Traditional Extraction Methods Research Articles

Different methods of extraction of bioactive compounds and their effect on biological activity: A review

As of yet, there isn't a single technique that is accepted as the standard for extracting bioactive chemicals from plants. Methods. The effectiveness of both traditional and unconventional extraction methods largely depends on key input variables, knowledge of the composition of plant matter, bioactive chemical chemistry, and scientific knowledge. Results. The necessity for the most suitable and standardized technology to separate active ingredients for plant matter is highlighted by the utilization of bioactive chemicals in several economic sectors, including the pharmaceutical, food, and chemical industries. This review aimed to discuss there are several extraction methods and their basic mechanisms for the extraction of bioactive substances from medicinal plants.

Deep attention-based multi-task learning for underwater acoustic target recognition

Underwater acoustic target recognition is a key step in underwater acoustic signal processing, which is to judge the target attributes by extracting the features of the target radiated noise. However, the traditional feature extraction method is easily affected by the complex marine environment, resulting in a great decline in the correct recognition rate. In previous studies, the deep learning method was introduced to underwater acoustic target recognition and achieved good results. In this study, deep attention-based multi-task learning for underwater acoustic target recognition is proposed. This strategy trains encoder, decoder, and classifier in a multi-task framework to extract features that are more essential and suitable for classification. In addition, the attention mechanism is introduced in the process of feature extraction by the encoder, and the feature weight is given in the process of extraction, so as to improve the representation ability of the network. Experiments on measured underwater acoustic data are performed and the results show that this method can achieve a high accuracy rate in target recognition.

Optimization of the Traditional Process of Oil Extraction from Sardine Viscera (Sardina pilchardus) in the Far North Region-Cameroon by the Response Surface Methodology

Aims: Sardina pilchardus is a fish highly found in rivers and lakes in the Far-North region of Cameroon. This work aimed at optimizing the traditional extraction parameters in order to improve the quality and yield of oil.
 Methodology: A central composite design was used to study the effect of processing (cooking time, viscera/water ratio and settling time) on the extraction yield and quality of oil. The yield and quality of the oil obtained were compared to the traditional extraction method.
 Results: It appears that the cooking and the settling times increased the extraction yield. The cooking time, the viscera/water ratio and their interactions reduced the acid value. The viscera/water ratio contributed to the reduction of the peroxide value. Optimal condition was found to be at cooking time of 17.02min, viscera/water ratio of 100:152.86g/mL, settling time of 95.59 min, at the temperature of 95°C. The optimized processing conditions improved the extraction yield by 10 to 25%, an increase of 2.3 times compared to the traditional process and preserved the quality of the oil (acid value of 1.35 mg KOH /g oil and peroxide value of 1.20 meq O₂/kg oil).
 Conclusion: The relationship between the actual and predicted data indicates that the response model was adequate to reflect the expected optimization. This will therefore help fish oil producers in the Far North region of Cameroon.

Influence of solvent-free extraction of fish oil from catfish (Clarias magur) heads using a Taguchi orthogonal array design: A qualitative and quantitative approach.

This study aimed to efficiently utilize catfish heads, enhancing the oil extraction process while improving the cost-effectiveness of fish byproduct management. The study employed the wet rendering method, a solvent-free approach, utilizing a two-factor Taguchi orthogonal array design to identify critical parameters for optimizing oil yield and ensuring high-quality oil attributes. The extraction temperature (80-120°C) and time (5-25 min) were chosen as variables in the wet rendering process. Range analysis identified the extraction time as a more significant (p < 0.05) factor for most parameters, including oil yield, oil recovery, acid value, free fatty acids, peroxide value, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances. The extraction temperature was more significant (p < 0.05) for oil color. Consequently, the wet rendering method was optimized, resulting in an extraction temperature of 80°C and an extraction time of 25 min, yielding the highest oil yield. This optimized wet rendering process recovered 6.37 g/100 g of oil with an impressive 54.16% oil recovery rate, demonstrating comparable performance to traditional solvent extraction methods. Moreover, Fourier transfer infrared spectra analysis revealed distinct peaks associated with triacylglycerols and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). The oil recovered under optimized conditions contained higher levels of PUFA, including oleic acid (189.92 μg/g of oil), linoleic acid (169.92 μg/g of oil), eicosapentaenoic acid (17.41 μg/g of oil), and docosahexaenoic acid (20.82 μg/g of oil). Volatile compound analysis revealed lower levels of secondary oxidation compounds under optimized conditions. This optimized wet rendering method offers practical advantages in terms of cost-efficiency, sustainability, reduced environmental impact, and enhanced oil quality, making it an attractive option for the fish processing industries. Future research possibilities may include the purification of the catfish head oil and its application in the food and pharmaceutical industries.

A convenient and effective method for determining organophosphorus pesticides in citrus fruits based on a novel dispersive solid phase extraction using UiO-66/Alg bead as the sorbent

This work presents a novel, convenient and effective method for assaying organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) in the pulp and peel of citrus fruits. In this method, shaped UiO-66/alginate (UiO-66/Alg) beads were employed to replace the powder sorbents used in traditional dispersive solid phase extraction (d-SPE) methods. The UiO-66/Alg beads can be easily separated by only using a tweezer within 1 min, which effectively simplifies the sample pretreatment and overcomes the shortages brought by the incomplete separation of powder sorbents. Moreover, the matrix compounds can be effectively excluded by UiO-66/Alg beads, and the UiO-66/Alg beads can be reused at least 8 times. The d-SPE conditions were optimized by a single factor test. The method shows satisfactory sensitivity, accuracy and precision. Furthermore, ATR-FTIR and UV–Vis-DRS were employed to investigate the adsorption mechanism. Finally, the developed method was applied to monitor the OPPs in ten different citrus fruits.

Motion detail feature extraction of sports injury based on three-dimensional sensor tracking

In response to the issues of low extraction accuracy and prolonged extraction time associated with traditional methods of motion detail feature extraction in sports injury analysis, we propose a novel approach based on three-dimensional sensor tracking. This method leverages the principles of sports injury action image analysis, utilizing three-dimensional sensors to track and collect sports injury action images. These images are then subjected to wavelet transform for noise reduction and detail enhancement. Subsequent image preprocessing identifies the sports injury area, and a wavelet analysis extracts detailed characteristics from the sports injury action. Simulation experiments demonstrate the high accuracy and efficiency of our proposed method in motion detail feature extraction for sports injury.

One Pot Synthesis of Nanofiber-Coated Magnetic Composites as Magnetic Dispersive Solid-Phase Extraction Adsorbents for Rapid Determination of Tetracyclines in Aquatic Food Products.

A magnetic adsorbent based on a C-nanofiber (Fe3O4@C-NFs) nanocomposite was synthesized using a simple one-pot co-precipitation method. The characterized results showed that the obtained C-nanofiber-coated magnetic nanoparticles had many attractive features such as a large specific surface area and a highly interwoven and branched mesoporous structure, as well as distinguished magnetism. The nanocomposite was then used as an adsorbent in the magnetic solid phase extraction (MSPE) of four typical tetracyclines (oxytetracycline, tetracycline, chlortetracycline, and doxycycline) in aquatic products. The TCs in the extract were determined using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Experimental variables of MSPE, including the sorbent amount, pH condition, adsorption and desorption time, and desorption solvent, were investigated and optimized systematically. The method validation indicated that the developed method showed good linearity (R2 > 0.995) in the range of 1.0-200 ng/mL. The average recoveries at the spiked levels ranged from 90.7% to 102.7% with intra-day and inter-day relative standard deviations (RSDs, n = 6) ranging from 3.72% to 8.17% and 4.20% to 9.69%, respectively. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) for the four kinds of TCs were 0.7 μg/kg and 2.0 μg/kg, respectively. Finally, MSPE based on C-nanofiber-coated magnetic nanoparticles was successfully applied to TC analysis in real aquatic products (grass carp, large yellow croaker, snakehead, mandarin fish, Penaeus vannamei, swimming crab, etc.). Compared with traditional extraction methods, the proposed method for TC analysis in aquatic products is more sensitive, effective, recyclable, and environmentally friendly.

Superpixel linear independent preprocessing for endmember extraction

ABSTRACT One of the limitations of remote sensing is the low spatial resolution of the open-access multispectral sensors, generating a mixture of spatial information. The mixed pixels can be modelled as the linear combination of fundamental components, called endmember, with a weighted contribution or abundance. The development of linear unmixing algorithms considering spatial and spectral information has recently increased. Some unmixing methods have relied on segmentation to integrate spatial data, and one of the most used is superpixel-based segmentation. However, previous work in superpixel-based unmixing focuses on using superpixels as uniform regions. Commonly, linear unmixing is used on hyperspectral imagery, and limited literature is found with multispectral images. This paper aims to propose a new preprocessing approach for multispectral linear unmixing called Superpixel Linear Independent Preprocessing. The proposed approach generates a set of candidates to endmembers based on spatial-spectral information; these are the input of traditional endmember extraction methods for multispectral unmixing. Experimental results show that the proposed preprocessing improves the performance of endmember extraction.

Extraction process, chemical profile, and biological activity of aromatic oil from agarwood leaf (Aquilaria sinensis) by supercritical carbon dioxide extraction

Agarwood leaf is a potential raw material for aromatic oil, yet it has lacked systematic research on the supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) extraction technique. In this study, aromatic oil from agarwood leaf was extracted by SC-CO2 extraction, hydrodistillation (HD), and Soxhlet extraction (SE), followed by a series of analysis. The kinetics models of SC-CO2 extraction were established with promising fitting quality. In aggregate, the yields, smells, and appearances of SC-CO2 extraction (45 ℃, 100 bar, 150 min) were better than the other two traditional extraction methods (SE and HD). Thirty and 18 constituents were identified by GC–MS and UPLC–QTOF–MS, respectively, which might explain the special aroma of agarwood leaf aromatic oil. Agarwood leaf aromatic oils contained abundant phenolic compounds and exhibited moderate antioxidant and AChE inhibitory activity, as well as significant anti-inflammatory and anti-melanogenesis activities. This work demonstrated that agarwood leaf aromatic oils extracted by SC-CO2 showed a great potential for developing as food additive or dietary supplement.

Ocimum Gratissimum essential oil: A review of extraction methods, phytochemical constituents, pharmacological uses and formulation approaches

Ocimum gratissimum is a plant native to Africa. Its leaves have been used in local dishes over the years, with documented evidence of varying pharmacological uses of its essential oil. This review focuses on the extraction methods, phytochemical constituents, pharmacological uses and formulation approaches of Ocimum gratissimum essential oil. The traditional extraction methods that have been widely used include the solvent, cold press and hydrodistillation methods. However, newer methods such as steam distillation, ultrasound and microwave assisted hydrodistillation, supercritical fluid extraction, pressurized liquid extraction and pressurized hot water extraction methods have not been fully reported. These methods provide more yield of the essential oil compared with the traditional methods and their processes are less laborious. Furthermore, they are often limited to analytical applications as they cannot handle large quantities of samples. The phytochemical constituents of Ocimum gratissimum essential oil vary, based on location of the plant and the time of the season the plant parts were harvested for extraction. The African species have more thymol than eugenol. Other notable constituents are saponins, terpenes and flavonoids in both African species and others. The essential oil of Ocimum gratissimum bears the scent of the plant and other important properties such as protection of the plant from pests and to attract insects for cross-pollination. The essential oil of this plant has been noted to possess various pharmacological properties which explains its use in inflammatory conditions and the treatment of diarrhoeal disease, wound healing and cerebrovascular disorder, amongst others. The essential oil of Ocimum gratissimum has been embedded in gels, cream, silver nanoparticles and nanoemulsion to improve its pharmacological activity and bioavailability. This review article highlights the potentials of the essential oil of this ubiquitous plant as a therapeutic source for the treatment of different tropical diseases.

Extraction of Chitin from Giant Tiger Prawn (Penaeus monodon) Shrimp Shell Using Deep Eutectic Solvents and Citric Acid

Chitin, a natural biomass resource, has shown great promise for a wide range of applications because of its high bioactivity. This study evaluated the effectiveness of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) mixed with citric acid as a method for extracting chitin from the shells of giant tiger prawn shrimps (Penaeus monodon). The purity and physicochemical properties of the extracted chitin were compared with those obtained using the traditional chemical extraction method and commercial chitin. The results showed that the highest chitin purity (99.22%) was achieved when choline chloride-glycerol (ChCl–Gl) was used in a 1:2 molar ratio with a citric acid content of 5% w/v (CG2-5%). Additionally, the extracted chitin had a molecular weight of 3.75 × 105 Da and a crystallinity index of 81.34%, which was slightly higher than that of chitin extracted using the conventional method (3.24 × 105 Da and 73.59%). However, there was no significant difference between chitin extracted by CG2-5% and commercial chitin. This suggests that the structure of the biopolymer remained intact following the CG2-5% extraction process. The α-chitins in tiger prawn shrimp shells, as confirmed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and X-ray Diffraction Analysis (XRD), are analogous to commercial shrimp chitin. These results, achieved without employing potentially harmful chemicals, demonstrate that CG2-5% can efficiently enhance chitin extraction from diverse raw biomass sources without jeopardizing the polymer's structural stability.

Knowledge graph empowerment from knowledge learning to graduation requirements achievement.

A deep understanding of the relationship between the knowledge acquired and the graduation requirements is essential for students to precisely meet the graduation requirements and to become human resources with specific knowledge, skills and professionalism. In this paper, we define the ontology layer of the knowledge graph by deeply analyzing the relationship between graduation requirement, course and knowledge. Based on the implementation of the concept of Outcome Based Education, we use Knowledge extraction, fusion, reasoning techniques to construct a hierarchical knowledge graph with the main line of "knowledge-course-graduation requirements. In the process of knowledge extraction, in order to alleviate the huge labor overhead brought by traditional extraction methods, this paper adopts a transfer learning method to extract triadic knowledge using the multi-task framework EERJE, Finally, knowledge reasoning was also performed with the help of LLM to further expand the knowledge scope. The comprehensiveness, correctness and relatedness of the data were evaluated through the experiment, and the F1 value of the ternary group extraction was 87.76%, the accuracy rate of entity classification was 85.42%, the data coverage was more comprehensive, and the results showed that the data quality was better, and the knowledge graph constructed in this way can fully optimize the organization and management of teaching resources, help students intuitively and comprehensively grasp the correlation and difference between graduation requirements and various knowledge points, and let the Students can carry out personalized independent learning through the navigation mode of knowledge graph, strengthen their weak links, and complete the relevant graduation requirements, which effectively improves the degree of students' graduation requirements achievement. This new paradigm of knowledge graph enabled teaching is of reference significance for engineering education majors to improve the degree of graduation requirements achievement.

OCNet-Based Water Body Extraction from Remote Sensing Images

Water body extraction techniques from remotely sensed images are crucial in water resources distribution studies, climate change studies and other work. The traditional remote sensing water body extraction has the problems of low accuracy and being time-consuming and laborious, and the water body recognition technique based on deep learning is more efficient and accurate than the traditional threshold method; however, there is the problem that the basic model of semantic segmentation is not well-adapted to complex remote sensing images. Based on this, this study adopts an OCNet feature extraction network to modify the base model of semantic segmentation, and the resulting model achieves excellent performance on water body remote sensing images. Compared with the traditional water body extraction method and the base network, the OCNet modified model has obvious improvement, and is applicable to the extraction of water bodies in true-color remote sensing images such as high-score images and unmanned aerial vehicle remote sensing images. The results show that the model in this study can realize automatic and fast extraction of water bodies from remote sensing images, and the predicted water body image accuracy (ACC) can reach 85%. This study can realize fast and accurate extraction of water bodies, which is of great significance for water resources acquisition and flood disaster prediction.

A novel hydrangea-like magnetic composite Fe3O4@MnO2@ZIF-67 for efficient selective adsorption of Pd(II) from metallurgical wastewater

The selective adsorption of palladium from wastewater is a feasible solution to solving palladium pollution and resource scarcity. Because traditional solvent extraction methods often involve the use of considerable amounts of organic solvents, research is focused on investigating adsorption techniques that can selectively remove palladium from wastewater. In this paper, the magnetic composite Fe3O4@MnO2@ZIF-67 was synthesized and its performance for the adsorption of Pd(II) in acidic water was investigated. Fe3O4@MnO2@ZIF-67 was characterized by various analytical methods such as TEM, SEM, EDS, BET, XRD, FTIR, zeta potential analysis, VSM, and TGA. The effects of palladium ion concentration, contact time, pH, and temperature on adsorption were evaluated. The kinetics were shown to follow the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Elovich model, and the rate-limiting step was chemisorption. Thermodynamic studies showed that increasing the temperature promoted the adsorption of Pd(II), and the maximum uptake capacity of Fe3O4@MnO2@ZIF-67 for Pd(II) was 531.91 mg g−1. Interestingly, Fe3O4@MnO2@ZIF-67 exhibited superior selectivity for Pd(II) in the presence of Ir(IV), Pt(IV), and Rh(III). The adsorbent can be used repeatedly for selective adsorption of palladium. Even at the fifth cycle, the uptake rate of Pd(II) remained as high as 83.1%, and it showed a favorable adsorption capacity and selectivity for Pd(II) in real metallurgical wastewater. The adsorption mechanism was analyzed by SEM, FTIR, XRD, XPS, and DFT calculations, which indicated that electrostatic interactions and coordination with nitrogen-containing groups were involved. Fe3O4@MnO2@ZIF-67 is a promising adsorbent for the efficient adsorption and selective separation of palladium ions.

A fully automated Lab-on-a-Disc platform integrated a high-speed triggered siphon valve for PBMCs extraction

Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs) are isolated from peripheral blood and identified as any blood cell with a round nucleus that exhibits immune responses and undergoes immunophenotypic changes upon exposure to various pathophysiological stimuli. Obtaining high-recovery and clinical-grade PBMCs without decreasing cell viability and causing stress is crucial for disease diagnosis and successful immunotherapy. However, traditional manual PBMCs extraction methods rely on manual intervention with less recovery rate and reliability. In this study, we introduced a novel and efficient strategy for the fully automated extraction of PBMCs based on a Lab-on-a-Disk (LoaD) platform. The centrifugal chip used percoll as density gradient media (DGM) for separation and extraction on account of the density difference of cells in whole blood, without labeling and any additional extra cellular filtration or cell lysis steps. Above all, we proposed a high-speed triggered siphon valve, which was closed under the speed of cell sedimentation and subsequently opened by increasing speed to complete the extraction of PBMCs. It can avoid the problem that previous siphon valves rely on unstable hydrophilic surface treatment and prime under low/zero speed conditions. With valves and the clock channel integrated on the chip, users can achieve fully automated collection of PBMCs. Compared with the clinical laboratory results, the recovery rate of extracted PBMCs was 80 %. The experimental results prove that the high-speed triggered siphon valve improves the extraction efficiency of PBMCs. The robust chips, which are not only simple to manufacture and assemble but also stable and reliable to use, have great potential in biomedical and clinical applications.

Aqueous two-phase systems coupled with chemometrics-enhanced HPLC-DAD for simultaneous extraction and determination of flavonoids in honey.

In this study, an accurate, rapid, green, and environment friendly method for the extraction and quantitative analysis of flavonoids in honey was established by using the aqueous two-phase extraction combined with the chemometrics-assisted HPLC-DAD. The first purpose of this study was to extract seven flavonoids in five different types of honey using alcohol/salt aqueous two-phase system (ATPS). The system with 2.82mL sodium citrate (30%), 1.58mL water, and 3.10mL isopropanol, showed the highest flavonoids extraction yields in the top phase (87.66-101.50%). Additionally, the three-way array of honey samples based on HPLC-DAD was decomposed mathematically by the alternating trilinear decomposition (ATLD) algorithm to obtain reasonable chromatograms, spectra, and concentration profiles for each analyte. Compared with the traditional solid-phase extraction method, the ATPS-ATLD-based method showed satisfactory spiked recoveries, lower limit of detection, and higher sensitivity, further verifying its accuracy and stability.

A prospective study: Advances in chaotic characteristics of serum Raman spectroscopy in the field of assisted diagnosis of disease

Chaos theory is an important branch of mathematics and its theory has been widely applied in many fields such as physics and medicine. Based on existing spectroscopic techniques, this paper used chaos theory as a research method for nonlinear time series to analyze Raman spectral time domain curves in order to improve the performance of disease diagnostic models and explore a new paradigm of spectroscopic technology for intelligent assisted disease diagnosis. We quantitatively identified the chaotic characteristics of time domain Raman spectra by three methods, extracted chaotic features such as correlation dimension and Kolmogorov entropy, and used the chaotic features as input to Extreme Learning Machine (ELM), Back Propagation Neural Network (BPNN), K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) to diagnose patients with lung cancer (LC), glioma, renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and esophageal cancer (EC). The Raman spectra were also analyzed by traditional spectral feature extraction & modelling method, and the results of traditional spectral feature extraction & modelling method and chaotic feature modelling method were compared. The experimental results showed that the extraction of effective chaotic features in the full spectral range could achieve comparable diagnostic results with the traditional spectral feature extraction & modelling method. To further validate the effectiveness of chaos theory in Raman spectral data, the full spectrum was divided into three consecutive subsequences of 500–1000, 1000–1500, and 1500–2000 cm−1, and the above experimental steps were repeated respectively, and the results of the traditional spectral feature extraction & modelling method and chaotic feature modelling were compared. The results showed that as the spectral range was split into consecutive subsequences, the diagnostic performance of the chaotic features in each subsequence performed better than that of conventional spectral analysis techniques. In this study, the technique bridges the gap in the application of chaotic signals to Raman spectroscopy techniques, focuses on global features in the time domain profile of Raman spectra, and demonstrates the significant value of chaos theory in artificial intelligence-assisted spectroscopic medical diagnosis.

Tensile Strength and Flexibility Characterization of Biodegradable Plastic from Avocado (Persea Americana) Seed

The increased use of plastics has become a major environmental problem, especially during this pandemic. Plastics have generated many problems, particularly waste disposal, which made the researchers aimed to develop biodegradable plastic through fruit waste material, avocado seeds. From a total of 3 kilograms of the avocado seed, starch was extracted through the traditional starch extraction method. There were three groups with the same ingredients but differing in their concentration; the relationship between the proportion of the ingredients and their respective differences was seen by using ANOVA and Post hoc tests. The samples have undergone a tensile strength test following ASTM D882. From the results, the best experimental group was the group with 40 grams of starch, 20 grams of polyvinyl alcohol, and 10 grams of used cooking oil; however, it is different from the biodegradable plastic bags used as the control group. It could be deduced that it is possible to make biodegradable plastic out of Avocado seed starch that is biodegradable, water-soluble, and non-toxic. However, further analysis may be conducted to provide physical features as commercial plastics.

Supercritical CO2 Extraction, Quantification and Pharmacological Screening of Steroidal Saponins from Fruits of Momordica charantia L

Momordica charantia L. (MC), a Cucurbitaceae family member, is the most recognized plant for its hypoglycemic activity. Charantin, a steroidal saponin, is the most studied potent phytochemical in MC for diabetes. This research paper aims at the extraction, quantification and pharmacological screening of charantin, from fruits of MC. Extraction was performed by using traditional soxhlet extraction and modified supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) techniques, and compared the results of both techniques in terms of percent extract yield, quantity of charantin and in-vitro antidiabetic activity of both extracts. (Soxhlet extract and SC-CO2 extract). Further, quantitative estimation of charantin in both extracts was done by HPLC-UV method and it was validated as per the ICH guidelines. When compared to soxhlet extract, the SC-CO2 extract displayed high antihyperglycemic activity by blocking α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes. Study also indicates that SC-CO2 extract had higher antioxidant activity (0.25 mg/mL) than soxhlet extract (0.33 mg/mL), signifying the SFE technique’s efficiency over the traditional soxhlet extraction method. In-vitro antidiabetic study indicated that the biomolecule charantin extracted from fruits of MC possess potent antidiabetic and high antioxidant activities and, therefore, hold potential for manufacturing innovative natural remedies to treat diabetes and its complications with no side effects.

Essential oil of Citrus hystrix DC.: A mini-review on chemical composition, extraction method, bioactivities, and potential applications in food and pharmaceuticals

Citrus hystrix DC. is a common herb in tropical regions. Its essential oils are now widely researched and applied because of their high economic value and safety for humans and are interesting materials for future trends. This review provides an extensive overview of the biological activities of C. hystrix essential oil, characterized predominantly by citronellal, ?-Pinene, sabinene, limonene, and terpinene-4-ol, which are deciding factors in antimicrobial, antioxidant, insect repellent, anti-tumor, and anti-inflammatory properties. Therefore, it is applied in the fields of food preservation and pharmaceuticals. However, these applications should consider the ratio of these components in the essential oil, which is variable when using materials from different parts of the plant and depending on the original location of the plant, growth stages, traditional or modern extraction methods, and pre-treatment methods.