. METHODS: Skunk currants were harvested in Nunavik, Québec. Flavonols, flavan-3-ols, and phenolic acids were characterized using a targeted approach with reverse-phase ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Ellagitannins and anthocyanins were measured using reverse-phase HPLC following acid hydrolysis and employing diode array detection. Proanthocyanidins and sugars were detected with normal-phase HPLC. RESULTS: A total of 11 phenolic acids and 11 flavonoids, including three cyanidins and three quercetin glycosides were identified. Both condensed (proanthocyanidins) and hydrolysable (ellagitannins) tannins were also detected at 162 mg and 75 mg per 100 g extract, respectively. The cumulative amount of detected phenolic and polyphenolic metabolites totaled 622.6 mg/100 g extract (63.4 mg/100 g berry FW). CONCLUSIONS: Skunk currant is a source of many bioactive phenolic and polyphenolic compounds. Appearing richer in phenolics than some cultivated varieties, the wild northern varieties of North America warrant additional study.

What are 'Think Tanks'? Revisiting the Dilemma of the Definition

'Think tanks' (TTs) are 'sui generis' organizations that have been proliferating, playing more and more the role of very relevant actors on the political scene in clashes over interests, preferences and ideas for the formation of public policies. The definition of 'think tank', however, creates a conceptual gap that causes serious limitations on the development of this field of study. Excessive generality or inflexibility in the use of the concept raises questions about the validity of the category. Either way, the 'trade offs' of the conceptual choices have delineated a not very useful concept of think tank to both inter-contextual and inter-organizational comparability and to differentiate think thanks from overlapping organizations. The article revisits some of these dilemmas. To do so, the treatment in the specialized literature of the analytic category, highlighting both the insensitivity of the traditional North American matrix to different national contexts and its obsolescence to the changes in the context of TTs' action, including their own context of origin, is explained. In shedding light on promising conceptual contributions, the main contribution of the present article is the proposal of the radial structuring of the concept of think tanks as 'boundary spanners', as advanced by Medvetz, and of corresponding indicators to deal with the large variation in the substantive properties of the operationalization of the adopted concept. Thus, the aim is to reduce non-specificities in the analytic category and the dissent of its social significance, which demands less abstraction facing the exploratory state of the field of study.

Isolation, Identification, and Biological Evaluation of Phenolic Compounds from a Traditional North American Confectionery, Maple Sugar.

Maple sap, collected from the sugar maple (Acer saccharum) tree, is boiled to produce the popular plant-derived sweetener, maple syrup, which can then be further evaporated to yield a traditional North American confectionery, maple sugar. Although maple sap and maple syrup have been previously studied, the phytochemical constituents of maple sugar are unknown. Herein, 30 phenolic compounds, 1-30, primarily lignans, were isolated and identified (by HRESIMS and NMR) from maple sugar. The isolates included the phenylpropanoid-based lignan tetramers (erythro,erythro)-4″,4‴-dihydroxy-3,3',3″,3‴,5,5'-hexamethoxy-7,9';7',9-diepoxy-4,8″;4',8‴-bisoxy-8,8'-dineolignan-7″,7‴,9″,9‴-tetraol, 29, and (threo,erythro)-4″,4‴-dihydroxy-3,3',3″,3‴,5,5'-hexamethoxy-7,9';7',9-diepoxy-4,8″;4',8‴-bisoxy-8,8'-dineolignan-7″,7‴,9″,9‴-tetraol, 30, neither of which have been identified from maple sap or maple syrup before. Twenty of the isolates (selected on the basis of sample quantity available) were evaluated for their potential biological effects against lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in BV-2 microglia in vitro and juglone-induced oxidative stress in Caenorhabditis elegans in vivo. The current study increases scientific knowledge of possible bioactive compounds present in maple-derived foods including maple sugar.

Toward a Description of African American Vernacular English Dialect Regions Using “Black Twitter”

Recent research has established that African American Vernacular English (AAVE) is not monolithic. However, variation in AAVE has not been systematically described and mapped. This article uses new computational methods and social media to describe AAVE variation and to show AAVE dialect regions distinct from—and perpendicular to—the regions of other dialects of North American English. This study maps the geographic patterns of 30+ common nonstandard spellings on Twitter (e.g., sholl ‘sure’). It shows that nonstandard AAVE orthography delineates distinct dialect regions with shared phonological and lexical features. These regions are not coterminous with traditional North American dialect regions; rather, they align with patterns of movement during the Great Migrations.

Replacing the ideology of information by exploring domains of knowledge

Purpose – This paper examines the structure of Philippine historiography as viewed by Filipino historians. The purpose of this paper is to develop an understanding of the knowledge domain of Philippine history and in particular how its practitioners organize their field of study in terms of periodization. At the end of the paper an application of this analysis is proposed, the development of an online encyclopaedia of Philippine history. Design/methodology/approach – Interviews were arranged with willing historians at two of the premier institutions of higher learning in the Philippines: the Ateneo de Manila and University of the Philippines. The historians were asked three general questions: what in their opinion, are the key defining events in Philippine history? What are the key historians for each of those events? And what are the key debates regarding these events? For the purpose of this paper it is the results of the first question that are in focus as it deals with one of the fundamental tools of historical analysis, periodization. Findings – Philippine history was found to be periodized in a variety of ways, from the traditional to other approaches that stress either Filipino rather than colonial agency or the uneven trajectories of historical development that depend on region, class, or language group. A final approach viewed Filipino history as a network of relations spanning space and time. Wikis designed around the results of domain analysis make it possible to provide information on topics of importance to a discipline as well as reveal something of its deeper structure. Combined with traditional concerns, such as use of appropriate sources, this would serve to help develop a deeper awareness of the nature of knowledge production. Originality/value – This paper represents both a contribution to the study of knowledge domains, as well as an application of that study to the work of information professionals. Putting the spotlight on Philippine historians and history also helps the LIS discipline to move away from its traditional North American and European focus. Studies of knowledge producing bodies in the rest of the world are important and overdue.

Plate-anchored reinforcement bars: A new simple and physical model for practical applications

A new model, based on sound simple physical considerations, allowing the assessment of the capacity of concrete to carry concentrated loads without transverse reinforcement is presented with a view for its application to the practical case of plate anchored reinforcement bars. The model is compared to experimental evidence and to other existing models obtaining excellent agreement with tests and improved performance with respect to existing models. Finally, the safety of the proposed model is also considered by applying the standard Eurocode format. With this format the resulting safety level is shown to be adequate. It is also shown that an equivalent safety level can be achieved using the traditional North American safety format (as in ACI-318, for instance).The proposed formulation is easy to use and allows the consideration of all relevant data in the design of anchor plates for specific conditions (materials, geometry).

A Liberating Spirit: Pentecostals and Social Action in North America. Edited by Michael Wilkinson and Steven M. Studebaker. Pentecostals, Peacemaking, and Social Justice Series 2. Eugene, Ore.: Pickwick, 2010. xiv + 275 pp. $25.60 paper.

(ProQuest: ... denotes non-US-ASCII text omitted.)Over the past decade, scholarship on pentecostal and charismatic movements expanded rapidly as historians, anthropologists, and sociologists have charted the worldwide proliferation of traditions and analyzed the implications of this exponential growth for political, economic, and cultural in both local and global contexts. Path-breaking works in this genre such as Harvey Cox's Fire From Heaven: The Rise of Spirituality and the Reshaping of Religion in the Twenty-First Century (Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1995), Philip Jenkins's The Next Christendom: the Coming of Global Christianity (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), and Allan Anderson's An Introduction to Pentecostalism: Global Charismatic Christianity (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004) drew attention to the dramatic spread of Spirit-filled faith in Africa, Asia, and Latin America, and called upon scholars of Western religion to reevaluate their assumptions about the origins and orientations of pentecostalism in and beyond Europe and the United States. The essays in A Liberating Spirit: Pentecostals and Social Action in North America contribute to a growing body of literature that responds to this appeal. Building on recent studies that explore the relationship between Spirit-filled faith and social action worldwide--especially Donald E. Miller and Tetsuano Yamamori, Global Pentecostalism: The New Face of Christian Social Engagement (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007)--contributors to A Liberating Spirit ask whether pentecostals in North America are developing a theology of liberation or a progressive approach to issues of race, class, gender, and ecology.In their introduction to the volume, Wilkinson and Studebaker assert that traditional North American often understood the freedom of the Spirit in personal terms and therefore has not had a strong propensity toward social (7). Hoping to amend this individualistic orientation and to challenge scholarly interpretations that stress the movement's inherent otherworldliness, detachment, and/or political conservatism, the authors aim to identify historical and theological resources from within the pentecostal tradition that can enable contemporary North American practitioners to develop a vision of redemption that encompasses both the personal and social dimensions of human life (7). A Liberating Spirit , the editors explain, takes on two inter-related tasks: first, to assess whether a Progressive Pentecostalism currently exists in North America and, second, to promote a Spirit-filled Christianity that liberates human persons both from perpetrating and suffering social evil (12).The ten essays that follow seek to fulfill these ambitions through a variety of methodological frameworks. Some employ sociological, anthropological, or historical analysis in an effort to critically evaluate the participation of diverse North American pentecostal groups in efforts to resist, overcome, and/or endure racial injustice, economic marginalization, gender oppression, and environmental crisis. Several of the contributions--especially Pamela Holmes's attempt to construct a Pentecostal Feminist Hermeneutic of Liberation and the three essays on ecology--are more explicitly theological in their approach. Given this methodological multiplicity, the collection as a whole is somewhat unwieldy. An epilogue highlighting key themes, underscoring how these disparate but sometimes overlapping essays (the two contributions on class are remarkably similar) build on one another or contribute to a common conversation and drawing conclusions based on the analysis presented would have added to the volume's value. Rather than requiring readers to synthesize this rather uneven body of data, the editors might have emphasized how A Liberating Spirit engages broader issues in the study of religion and reflected on the extent to which the book answers the myriad questions they pose at the outset: Is there evidence of a 'theology of liberation' that explains engagement in North America? …

The best concepts from the NEC, CEC, and IEC

In Alberta, Canada, the authority having jurisdiction, or the regulator, has allowed qualified users the flexibility to adapt or combine elements from the CEC, NEC, and IEC into a single operating system to take advantage of the best in global technologies. This has resulted in a unique blended system that combines the best of the traditional North American and international approaches and provides cost savings over traditional electrical installations. This article discusses some of the elements used to develop this hybrid approach in terms of global technology equipment designs and wiring practices.

Population size structure indices and growth standards forSalmo (trutta) truttaLinnaeus, 1758 in Central Italy

The purpose of this study was to provide reference data on the growth and population structure of brown trout Salmo (trutta ) trutta Linnaeus, in Central Italy. Standards for growth (percentiles and a standard growth model) were developed from the von Bertalanffy growth model by using length-at-age data obtained from 122 sampling sites in the River Tiber basin. Length-frequency indices provide a numeric estimation for deviations of the population structure from a balanced population. We adapted the traditional North American Relative Stock Density (RSD) and Proportional Stock Density (PSD) indices to brown trout populations in Central Italy by means of two methods. In the first method, the benchmarks of length categories were established by using percentages applied to the largest individual in the dataset. In the second method, asymptotic length and size at maturity were used to define the length categories for index calculation. Both methods were tested on length-frequency data from 263 sampling sites in the River Tiber basin. The results showed that the PSD calculated by the first method provided a better insight into the population structures of brown trout.These results provide tools that will help ichthyologists and fish managers to compare the growth and population structure of brown trout throughout Central Italy.

From the Editor

From the Editor

GEORGIE'S GIRL: LAST CONVERSATION WITH MY FATHER

The author auto‐ethnographically reflects on the emotional struggle with her father's death. The haunting memory of their last conversation empowers her during the lengthy mourning process. She ‘reconstructs the event so that it can be integrated into her life story’ [J. H. Harvey (1996) Embracing Their Memory: Loss and Social Psychology of Storytelling, Allyn & Bacon, MA, p. 191]. Memories of their relationship resurface as the emotional landscape involves love, strength, denial, compassion, withdrawal and helplessness. The reflection explores the educative process of writing from the heart. It also shares multicultural funeral rites and how they differ from traditional North American funerals. At a deeper level, writing the auto‐ethnography becomes cathartic as it helps ‘break ties between the bereaved and the dead to achieve a good adjustment’ (Ibid., p. 138). It also explores theory, practice, and innovation that embed voices in health and education in order to enlighten practice. In the end, reflecting on the memory of her father's last words becomes a transformative educational process as it provides a heightened awareness about grief, loss, bereavement and the importance of the father–daughter relationship.