Traditional Medicinal Materials Research Articles

Genome-wide identification of TCP transcription factors and their potential roles in hydrolyzable tannin production in Quercus variabilis cupule

Hydrolyzable tannins (HTs) have garnered significant attention due to their proven beneficial effects in the clinical treatment of various diseases. The cupule of Chinese cork oak (Quercus variabilis Blume) has been used as raw material of traditional medicine for centuries for its high content of HTs. Previous studies have identified UGT84A13 as a key enzyme in the HT biosynthesis pathway in Q. variabilis, but the transcriptional regulation network of UGT84A13 remains obscure. Here, we performed a comprehensive genome-wide identification of the TCP transcription factors in Q. variabilis, elucidating their molecular evolution and gene structure. Gene expression analysis showed that TCP3 from the CIN subfamily and TCP6 from the PCF subfamily were co-expressed with UGT84A13 in cupule. Further functional characterization using dual-luciferase assays confirmed that TCP3, rather than TCP6, played a role in the transcriptional regulation of UGT84A13, thus promoting HT biosynthesis in the cupule of Q. variabilis. Our work identified TCP family members in Q. variabilis for the first time, and provided novel insights into the transcriptional regulatory network of UGT84A13 and HT biosynthesis in Q. variabilis, explaining the reason why the cupule enriches HTs that could be used for traditional medicine.

High-resolution melting analysis to authenticate deer-derived materials in processed products in China using a cytochrome oxidase I mini-barcode.

Deer-derived materials (antler, venison, fetus, penis, bone, tail, and others) are some of the most valuable traditional animal-based medicinal and food materials in China. In production, processing, and trade, the quality of deer products varies. The market is confusing, and counterfeit and shoddy products are common. There is an urgent need to establish an accurate identification method. Two pairs of primers suitable for identifying deer-derived medicinal materials were obtained by screening the cytochrome oxidase I (COI) sequences of 18 species from nine genera of the deer family. The two primers were used to identify the species and adulteration of 22 batches of commercially available deer-derived products with a mini-barcode combining high-resolution melting (HRM) technology and methodical investigation. Deer-derived materials (sika and red deer) were correctly identified by species using varying DNA amounts (1 to 500 ng). The two pairs of primers COI-1FR and COI-2FR yielded melting temperatures (Tm) of 80.55 to 81.00 °C and 82.00 to 82.50 °C for sika deer, and 81.00 to 82.00 °C and 81.40 to 82.00 °C for red deer. Twenty-two batches of commercially available samples were analyzed by HRM analysis and conventional amplification sequencing, and it was found that the species samples had an error rate of species labeling of 31.8%. Four batches of samples were identified as mixed (adulterated) in the HRM analysis. The combination of DNA mini-barcode with HRM analysis facilitated the accurate identification of species of deer-derived materials, especially the identification of samples in an adulterated mixed state. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Unraveling the chemical constituents, absorption characteristics, and metabolic profile of Codonopsis Radix based on UPLC-Q- Orbitrap MS

Codonopsis Radix (CR), a traditional tonic medicinal material in China, has been proven to possess a variety of bioactive functions. However, its chemical composition and in vivo metabolic pattern have not been fully elucidated. In this study, AB-8 macroporous resin column chromatography was employed for the enrichment of small molecular components in CR. Furthermore, a method combining ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-orbitrap mass spectrometry with Acquire X intelligent data acquisition technology software was developed for the preliminary screening and identification of the chemical composition of CR in vitro and their metabolites in vivo. As a result, a total of 116 components were preliminarily characterized in the CR extract, including 28 polyacetylenes, 33 organic acids, 4 amino acids, 23 alkaloids, 9 phenylpropanoids, 6 terpenoids, 2 nucleosides, and 11 others. Additionally, a total of 84 compounds, including 37 prototype components and 47 metabolites, were identified in the plasma, urine, and feces of rats after oral administration of CR. Specifically, 11, 24, 19, 32, and 25 constituents were identified in the heart, liver, spleen, lung, and kidney, respectively. Of note, the lung and spleen are the organs with the highest distribution of CR compounds. These findings will serve as valuable data for future research on the correlation between the chemical composition and pharmacological effects of CR.

First Report of Alternaria alternata Causing Leaf blight on Epimedium sagittatum (Sieb. et Zucc.) Maxim. in China.

Epimedium sagittatum (Sieb.et Zucc.) Maxim. is an important material of traditional Chinese medicine because of the rich content of flavonoids that are used to treat osteoporosis, liver cancer, and sexual dysfunction (Liu et al. 2013). A leaf blight was observed on E. sagittatum in Zhumadian City, China (32°58'12" N, 114°37'48" E, continental monsoon climate) in June 2021. Survey indicated that about 18% of the plants were infected in a 266-ha commercial planting area. The initial symptoms were white patches with tan borders, irregular in outline, with small black particles visible on the center of the lesions. In a week or so, patches extended throughout the leaf, and then leaves withered. Thirty leaves with symptoms collected from five different sites were cut into 5×5 mm pieces, and then surface-sterilized with 75% ethanol for 15 s followed by rinsing with double distilled water (ddH2O) three times. The pieces were then disinfested with 0.1% HgCl2 solution for 30 s, and rinsed with ddH2O, then placed onto potato-dextrose agar medium (PDA) and incubated in the dark for 3 d at 28°C. Eight fungal isolates were purified; of these, only the isolate HY2-1 infected the host plant and was selected for further morphological characterization. The colonies of HY2-1 were olive green with loose aerial hyphae on PDA. Conidiophores were single or branched, producing brown conidia in short chains. Conidia were obclavate, obpyriform, or ellipsoidal, 15.9-47.3 µm × 7.6-16.6 µm (n=50) and pale brown or dark brown with a short cylindrical beak at the tip that contained 1-5 transverse septa and 0-4 longitudinal septa. Morphological characteristics of the isolate were identical with those of Alternaria species (Huang et al. 2022). For molecular identification, the internal transcribed spacers (ITS), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) (Weir et al. 2012), major allergen Alt a 1(Alt a 1) and translation elongation factor 1-α gene (TEF) (Lawrence et al. 2013) were amplified and sequenced using the primers ITS4/5, GDF/GDR, Alt-F/R, and EF1-728F/986R, respectively. The results of the sequencing were uploaded to GenBank as ITS (OR418487), GAPDH (OR419792), Alt a 1 (OR419794), and TEF (OR419796), respectively. Phylogenetic analyses were performed by concatenating all the sequenced loci using the Bayesian method in Phylosuite (Zhang et al.2020). The phylogenetic tree indicated that the isolate belongs to the A. alternata clade with a bootstrap value of 75%. The pathogen was identified as A. alternata based on the morphological and molecular results. To satisfy Koch's postulates, a conidial suspension (106 conidia/mL) of the HY2-1 was prepared with ddH2O to infect the healthy plants. Ninety healthy leaves on 30 plants in pots were punctured using a sterilized needle, and then inoculated by spraying the conidial suspension on the wounded leaves in a greenhouse at 25°C and 80% relative humidity. The control plants were sprayed with ddH2O. The plants showed similar symptoms to the original infected plant 15 d after inoculation. The controls showed no symptoms. A pure culture of A. alternata was isolated and identified again as previously described. Leaf blight caused by A. alternata has been reported on Taro (Liu et al. 2020), Toona ciliata (Wang et al. 2023), etc. To our knowledge, this is the first report of E. sagittatum leaf blight caused by A. alternata in China. The results will help to develop effective control strategies for leaf blight on E. sagittatum.

Intraspecific Variability and Phenetic Relationships of <i>Centella Asiatica</i> (L.) Urb. Accessions from Central Java Based on Morphological Characters’

Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. is a plant species native to Java and one of the main basic materials in traditional and modern medicine. This study is the first to report the intraspecific variation and taxonomic relationships of C. asiatica accession from natural populations in Central Java. The purpose of this study was to reveal phenotypic variations of C. asiatica populations and to asses phenetic relationships based on morphological characters. Thirty-two accessions of C. asiatica were collected from natural populations from eight mountains in Central Java. Observation on vegetative organs resulted in 25 morphological characters as a basis for assessing phenetic relationships using cluster analysis and principal component analysis. Result of cluster analysis showed that the grouping of accessions was not correlated to the localities from where the samples were collected, although there was a tendency that accessions from the same localities grouped in one cluster. The results of this study confirmed the existence of intraspecies morphological variability in C. asiatica which was not affected by geographical aspects. Results of principal component analysis indicated that the grouping of accessions was mainly determined by similarities in petiole color, stolon color, leaf margin, petiole length, stolon length, and leaf color. Given that the characters contributing to the grouping of accessions were mainly qualitative characters, the results indicated a genetic basis underlying phenotypic variations of C. asiatica accession.

ANALYSIS OF NON-SPECIFIC STANDARDIZED PARAMETERS ON KUMIS KUCING LEAVES (Orthosiphon aristatus (Blume) Miq.) PURPLE VARIETY

One of the plants in Indonesia that can be used as a medicine is the purple variety of cat's whiskers (Orthosiphon aristatus (Blume) Miq.). This study aims to examine the quality and safety of the purple variety of Cat’s Whiskers as a raw material for traditional medicine so that it meets the requirements of being free from heavy metal, microbial, and aflatoxin contamination. The results of setting the standardization parameters on the dry material of cat’s whiskers leaves obtained drying losses, water content, total ash content, and acid insoluble ash content, respectively 8.45 ± 0.68%; 6.67 ± 1.15 %; 8.70 ± 0.09 %; 1.31 ± 0.16 %. The results of testing for the heavy metals lead (Pb) and mercury (Hg) on ??dry material and extracts were £ 0.0001 mg/kg. The results of testing the levels of microbial contamination in dry material and extracts obtained total bacteria 1.45x101 and 2.35x101 Cfu/gr, respectively. Test results for aflatoxin contamination on the dry material of Cat’s Whiskers leaves B1, B2, G1, G2 and total aflatoxin £ 0.50 ?g/kg and total aflatoxin £ 2 ?g/kg, respectively. The dried material and leaf extract of the purple variety of cat’s whiskers that were tested met the requirements stated in the regulation of the Food and Drug Supervisory Agency number 32 of 2019 about traditional medicines' safety and quality requirements.

Bio‐fabrication of Zinc oxide nanoparticles using Strobilanthes cordifolia: Characterization and evaluation of antioxidant, anti‐cholinergic, anti‐inflammatory and wound healing activities

AbstractStrobilanthes cordifolia has emerged as a promising material in traditional medicine. In this study, we have made an attempt to synthesize zinc oxide nanoparticles derived from S. cordifolia leaf. The team employed a wide range of techniques including UV, FT‐IR, XRD, FE‐SEM with EDAX, HR‐TEM with SAED, DLS, Zeta potential, BET and PZC analysis to thoroughly examine the properties of the NPs. FTIR analysis provided evidence of various functional groups within the NPs. XRD analysis demonstrated the crystal nature and phase purity of the NPs. SEM analysis showcased the spherical shape of the particles, while TEM revealed their rod‐like shape with sizes averaging at approximately 10 nm. DLS analysis indicated the average particle size, and the high zeta potential value confirmed the stability and BET analysis deciphered the specific surface area of the biosynthesized NPs. The NPs confirmed strong antioxidant properties with DPPH, ABTS, and hydroxyl radicals. Enzyme studies confirmed good anti‐cholinergic activity and anti‐inflammatory efficacy, highlighting their potential therapeutic benefits. The NPs demonstrated promising wound healing properties. Overall, this research study sheds light on the medicinal aspects of zinc oxide nanoparticles from S. cordifolia leaf extract and it offers exciting prospects for future exploration and development in this field.

IDENTIFICATION OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS ETHANOL EXTRACT LEAF MIMOSA THAT GROWS IN DENPASAR CITY

Indonesia is a tropical country rich in natural resources including medicinal plants, which have been used as traditional medicines for generations. Mimosa (Mimosa pudica L.) is a plant that has a lot of potential to be developed into raw materials for traditional medicine because it has many pharmacological activities that are beneficial in supporting health. This study aims to determine the active phytochemical compounds contained in the ethanol extract of Mimosa leaves. Mimosa leaves will be collected around the city of Denpasar, Bali. The sample will then be extracted using 70% ethanol solvent by maceration method. Phytochemical tests which include steroid/triterpenoid tests, flavonoid tests, alkaloid tests, phenolic tests, tannin tests, and saponin tests were carried out to identify the active phytochemical compounds in the samples. The data obtained were analyzed descriptively qualitatively. Based on testing of the phytochemical compounds of the 70% ethanol extract of mimosa leaves grown in the city of Denpasar, it was concluded that the extract contains triterpenoid/steroidal, alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, tannins, and saponins. This research is an early stage in detecting the content of secondary metabolites in mimosa. Further research is suggested to be carried out in testing the content of mimosa leaves, for example fractionation, which can later be used in practical applications in the field of veterinary medicine.

EFFECT OF EXTRACTION METHOD ON ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF PALM PALM LEAVES (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.)

Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) is a plant that is native to Africa and South America. This plant can grow well in tropical areas, such as Indonesia. Indonesia is currently one of the largest producers of palm oil worldwide. As the area of palm oil plantations increases, the potential for waste from this plant continues to increase. The potential for palm oil leaf waste production in Indonesia is 658 kg dry matter/hectare/year. Palm oil leaf waste has been widely processed into organic fertilizers and animal feeds. This plant has the potential to be developed into a source of traditional medicinal ingredients. Based on the abundant sources of palm oil leaves and their pharmacological potential, palm oil leaves can be used as a source of raw materials for traditional medicine. This study aimed to compare the antioxidant activities of oil palm leaf extracts obtained by maceration and reflux to determine which extraction method produces the best antioxidant activity. Extraction was carried out using 70% ethanol solvent by maceration and reflux. The results of the phytochemical screening showed that oil palm leaves contain flavonoids, polyphenols, saponins, quinones, steroid-triterpenoids, and monoterpene-sesquiterpenes. Antioxidant activity using a UV-Visible spectrophotometer with DPPH free radicals showed that the extract obtained by maceration and reflux methods had IC50 values of 46.61 ± 1.76 ug/mL and 55.21 ± 2.91 ug/mL respectively. Therefore, extraction by maceration produces a better antioxidant activity. Keywords: Palm leaves; Traditional medicine; Extraction; Active compound stability; Antioxidant

Occurrence of Anthracnose Caused by Colletotrichum fructicola on Ficus hirta in Southern China.

Ficus hirta Vahl. is a Moraceae plant, named for its palm-like leaves. It is a widely used traditional medicinal material with definite curative effect. At the same time, it is also a commonly used soup material among the folk in South China. In March 2022, a serious leaf spot disease with symptoms similar to anthracnose was observed on F. hirta in several plantations in Qinzhou and Zhanjiang City of China, with an incidence of 32~65%. The early symptoms of infected leaves were small, round, yellow spots that further expanded into larger, brown, irregular, necrotic lesions surrounded by dark brown edges, which eventually led to leaf wilt. Twenty symptomatic leaves were collected from three plantations with a total area of about 10 hm2. Fragments (2×2 mm) from the 20 infected leaves were surface sterilized, plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and incubated at 28°C. After 3 days, isolates with similar cultural morphology were obtained and three representative isolates (WZMT-1, WZMT-3 and WZMT-8) were randomly selected for following study. The colonies by single-spore purification on PDA were initially cottony, pale white and became grayish green with age. The conidia were hyaline, abundant, cylindrical, with rounded ends, 14.4~18.2 μm×4.6~6.0 μm (av. 16.2 μm×5.4 μm, n=100). Conidiogenous cells hyaline, cylindrical or ampulliform, 6.2~22.7 μm × 2.7~5.0 μm (av. 12.9 μm×3.8 μm, n=50). Appressoria were brown to dark brown, ovoid to clavate, elliptical or irregular, 7.9~13.4 μm × 5.6~9.2 μm (av. 10.6 μm×7.9 μm, n=50). The morphology of the fungus resembled Colletotrichum fructicola (Prihastuti et al. 2009). For molecular identification, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphatedehydrogenase (GAPDH), actin (ACT), beta-tubulin 2 (TUB2), calmodulin (CAL), partial manganese superoxide dismutase (sod2), partial Apn2-Mat1-2 intergenic spacer and partial mating type (Mat1-2) (ApMat) genes were amplified from genomic DNA for the isolates using the primers described by Silva et al. (2012) and Weir et al. (2012). The sequences of the above seven loci of the three isolates (accession nos. OQ121661 to OQ121663 and OQ133400 to OQ133417) were obtained and showed over 99% identity with the existing sequences of ex-type culture ICMP 18581 of Colletotrichum fructicola (Weir et al. 2012). A multilocus phylogenetic analysis of the seven loci concatenated sequences using the maximum likelihood method revealed that the isolates belong to C. fructicola. To confirm pathogenicity, five 3-month-old potted plants were used for inoculation with each representative isolate. Tested plants were sprayed with 10 ml of a conidial suspension (1 × 108 conidia/ml) , and the controls plants were sprayed with sterile water. All the plants were incubated in a growth chamber at 26 ± 2°C with 95% relative humidity. After 10 days, typical lesions like those observed on the field plants appeared on all inoculated plants, while the control remained healthy. The same fungal pathogen was reisolated and the identity was confirmed by morphological characterization and molecular analysis, confirming Koch's postulates. The pathogen has been reported as the causal agent of anthracnose on a wide range of plant hosts worldwide (Marquez-Zequera et al. 2018; Horfer et al. 2021; Jiang et al. 2022; Li et al. 2023). To our knowledge, this is the first report of anthracnose on F. hirta caused by C. fructicola in southern China.

Adjusting function of camphor on primary metabolism in Cinnamomum camphora stressed by high temperature

Cinnamomum camphora has great economic value for its wide utilization in traditional medicine and furniture material, and releases lots of monoterpenes to tolerate high temperature. To uncover the adjusting function of monoterpenes on primary metabolism and promoting their utilization as anti-high temperature agents, the photosynthetic capacities, primary metabolite levels, cell ultrastructure and associated gene expression were surveyed in C. camphora when it was blocked monoterpene biosynthesis with fosmidomycin (Fos) and fumigated with camphor (a typical monoterpene in the plant) under high temperature (Fos+38 °C+camphor). Compared with the control (28 °C), high temperature at 38 °C decreased the starch content and starch grain size, and increased the fructose, glucose, sucrose and soluble sugar content. Meanwhile, high temperature also raised the lipid content, with the increase of lipid droplet size and numbers. These variations were further intensified in Fos+ 38 °C treatment. Compared with Fos+ 38 °C treatment, Fos+ 38 °C+camphor treatment improved the starch accumulation by promoting 4 gene expression in starch biosynthesis, and lowered the sugar content by suppressing 3 gene expression in pentose phosphate pathway and promoting 15 gene expression in glycolysis and tricarboxylic acid cycle. Meanwhile, Fos+ 38 °C+camphor treatment also lowered the lipid content, which may be caused by the down-regulation of 2 genes in fatty acid formation and up-regulation of 4 genes in fatty acid decomposition. Although Fos+ 38 °C+camphor treatment improved the photosynthetic capacities in contrast to Fos+ 38 °C treatment, it cannot explain the variations of these primary metabolite levels. Therefore, camphor should adjust related gene expression to maintain the primary metabolism in C. camphora tolerating high temperature.

Ex vitro shoot induction of rodent tuber (Typhonium flagelliforme) with benzyl amino purine and naphthalene acetic acid

A medicinal plant called rodent tuber has the potential to both prevent and treat various diseases. There is no Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) governing the growth method of rodent tuber because it still grows wild and is rarely cultivated. This research aimed to study the optimal growth of rodent tuber for mass seed propagation based on the type of explants and the concentration of auxin and cytokinin combinations for inducing shoots. While generative parameters (harvesting of tubers/shoots) were observed up to 13 WAP (Week After Planting), vegetative parameters were observed up to 10 WAP. The results showed that the best type of explants for shoot induction and growth of rodent tuber were whole plants with a survival rate of 100%; the number of shoots was 6.65; the plant height was 21.27 cm with 6.34 leaves; 26.56 roots with a length of 16.05 cm; and 40.80% flowering plants. PGR (Plant Growth Regulator) combination of 50 ppm BAP (Benzyl Amino Purine) and 100 ppm NAA (Naphthalene Acetic Acid) became the best explant soaking solution by forming eight shoots and the height of plants was 24.13 cm with seven leaves. The explant produced the highest root length in a combination of 100 ppm BAP and 50 ppm NAA, which was 17.70 cm. The interaction between whole plant explants immersed in 0 ppm BAP and 100 ppm NAA solution resulted in the most significant number of roots (41). Those goals can support the SOP of propagated methods and ensure the consistency, quality, and availability of raw materials for traditional medicine.

Peningkatan Kualitas Produk Paguyuban Jamu Manunggal Kota Cimahi Melalui Standardisasi Bahan Baku

The activity of the community of herbal medicine manunggal in Cimahi city, as the main partner, is to guide the processing of traditional medicines and the herbal medicine business. The proposing team held an initial meeting and socialization for members of the Jamu Manunggal community in the city of Cimahi on December 25, 2021, regarding counseling on planting, post-harvest processing, and the benefits of the cat's whiskers plant. From the results of these activities, several problems were identified: the raw materials for traditional medicines in the Jamu Manunggal Association needed to be better standardized. This activity aims to improve the quality of traditional medicinal products through standardization. The results of the drying shrinkage testing of the five medicinal raw materials met the standards in the Indonesian Herbal Pharmacopoeia. In testing the water-soluble ash content, the levels obtained were not too large illustrating the potential for minor contamination of traditional medicinal raw materials. The general conclusion is that the raw materials for traditional medicine in the Jamu Manunggal Association of Cimahi City have good quality.

Determination of three plant growth regulators in Dendrobium officinale and Anoectochilus roxburghii by three-phase hollow fiber liquid phase microextraction- high performance liquid chromatography

Dendrobium officinale (D. officinale) and Anoectochilus roxburghii (A. roxburghii) are precious raw materials for traditional Chinese medicine. The growing demand for D. officinale and A. roxburghii cannot be met by current production techniques. Hence, the widespread artificial cultivation of D. officinale and A. roxburghii using substantial amounts of plant growth regulators (PGRs) has emerged. The excessive use of PGRs not only affects the quality and efficacy of medicinal materials but also causes a series of safety issues. Therefore, expanding research on residual PGRs in valuable Chinese medicinal materials is important to avoid the health hazards caused by these substances. Unfortunately, the identification of PGRs is challenging because of their trace and complex matrices. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) has become one of the mainstream analytical methods for PGR determination. An important consideration in the application of this technique to the detection of trace acidic PGRs is how to improve its accuracy and sensitivity. Three-phase hollow fiber liquid phase microextraction (3P-HF-LPME) has the advantages of a high enrichment factor, complex sample purification ability, low reagent consumption, low cost, and easy integration with chromatographic systems. Thus, the 3P-HF-LPME method overcomes the many shortcomings of traditional sample pretreatment methods. In this study, a novel, simple, and effective analytical method based on 3P-HF-LPME combined with HPLC was developed to extract, purify, enrich, and detect three trace acidic PGRs (indole-3-acetic acid, naphthyl acetic acid and indolebutyric acid) in D. officinale and A. roxburghii. The chromatographic separation conditions and 3P-HF-LPME model parameters were systematically optimized for this purpose. First, the sample solution was prepared by ultrasonication and low-temperature standing, and then adjusted to pH 3.0 using dilute hydrochloric acid. The sample solution (10 mL) and NaCl (1.50 g) were stored in a 15 mL brown extraction bottle with a built-in magnetic stirrer. Next, 30 μL of NaOH solution (pH 11.0) as the inner phase solution was injected into the inner cavity of a hollow fiber tube, which was subsequently sealed at both ends. The hollow fiber tube was soaked in n-octanol for 5 min and dried naturally to remove excess extraction solvent from its surface. Finally, the fiber tube was placed in a brown extraction bottle and stirred using a thermostatic magnetic stirrer at 40 ℃ and 1600 r/min for 2 h. After extraction, the three target analytes were separated on a Welch Ultimate XB-C18 column (250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm) under isocratic elution conditions using acetic acid aqueous solution and methanol (45∶55, v/v) as the eluent. The results indicated that the three PGRs showed good linearity in the range of 0.5-100.0 μg/L (coefficients of determination (r2)=0.9999), with limits of detection (LODs) of 0.02-0.15 μg/L. The method recoveries were 88.5-102.2%, with relative standard deviations (RSDs) of less than 3.7% (n=3). The extraction efficiencies and enrichment factors of the three PGRs in 15 batches of fresh D. officinale and A. roxburghii products were found to be 42.0%-86.8% and 140-289. Full-scan mass spectrometry was used to further identify positive samples to avoid false-positive results and enhance the reliability of the experimental method. In summary, the proposed method is sensitive, accurate, reliable, environment friendly, and capable of high enrichment. It could be used to determine the residues of three acidic PGRs in D. officinale and A. roxburghii. Moreover, it can provide technical support for the residue detection of PGRs in other Chinese medicinal materials.

Exploring the pharmacological mechanisms and key active ingredients of total flavonoids from Lamiophlomis rotata (Benth.) Kudo against rheumatoid arthritis based on multi-technology integrated network pharmacology

Ethnopharmacological relevanceLamiophlomis rotata (Benth.) Kudo (LR, Lamiaceae) is a traditional Tibetan medicinal material in China. Tibetan medicine classic and research report suggested that LR could be used to cure rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, the anti-RA active ingredients and pharmacological mechanisms of LR have not been elucidated. Aim of the studyTo explore the mechanisms and key active ingredients of total flavonoids from LR (TFLR) against RA. Materials and methodsFirst, the mechanisms of TFLR against RA were investigated on collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) rat model by analyzing paw appearance, paw swelling, arthritis score, spleen index, thymus index, inflammatory cytokine (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-17) levels in serum, histopathology of ankle joint and synovium from knee joint (hematoxylin-eosin, safranin O-fast green and DAB-TUNEL staining), and apoptosis-related protein (PI3K, Akt1, p-Akt, Bad, p-Bad, Bcl-xL and Bcl-2) levels in the synovium of ankle joints (Western blot). Then, the crucially active ingredients of TFLR against RA were explored by network pharmacology, ingredient analysis, in vitro metabolism and TNF-α-induced human RA synovial fibroblast MH7A proliferation assays. Network pharmacology was applied to predict the key active ingredients of TFLR against RA. The ingredient analysis and in vitro metabolism of TFLR were performed on HPLC, and MH7A proliferation assay were applied to evaluate the predicted results of network pharmacology. ResultsTFLR shown excellently anti-RA effect by reducing paw swelling, arthritis score, spleen index, thymus index and inflammatory cytokine (IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-17) levels, and improving the histopathological changes of ankle joint and synovium from knee joint in CIA rats. Results of Western blot indicated that TFLR reversed the changes of PI3K, p-Akt, p-Bad, Bcl-xL and Bcl-2 levels in the ankle joint synovium of CIA rats. Results of network pharmacology exhibited that luteolin was identified as the pivotal active ingredient of TFLR against RA. The ingredient analysis of TFLR indicated that the main ingredient in TFLR was luteoloside. The in vitro metabolism study of TFLR suggested that luteoloside could be converted to luteolin in artificial gastric juice and intestinal juice. Results of MH7A proliferation assay showed that there was no significant difference between TFLR and equal luteoloside on the viability of MH7A cells, indicating that luteoloside was the key active ingredient of TFLR against RA. Additionally, the luteolin (same mol as luteoloside) showed better inhibitory effect on the viability of MH7A cells than luteoloside. ConclusionTFLR showed anti-RA effect, and the mechanism was related to promoting synovial cell apoptosis mediated by PI3K/Akt/Bad pathway. Meanwhile, this work indicated that luteoloside was the key active ingredient of TFLR against RA. This work lays a foundation for providing TFLR product with clear mechanism and stable quality to treat RA.

PEMANFAATAN TANAMAN OBAT SUKU DAYAK BAKATI DI KAWASAN HUTAN ADAT DESA GUA KECAMATAN SANGGAU LEDO

<p>West Kalimantan is an area with a distribution of tropical rain forest in Indonesia which has a fairly hight diversity so that it is estimated to store various types of plants that have the potential as medicinal ingredients. Most of the Dayak Bakati people who live in customary forests in gua village Bengkayang Regency still use medicinal plants as raw materials for traditional medicines which have been passed down from generation to generation and have been going on for a long time. The purpose of this research is to find out the types, parts and ways of processing medicinal plants used by the Dayak Bakati tribe in the customary forest area of Gua Village, Sanggau Ledo District, Bengkayang Regency. Based on the results of interviews and identification in the field with communities living in customary forest areas in Sanggau Ledo District, Bengkayang Regency, there are 28 species and 24 plant families that are used as medicinal plants by the community.</p><p class="abstrak"> </p>

Study on electrochemical and X-ray diffraction fingerprint of Tibetan medicine “zuotai”

This study investigates the chemical composition and electroactive compounds in ten samples of Zuotai, a traditional Tibetan medicinal material, utilizing electrochemical fingerprinting techniques. A commonality in the oscillatory behavior of the induction curves across samples is noted, suggesting identical or similar types of chemical or electroactive components. Nonetheless, observable differences in oscillation reactions and periods hint at variations in the concentration and activity of these components. The disparities in the fingerprint spectra of Zuotai from different manufacturers are likely due to differing quantities of electroactive compounds and choices of raw materials in the production process. A cluster analysis of the electrochemical fingerprint spectra further corroborates these findings, showing a significant similarity to the X-ray diffraction (XRD) results. This study underscores the importance of standardized manufacturing practices in ensuring consistent quality and efficacy of Zuotai.

Screening of Antibacterial Compounds Against Escherichia coli from Hanjeli Seeds (Coix lacryma-jobi) Based on Metabolomics

Hanjeli seed (Coix lacryma-jobi L.) is one of the important plants used as raw materials for food and traditional medicine. In addition, hanjeli seed also has several biological activities, one of which is antibacterial activity comes from the activity of the metabolites contained in the extract of the seed. This study aims to determine the antibacterial activity of hanjeli seed extract and identify the metabolites contained in some selected extracts using a metabolomics approach. Hanjeli seed was extracted with distilled water, 50% ethanol, 96% ethanol, and n-hexane. The crude extracts of hanjeli seed were evaluated for the activity against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and the metabolites were identified using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Hanjeli seed extracts had antibacterial activity ranging from 7.85±4.48 to 27.99±6.02%, with 50% ethanol extract had the highest antibacterial activity and nhexane extract had the lowest. LC-MS/MS analysis of the 50% ethanol extract obtained 22 metabolites which were putatively identified. The antibacterial activity of the hanjeli seed extract is predicted to be caused by the phenolic compounds, such as gluconic acid, quinic acid, malic acid, citric acid, p-coumaric acid, and ferulic acid. The phenolic compounds contained in the hanjeli seed extract can inhibit the growth of E. coli, so that the extract can be applied as an antibacterial against E. coli.&nbsp

PERBANDINGAN KANDUNGAN FLAVONOID EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN DAN BUAH CEPOKA (SOLANUM TORVUM SWARTZ) DENGAN METODE SPEKTROFOTOMETRI UV-VIS

Cepoka (Solanum torvum Swartz.) included in the herbaceous plants it can be cultivated as a traditional medicinal material. The parts most used as traditional medicine are the leaves and fruits. Cepoka leaves contain alkaloid compounds, flavonoids, quinone, polyphenols, saponins, steroids, monoterpenoids. While in the fruit chemical content is alkaloid compounds, saponins, anthraquinone, tannins, flavonoids and glycosides. The purpose of this study is compared flavonoid levels in leaves and fruit cepoka. The extraction method uses maceration method with 96% ethanol solvent. Flavonoid level was measured with Spectrophotometer UV-Vis and quercetin standard.. The results of this study show that the content of flavonoids in the leaves cepoka amounted to 14.6346% W / W while the fruit contains cepoka flavonoids 0.9768% W / W.

AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI DARI SEDIAAN GEL EKSTRAK TERPURIFIKASI KELOPAK ROSELLA TERHADAP BAKTERI Escherichia coli

Natural materials had various types of primary and secondary metabolite compounds that were useful for treating a disease. Plant materials that contain high levels of secondary metabolites could be developed into raw materials for traditional medicines. An example of the development of natural medicine which was in high demand is making traditional medicinal raw materials which have antibacterial properties. These could add to the type of therapy for a disease with smaller side effects. The aim of this study was to determine the activity of the purified extract gel preparation of rosella petals as an antibacterial. The extract was obtained from the maceration method which was then followed by purification. The antibacterial activity test in this study used the well diffusion method. Detection of metabolites by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) includes the stationary phase of silica GF254 and the mobile phase Toluene: Acetic acid: Formic acid (6:6:1). The concentration of purified extract of rosella petals for the formulation was 5, 15 and 25%. Data analysis was carried out with the One Way Anova test with a 95% confidence level. The results of the research that the purified extract gel preparation of rosella petals has the potential to inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli bacteria in the sensitive category at a concentration of 25%. The results of a positive phytochemical screening for flavonoid compounds were indicated by the formation of a red-orange color in the test and identification using TLC produced an Rf of 0.85 which has similarities with previous studies. The conclusion of this study was that the ETKR gel preparation with a concentration of 25% was sensitive as an antibacterial