Traditional Meter Research Articles

Assessment of Water Consumption Behavior in Single Households Using Smart Water Meters

Smart meters monitor hourly water consumption patterns while reducing the cost and inconvenience of traditional meters. This study comprehensively analyzes 1871 households that previously used traditional meters from the distribution point to the distribution area. All the households were equipped with smart meters and the data collected were used for analysis. On the basis of the total estimated water consumption, 227 households were classified as single households. These households were further classified into single-worker and -nonworker households. This study analyzed smart meter data to evaluate the timings and amounts of water consumption peaks. The results indicate that worker households peaked at 8:00, with 29 L/h of consumption on weekdays, and peaked again on evenings at 20:00–21:00, averaging 32 L/h. For nonworker households, the peak occurred at 9:00, with 20 L/h, with no major changes in the afternoon, and a second peak occurred at 19:00–20:00 in evening, with an average of 19 L/h. Moreover, worker households peaked at 8:00 and 20:00 on weekdays, and at 9:00 and 19:00 on weekends. It was revealed that worker households consume 10% more on weekends than on weekdays, and 262% more from 13:00 to 16:00. These findings may assist in water supply planning by supporting distribution schedules on the basis of peak household consumption, leading to more helpful resource management.

Smart Energy Meter with Advanced Billing and Power Theft

The remote energy monitoring system is a meter and IOT software combo that provides amenities for the consumer. Indonesia swiftly embraced smart metering over traditional metering. India still uses the conventional type, which has issues such as electromechanical meter errors, human errors, and processing flaws. Using an ATMEGA 328p and a node MCU Micro Controller, we constructed a power theft detection and invoicing system for this project. It contains tools to monitor power in real-time using Internet of Things technology and is capable of automatically generating power bills. Additionally, in addition to alerting the user when power changes such as undervoltage, overvoltage, or overload occur, our system also looks for instances of power theft. The Power Theft Detection and Power Billing System is a ground-breaking initiative that was created as a result of the energy management industry's unwavering quest of innovation. This project represents the future of intelligent energy management since it is based on the confluence of technology and pragmatism

Review of Cloud-Based Smart Energy Meters

Abstract: Smart meters represent a pivotal advancement inenergy management, offering numerous benefits to consumers and utility providers. This report provides an overview of smart meters, their functionalities, advantages, challenges, and broader implications for the energy industry. A smart meter is an advanced device that accurately measures electricity consumption. It's better than traditional meters, providing efficient tracking and insights into energy usage habits. Upgrade to a smart meter to make informed decisions and save money on electricity bills. These devices are a vital component of smart grid technology, which aims to enhance energy distribution and consumption efficiency, reliability, and sustainability. Modern technologies, such as the Internet of Things (IoT), have many applications in the energy sector. IoT can help to improve energy efficiency, increase the utilization of renewable energy sources, and reduce the environmental impact of energy use. It can achieve these goals in energy supply, transmission, distribution, and demand. This paper reviews the literature on IoT in energy metering systems and its essential components, functionality, and advantages over conventional metering systems.

The Safi boulders (Morocco): Evidence of past extreme wave events

Tsunamis and storm surges are among several hazards threatening the Atlantic coast of Morocco. During the last two decades, sedimentological deposits left by these events, in the form of fine-grained sediments (washover) and boulders, have been studied along the Moroccan shores to determine the return period of these events and how they fluctuate in terms of intensity. The present work investigates two new boulder fields located along the Safi coast. Field surveys were accomplished in the two areas to collect the position/elevation and dimensions of 164 boulders using a GPS/DGPS and a traditional meter, respectively. The field data was combined with hydrodynamic equations to estimate the minimum velocity and storm/tsunami wave height to move the measured boulders. In site 1, the boulders are situated on a rocky intertidal platform, while in the second, they are on the top of a cliff. For both sites, the size of the boulders ranges from 0.6 to 5.60 m, 0.54 to 3.6 m, and 0.27 to 1.5 m on the major (a), medium (b), and minor (c) axes, respectively. They reach a volume of up to 25.20 m3 and a weight of 55.44 t. The maximum distance and elevation recorded are around 41.77 m and 13 m, respectively. According to hydrodynamic equations, the coastal platform boulders (site 1) can be moved by tsunami waves with heights between 0.10 and 0.59 m, and storm waves from 0.42 to 2.37 m. To be displaced, the cliff-top boulders (site 2) need tsunami and storm waves with at least 5.91 and 8.64 m, respectively. The results from the field surveys and hydrodynamic equations suggest that both tsunami and storm waves can move the boulders in site 1. For the cliff top-boulders, the data favours tsunamis as a source for this deposit.

A case study on computer-vision based automatic meter reading recognition

There is a lot of economic pressure in the conversion of traditional meters to smart meters, so there is a need to develop smart meter reading technology based on computer vision. There are a large number of computer-vision-related meter reading technologies on the market, but they may be applicable to different scenarios and have their own advantages and disadvantages. After comparative research, it was found that many simple algorithms can solve meter-reading weaknesses, but they all have some weaknesses. Our analysis of common meter reading technologies based on computer vision can allow us to better understand this field, understand the use of various algorithms, and at the same time have positive guiding significance for the pursuit of better algorithms.

Evaluation on the method of restoring the complex communication environment in the field based on the complex low pressure platform simulation platform

Abstract In recent years, with the development of smart grids, people have increasingly high requirements for the safety, stability, and reliability of smart grid operation. In actual operation, smart grids require real-time monitoring and control, while for low-voltage power lines, power line carrier communication is required for data transmission. However, in practical applications on site, the low-voltage power line environment is complex, with ground faults, electrical equipment interference, and other situations that can affect communication quality and reliability, leading to a decrease in the effectiveness of real-time monitoring and control. The research in this paper is based on a complex low voltage platform simulation platform to restore the on-site complex substation communication environment. The purpose is to improve the efficiency of automatic meter reading systems by using various communication methods in low-voltage substations, such as wireless public network point-to-point data transmission, optical fiber communication data transmission, power line carrier data transmission, etc. Automatic meter reading systems are an important means of low voltage substation communication. This article experimentally tested the maximum personnel allocation for meter reading using low voltage carrier communication technology, which was 8 people smaller than the maximum personnel allocation for traditional meter reading, and the minimum personnel allocation was 8 people smaller than the traditional meter reading personnel allocation. The electricity accuracy of meter reading using low voltage carrier communication was up to 96 %, while the electricity accuracy of traditional meter reading was 70 %. The maximum accuracy of line loss statistics for low voltage carrier communication technology meter reading was 90 %, while the maximum accuracy of line loss statistics for traditional meter reading was 68 %. The frequency of load anomalies found in low-voltage carrier communication meter readings within a month ranged from 30 to 60 times, while the traditional meter readings concentrated on 10–25 times. From these data, it is clear that communication meter reading in low-voltage station areas has advantages over traditional meter reading.

Development a Low-Cost Wireless Smart Meter with Power Quality Measurement for Smart Grid Applications.

Developing a low-cost wireless energy meter with power quality measurements for smart grid applications represents a significant advance in efficient and accurate electric energy monitoring. In increasingly complex and interconnected electric systems, this device will be essential for a wide range of applications, such as smart grids, by introducing a real-time energy monitoring system. In light of this, smart meters can offer greater opportunities for sustainable and efficient energy use and improve the utilization of energy sources, especially those that are nonrenewable. According to the 2020 International Energy Agency (IEA) report, nonrenewable energy sources represent 65% of the global supply chain. The smart meter developed in this work is based on the ESP32 microcontroller and easily accessible components since it includes a user-friendly development platform that offers a cost-effective solution while ensuring reliable performance. The main objective of developing the smart meters was to enhance the software and simplify the hardware. Unlike traditional meters that calculate electrical parameters by means of complex circuits in hardware, this project performed the calculations directly on the microcontroller. This procedure reduced the complexity of the hardware by simplifying the meter design. Owing to the high-performance processing capability of the microcontroller, efficient and accurate calculations of electrical parameters could be achieved without the need for additional circuits. This software-driven approach with simplified hardware led to benefits, such as reduced production costs, lower energy consumption, and a meter with improved accuracy, as well as updates on flexibility. Furthermore, the integrated wireless connectivity in the microcontroller enables the collected data to be transmitted to remote monitoring systems for later analysis. The innovative feature of this smart meter lies in the fact that it has readily available components, along with the ESP32 chip, which results in a low-cost smart meter with performance that is comparable to other meters available on the market. Moreover, it is has the capacity to incorporate IoT and artificial intelligence applications. The developed smart meter is cost effective and energy efficient, and offers benefits with regard to flexibility, and thus represents an innovative, efficient, and versatile solution for smart grid applications.

When smart meters backfire on energy transition internalization: Ethical electricity suppliers' mitigation of consumer data vulnerability and attendant psychological disempowerment

Policymakers and electricity suppliers are pursuing systematic strategies to install smart meters, replacing traditional meters in households, to improve the functioning of the smart grid and help consumers save energy by accessing detailed, real-time feedback on their energy consumption. Drawing on Self-Determination Theory, this paper develops a model of the process of consumer disempowerment associated with smart meter-induced data vulnerability. This process ultimately leads to the erosion of consumers' internalization of energy transition goals through the mediation of their perceived competency in using the device. Several aspects of electricity supplier behavior that could reduce the negative effects of smart meter-induced data vulnerability are explored, including managing data transparency in a relational way, ensuring fairness in the exchange with the customer, and avoiding pricing personalization based on the customer's private data. A quantitative survey conducted in France validated this model. Overall, this study contributes to the literature on customer data vulnerability and enriches the understanding of smart meter acceptability by identifying potential drawbacks of feedback-based smart devices for sustainable consumption. It also outlines how companies should engage in ethical practices when deploying smart technologies.

Data-oriented ensemble predictor based on time series classifiers for fraud detection

Non-Technical Losses (NTL) remain a challenge because electricity theft is prevalent in traditional meters and smart metering systems and structures. They cause financial losses that affect the security of supply and lead to a cooperative burden because NTL are incorporated in the expense tariff and are paid by all customers in countries such as India, China, Brazil, Tunisia, Uruguay, and others. A significant number of methods have been proposed to detect NTL, but they cannot precisely recognize this type of fraud, which enables companies to better identify the fraud’s origin and evaluate its financial impact. In addition, it is important to combine several Time-Series Classification (TSC) algorithms which consider the time-dependent nature of energy consumption data. We propose a data-oriented heterogeneous ensemble predictor based on time series classifiers for NTL detection, called DETECT. It classifies energy consumption samples either as honest or as fraudulent and further categorizes the type of fraud which might have been committed based on the analysis of the consumption patterns of each sample. DETECT is a fraud detection algorithm that has the ability to analyze and classify NTL frauds effectively regardless of the dataset. Using our proposed approach, we obtained a performance improvement with a Detection Rate (DR) value equal to 93.45% and a False Positive Rate (FPR) value equal to 1.61%. DETECT focuses on time-series data, which enables the development of a method that better interprets real-world scenarios and it is more error-resistant.

Sarah Morgan Bryan Piatt and the Double Time of Motherhood

Sarah Morgan Bryan Piatt and the Double Time of Motherhood

Dorothy Parker Among the Poets

My goal in this essay is twofold: first, to track how Dorothy Parker situated herself within the poetic canon, relative to both her nineteenth-century precedents and modernist contemporaries; second, to identify what value she found in light verse (i.e., poetry on seemingly trivial subjects that emphasizes verbal wit and technical agility) as opposed to the wider domain of serious verse that it is routinely set against. Parker complicates the distinctions between light and serious poetry that have kept her work from receiving the attention that it deserves, while elevating qualities that a writer can nurture regardless of their adherence to traditional meter or modernist experimentation. Despite the enduring popularity of her poetry since her début collection Enough Rope (1926) appeared nearly a century ago, there remains little scholarship on Parker’s verse today. Far more has been written about her prose, especially in the fields of feminist studies and humor studies, as seen in articles by Joseph L. Coulombe, J. Lasley Dameron, Galya Diment, Julia Boissoneau Hans, Ellen Lansky, Amelia Simpson, and Nancy A. Walker.1 Poetry critics, by contrast, have given Parker a wide berth. This lack of interest might be traced back to the condescension that still attends light verse and its practitioners. What Ken Johnson wrote about Parker’s entire work could be said more specifically about her poetry:

CONSUMER CONCERNS ON SMART METER USAGE IN MALAYSIA

A smart meter is a device to replace outdated traditional meters to track the usage of electricity in real-time with more accurate measurements of energy consumption. In addition, smart meters are also able to record the time of use in short intervals and can be read remotely by the utility. The replacement of smart meter for all houses are a part of the Malaysian government’s initiatives to monitor energy consumption among Malaysians. On top of its advantages, there are some consumers still concerned over several matters such as an increase in electricity bills, security and privacy on personal data protection, health problems associated with the radio frequency (RF) of smart meters, and reliability of the data storage. This study aims to review the customers’ concerns and to propose recommendations for improving the awareness of smart meters’ benefits. In summary, this paper presents an overview from the customer’s point of view and also how to overcome their concerns regarding the use of smart meters instead of traditional meters.

GSM Based Electricity Meter with Instant Billing System

The GSM-based electricity meter with an instant billing system is a project designed to provide an efficient and convenient method for monitoring and billing electricity consumption. This system utilizes the Global System for Mobile communication (GSM) technology to enable remote monitoring and control of electricity meters. The main objective of this project is to overcome the limitations of traditional electricity metering systems, such as manual meter reading and delayed billing processes. By integrating GSM technology, the system enables real-time communication between the electricity meter and the utility provider, allowing for instant meter readings and billing calculations. The proposed system consists of three main components: the GSM-based electricity meter, a central server, and a user interface. The GSM-based electricity meter is installed at the consumer's location and is equipped with a GSM module, which enables it to transmit meter readings to the central server. The central server receives the meter readings from multiple electricity meters and performs billing calculations based on predefined tariff rates. The server also stores the consumption data for future reference and generates instant bills for each consumer. These bills can be sent to the consumer's mobile phone via SMS or accessed through a web-based user interface. The user interface provides consumers with access to their consumption data, billing information, and payment options. Consumers can view their current and historical electricity usage, monitor their bills, and make payments through various payment gateways integrated into the system. The GSM-based electricity meter with an instant billing system offers several advantages over traditional metering systems. It eliminates the need for manual meter reading, reduces billing errors and delays, and provides consumers with real-time information about their electricity consumption. Additionally, it enables utility providers to optimize their billing processes and improve overall customer satisfaction.

Load-flow dependent twofold technique of tolerance selection for robust estimation of power system states

Accurate estimation of the voltage magnitudes, angles, and other states of the modern power system is essential for efficient monitoring. The precision of the meter readings affects the estimating procedure. However, the majority of traditional meter readings are incorrect, and some of them, known as bad-data, are far from the true levels. The estimation performance significantly declines when such poor measurements are present, either singularly or in multiple numbers. Some estimators have post-processing capabilities but are unable to deal with flawed data directly. One of the well-known robust estimators that can weed out faulty data during the estimating process is Least Measurement Rejected (LMR). For each measurement in the LMR formulation, a tolerance value must be carefully chosen. The performance of the estimation can be greatly enhanced by the careful selection of these numbers. The use of load-flow to choose the LMR tolerance values is recommended in this paper to prepare a twofold estimation process of robust nature. Several tests and analysis were done to determine how well the suggested load flow dependent LMR (LFLMR) estimator performed. It is contrasted with well-known estimators from the literature, including Weighed Least Square (WLS), its robust counterpart (RWLS), Weighted Least Absolute Value (WLAV), Iteratively Reweighted Least Square (IRLS), and seven distinct versions of LMR. Additionally, several load profile snapshots are simulated to test the LFLMR's robustness. In order to illustrate the effectiveness of the suggested estimator and to identify and estimate the wrongly measured values of the measurement series, IEEE standard 14, 30, and 118-bus power systems with various outlier scenarios are simulated.

Pre-paid meters and household electricity use behaviors: Evidence from Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

In low-income countries such as Ethiopia, pre-paid metering is often argued to alleviate several challenges with traditional electricity billing systems, including high non-payment rate, pilferage and fraud, administrative and enforcement costs for utilities, and inflexibility and incongruence of bills with poorer consumers' irregular income. Despite increasing adoption of this technology, few studies examine its causal impacts on household behaviour. This paper examines the impacts of pre-paid metering on electricity consumption, ownership of appliances, level of satisfaction, and cooking behaviour in Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia. We employ propensity score matching and instrumental variable techniques to control for the non-random selection into pre-paid metering. Results indicate that pre-paid customers have significantly lower electricity consumption compared to those with traditional meters, and express greater satisfaction with utility service. This technology also has a positive, but modest and statistically insignificant impact on total appliance ownership, and a positive and significant impact on ownership of energy-efficient lights. Impacts are heterogeneous across customers, however: those who are more educated, who have higher income, and who do not share meters tend to reduce electricity use more. The results suggest that pre-paid meters have had positive impacts on households and the utility in Addis Ababa.

Semantic and Thematic Aspects in the Carrion Comfort by Gerard Manley Hopkins

Gerard Manley Hopkins sought a stronger rhetorical style in verse-sprung rhythm for the shape, sound, and sense of Carrion Comfort. The poet shows a sense of desolation produced partly by spiritual aridity and partly by a feeling of artistic frustration. The poem reveals strong tensions between his delight in the sensuous world, his urge to express it, and his equally powerful sense of religious vocation in the sonnet. This sonnet is enriched with the vivid use of echo figures of speech, alliteration, repetition, and a highly compressed syntax to project profound personal experiences, including his sense of God’s mystery, grandeur, and mercy in the energizing prosodic element of his verse sprung rhythm, in which each foot may consist of one stressed syllable and any number of unstressed syllables instead of the regular number of syllables used in the traditional meter. Despair and dejection play a prominent role in displaying the writer’s semantic point of view. The tone of the octave and sestet differ drastically in aspects. Initially, the tone is full of distress, while later, the technique is cheerful. This research attempt will seek answers to how the poem's mode and structure dramatize the speaker's exchange with his interiority and the exterior world? What is the effect of the variations in syntax reflecting a claustrophobic interior consciousness? Therefore, this paper explores the semantic and thematic aspects of the sonnet successfully, keeping in mind the poem's thematic aspects and perspectives.

The deterring effect of monetary costs on smart meter adoption

This paper utilizes an experiment embedded within a hypothetical survey to a nationally representative sample of US households to quantify the extent to which monetary installation costs (in the form of a monthly electric bill surcharge) can present a barrier to the residential adoption of smart meters. The results suggest that a $2.50/month surcharge would decrease the average probability of smart meter adoption by 18 percentage points. This estimate is robust to a variety of alternative empirical specifications and sample restrictions. There is considerable heterogeneity in the estimated effect based on household electricity consumption, familiarity with smart meter technology, and perceived accuracy of traditional meters. These findings have important implications for electricity providers and policymakers, as they suggest that eliminating installation charges would be justified from a benefit-cost perspective and point to potential gains from redesigning smart meter policy to account for household heterogeneity.

High-Quality Load Pattern Reconstruction from Smart Meter Data to Enhance the Assessment of Peak Power and Network Losses

The solutions recommended by international roadmaps and technical reports on smart metering refer to interval metering with time resolutions higher than 15 min to 1 h as traditionally used. Based on the characteristics of the users’ power patterns in distribution networks, this article shows that in practical cases the resolutions of the traditional metering are not sufficient to assess peak power and network losses effectively. Effective interval metering solutions should have resolutions of one minute or less. Moreover, this article shows the advantages of assessing the average power peak (amplitude and duration) and estimating the network losses through innovative solutions beyond interval metering, based on event-driven energy metering. The use of EDM significantly enhances the quality of pattern representation and reduces the amount of data required with respect to high-resolution interval metering. Based on the Pareto analysis of conflicting objectives, a novel procedure to set up the EDM thresholds is presented. The applications shown use real data and refer to a single user, some users connected to a distribution network feeder, and many users connected to a large distribution system. The EDM benefits are quantified using specific indicators that consider energy losses and peak power.

Commenting on Homer

I first reflect generally on the aims, audiences, and pedagogical goals of my recently published commentary on Homer’s Iliad, book 1. Then I discuss several exemplary passages in order to illustrate in detail my methodological concerns and ways of reading Homeric poetry, with a particular focus on its traditional meter, language, and style and on the interpretive significance of the fulfillment or disappointment of listeners’ or readers’ expectations.

A facile online multi-gear capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detector for an automatic and wide range monitoring of high salt in HPLC.

Sensing the electrolyte solution or aqueous-organic mixture has attracted much interest in chemical separation, pharmaceutical engineering, bioprocess, and biochemical experiments. However, reports on online contactless sensor with automatic and wide range sensing of high content electrolyte have been rarely presented. Herein, a facile model and theory of online multi-gear capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection (M-C4D) sensor was proposed using one excitation electrode and multiple detection electrodes. Further, the relevant digital computation based on the M-C4D theory was developed for parameter optimization: the electrode gap of 5-150 mm, inner radius of 0.25-0.75 mm, electrode length of 10-60 mm, and frequency of 40-250 kHz using MATLAB. To demonstrate the model, theory, and digital computation, liquid chromatography (LC) was chosen as the model of bioprocess, and the sensor was designed and used as an online sensing device for the automatic monitoring of high salt elution in LC. The experiments showed that (i) the detection results were in agreement with the digital data, validating the digital computation, theory, and model of M-C4D and (ii) the monitoring data of M-C4D were in agreement with those via the traditional meter, further validating the model and theory. Finally, the developed sensor was applied to the automated detection of high salt gradient in LC. In contrast to the currently used meters and C4D, the developed M-C4D sensor had the following merits: (i) facile and automatic online detection avoiding cumbersome manual switching of detector heads, (ii) fair linear range of 0.015-20 mS cm-1 (equivalently 0.1-159 mM KCl) that does not fit the range of traditional C4D, and (iii) fair accuracy of less than 1.50% relative error. All these results indicate that the developed model, theory, and sensor have potential for the process monitoring of high content electrolytes transfer in biochemical engineering and clinic pre-warning.