Indian Traditional Medicine Research Articles

Identification of Kaempferol as Viral Entry Inhibitor and DL-Arginine as Viral Replication Inhibitor from Selected Plants of Indian Traditional Medicine against COVID-19: An in silico Guided in vitro Approach.

Indian traditional medicinal plants are known for their great potential in combating viral diseases. Previously, we reported a systematic review approach of seven plausible traditional Indian medicinal plants against SARS-CoV-2. Molecular docking was conducted with Biovia Discovery Studio. Three binding domains for spike glycoprotein (PDB IDs: 6LZG, 6M17, 6M0J) and one binding domain of RdRp (PDB ID: 7BTF) were used. Among 100 phytoconstituents listed from seven plants by the IMPPAT database used for virtual screening, the best six compounds were again filtered using Swiss ADME prediction and Lipinski's rule. Additionally, a pseudovirion assay was performed to study the interaction of SARS-CoV-2 S1-protein with the ACE 2 receptor to further confirm the effect. Chebulagic acid (52.06 Kcal/mol) and kaempferol (48.84 Kcal/mol) showed increased interaction energy compared to umifenovir (33.68 Kcal/mol) for the 6LZG binding domain of spike glycoprotein. Epicatechin gallate (36.95 Kcal/mol) and arachidic acid (26.09 Kcal/mol) showed equally comparable interaction energy compared to umifenovir (38.20 Kcal/mol) for the 6M17 binding domain of spike glycoprotein. Trihydroxychalcone (35.23 Kcal/mol) and kaempferol (36.96 Kcal/mol) showed equally comparable interaction energy with umifenovir (36.60 Kcal/mol) for 6M0J binding domain of spike glycoprotein. Upon analyzing the phytoconstituents against RdRp binding domain, DL-arginine (41.78 Kcal/mol) showed comparable results with the positive control remdesivir (47.61 Kcal/mol). ADME analysis performed using Swiss ADME revealed that kaempferol and DL arginine showed drug-like properties with appropriate pharmacokinetic parameters. Further in vitro analysis of kaempferol by pseudovirion assay confirmed an acceptable decrease of the lentiviral particles in transfected HEK293T-hACE2 cells. The study highlights that kaempferol and DL-arginine could be the significant molecules to exhibit potent action against SARS-CoV-2 and its variants.

Overview of COVID-19 Pandemic: Its Management and Prevention in Light of the Indian Traditional Medicine System

Abstract: With the global death toll nearing 3.3 million, India being amongst the top 4 countries, the condition is more than fearsome. World Health Organization (WHO) recommends one doctor per 1000 population ratio, but India lags it by one doctor to 1456 people, which sets a lot of pressure on the healthcare system. Traditional remedies are becoming increasingly popular in India as a result of the lack of a proper medical system. Due to the rich diversity of medicinal herbs and drugs, India has been managing health issues with its 5000 years old medication system. Amidst all this, the traditional medicine system has given relief to plenty of diseases and remains the primary defence system against COVID-19. Therefore, COVID-19 is also managed by its different medicinal systems, which are collectively known as the AYUSH regime. It had been a recognized system to tackle diseases in the past. In this mini-review, we performed a deep study of the Indian traditional medicine system in managing the COVID-19 situation.

REVIEW THE ARTICLE ON GAIRIK

Rasashastra is a branch of ancient Indian traditional medicine that incorporates principles of alchemy and pharmacology. It involves the preparation and utilization of therapeutic formulations by combining medicinal herbs, minerals, and metals. The objective of Rasashastra is to promote overall well-being by balancing the body, mind, and spirit. Practitioners of Rasashastra believe that certain minerals and metals possess unique healing properties when properly processed and administered. These formulations, known as Rasayanas, are believed to enhance vitality, promote longevity, and strengthen the body's natural defenses. Rasashastra also emphasizes the purification and detoxification of metals to eliminate any potential toxicity and maximize their therapeutic benefits. In this article we will be looking upon one such substance Gairika is hematite or red iron ore.

Identification of potential sclerostin inhibiting flavonoids from Oroxylum indicum: an insilico approach

Flavonoids are secondary metabolites that are widely found in various medicinal plants. They are known for their medicinal benefits and have been extensively used in healthcare industries and in the management of age-related diseases. This paper focuses on flavonoids from Oroxylum indicum, a significant medicinal tree in the practice of traditional Indian medicine. O. indicum has been utilized in a variety of polyherbal formulations for the management of musculoskeletal disorders, however the mechanism of action of its bioactive flavonoids remains unknown. The present study aimed to identify the flavonoids of O. indicum with the potential to target sclerostin, an antagonist of canonical Wnt signaling pathway for the treatment of bone-related disorders. Molecular docking, coarse-grained and molecular dynamics simulations were performed to screen the major flavonoids and investigate their interaction with sclerostin. Flavonoids with highest binding affinity and interacting with at least one of the amino acids of the PNAIG motif residues were selected from docking studies and subjected to further drug likeness and ADMET screening. Further screening from coarse-grained and molecular dynamic simulations results showed that baicalein, compared to other screened flavonoids, stably binds with the important residues of the LRP6 binding site of sclerostin, resulting in pronounced structural changes in the protein. These findings suggest that baicalein from O. indicum can potentially inhibit sclerostin and can elicit skeletal protective effects, providing an insight for further in vitro and in vivo studies. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma

Anticonvulsant potential of Grewia tiliaefolia in pentylenetetrazole induced epilepsy: insights from in vivo and in silico studies.

Epilepsy, a chronic neurological condition, impacts millions of individuals globally and remains a significant contributor to both illness and mortality. Available antiepileptic drugs have serious side effects which warrants to explore different medicinal plants used for the management of epilepsy reported in Traditional Indian Medicinal System (TIMS). Therefore, we explored the antiepileptic potential of the Grewia tiliaefolia (Tiliaeceae) which is known for its neuroprotective properties. Aerial parts of G. tiliaefolia were subjected to extraction with increasing order of polarity viz. hexane, chloroform and methanol. Antioxidant potential of hexane, chloroform and methanol extracts ofG. tiliaefoliawas evaluated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) assay, total antioxidant capacity (TAC) assay, reducing power assay (RPA) and DNA nicking assay. Additionally, quantitative antioxidant assays were also conducted to quantify total phenolic (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC). As revealed by in vitro assays, methanol extract was found to contain more phenolic content. Hence, the methanol extract was further explored for its anticonvulsant potential in pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) induced acute seizures in mice. The methanol extract (400mg/kg) significantly increased the latency to occurrence of myoclonic jerks and generalized tonic clonic seizures (GTCS). Additionally, it also reduced duration and seizure severity score associated with GTCS. The Grewia tiliaefolia methanol extract was further screened by Ultra High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (UHPLC) for presence of polyphenolic compounds, among which gallic acid and kaempferol were present in higher amount and were further analysed by in silico study to predict their possible binding sites and type of interactions these compounds show with gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) receptor and glutamate α amino-3- hydroxyl-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (Glu-AMPA) receptor. It was revealed that gallic acid and kaempferol had shown agonistic interaction for GABA receptor and antagonistic interaction for Glu-AMPA receptor. We concluded thatG. tiliaefoliashowed anticonvulsant potential possibly because of gallic acid and kaempferol possibly mediated through GABA and Glu-AMPA receptor.

Traditional Indian Medicine Improves Clinical Outcome in Non-alcoholic fatty Liver diseases - A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Background: Non- Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) is a rapidly emerging liver disease linked strongly to metabolic syndrome. In the absence of specific pharmacological agents for the effective treatment of NAFLD, current treatment mainly focuses on lifestyle and dietary modifications. Several agents referenced in Ayurvedic texts have shown promising effects in patients over centuries of use. But the outcomes reported by various randomized clinical trials (RCTs) for the efficacy of herbs in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are conflicting. Objective: This study aims to systematically review and conduct meta-analysis of the available evidence to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Ayurveda-referenced drugs. Methodology: The electronic databases PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane library, and ARP were searched up to May 2022 to identify relevant studies. Quality of studies was evaluated using modified Jadad Scale. Risk of bias was assessed using Cochrane risk of bias tool. Result: The search retrieved 1352 studies, but only 18 studies were finally evaluated. Statistical analysis showed significant reduction in grades of fatty liver (RR: 2.42, 95% CI; 1.52, 3.86), AST (SMD: -0.91, 95% CI; -1.04, 0.08;) and ALT (SMD = − 0.91; 95% CI; − 1.53, − 0.28; P < 0.00001). Conclusion: Ayurveda drugs have shown positive results in managing NAFLD, as evidenced by the limited available data. More quality-based RCT’s using standardized Ayurveda drugs with large sample sizes and taking histological outcomes into consideration must be conducted to generate stronger evidence.

Endangered medicinal plants of western ghats: A review

India houses about more than a thousand known medicinal plant species. Traditional Indian medicine, also known as Ayurveda, relies heavily on the use of medicinal plants for treating various ailments. They play a major role in our daily lives. The Western Ghats region in India is known for its rich biodiversity resources including a wide variety of medicinal plants. Western Ghats is among the world’s hottest 10 biodiversity hotspots and recently has been added to the world heritage list by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). But as these days most of the important medicinal plants present in Western Ghats are facing serious extinction issues and categorized as endangered plants by IUCN due to overexploitation, deforestation and similar anthropogenic activities. At the same time these IUCN reports on threat status highlights the importance of conserving these assets of nature for the betterment of future generations. This article comprehensively reviews the details about some important medicinal plants and their medicinal uses present in Western Ghats which are classified under endangered category.

The therapeutic potential of curcumin and its related substances in turmeric: From raw material selection to application strategies

Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) is a medicinal plant used extensively in Chinese and Indian traditional medicine as a home remedy for various diseases. It has been used for medical purposes for centuries. Today, turmeric has become one of the most popular medicinal herbs, spices, and functional supplements worldwide. Curcuminoids are linear diarylheptanoids from the rhizomes that include curcumin and two related compounds: demethoxycurcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin, which are the active components of the C. longa plant, play a crucial role in numerous functions. This review summarises the composition of turmeric and the properties of curcumin regarding its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-colorectal cancer, and other physiological activity. In addition, the dilemma of the application of curcumin due to its low water solubility and bioavailability was discussed. Finally, this article provides three novel application strategies based on previous studies: using curcumin analogues and related substances, gut microbiota regulation, and using curcumin-loaded exosome vesicles and turmeric-derived exosome-like vesicles to overcome application limitations.

Medicinal Common Seed-Acorus Calamus

This article covers the structure, distribution, chemical composition, and use of the common sedum plant in folk medicine and traditional medicine. It highlights the relevance of using this plant in the field of medicine. Acorus calamus is a perennial plant belonging to the Aceraceae family and is found in many countries. It contains various substances, including vitamin C. The plant is highly regarded in Indian traditional medicine and is known for rejuvenating the brain and nervous system. The rhizomes of Acorus calamus are widely used in the treatment of many diseases such as epilepsy, mental disorders, fever, abdominal pain, chronic diarrhea, liver, and kidney diseases.

Curcumin inhibits human cancer cell growth and migration through downregulation of SVCT2.

Curcumin is a natural polyphenol that is extracted from the rhizomes of the turmeric plant (Curcuma longa), a member of the ginger family. It has been used for centuries in traditional Indian and Chinese medicine for its medicinal properties, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antitumor effects. SVCT2 (Solute Carrier Family 23 Member 2, also known as SLC23A2) is a protein that plays a role in the transport of Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) into cells. SVCT2 plays an important role in tumor progression and metastasis, however, the molecular mechanisms of curcumin on SVCT2 have not been studied to date. Curcumin treatment inhibited proliferation and migration of cancer cells in a dose dependent manner. We found that curcumin reduced the expression of SVCT2 in cancer cells with a wild type p53, but not in those with a mutant type of p53. SVCT2 downregulation also reduced the MMP2 activity. Taken together, our results indicate that curcumin inhibited human cancer cell growth and migration by regulating SVCT2 through a downregulating p53. These findings provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms of curcumin's anticancer effects and potential therapeutic strategies for the treatment of metastatic migration.

Assessment of Anxiolytic Activity of Brahmi (<i>Bacopa monnieri</i>) in Zebrafish Model System

The increasing prevalence of anxiety and stress-related disorders has made it a leading contributor to the global health burden. The present treatment options have severe side effects and show remission on discontinuation of the medication. Hence, there is an urgent need to explore safer alternative treatments for long-term usage with minimum toxicity. The medicinal plant Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri) has been used in Indian traditional medicine as a neural tonic for centuries. The present study aimed to study the toxicity and anxiolytic activity of Brahmi using the zebrafish model system. The toxicity assays determined the minimum effective concentration of Brahmi to be 0.01%. In addition, behavioral assays such as thigmotaxis and scototaxis and endocrine assays such as the measurement of cortisol levels in stressed zebrafish larvae were performed. Zebrafish embryos exposed to 0.2% Brahmi up to seven days post fertilization (dpf) did not show any developmental toxicity. Behavioral and endocrine assays were performed on 5dpf zebrafish larvae treated with 0.01% Brahmi extract. Our studies show that Brahmi significantly reduced thigmotaxis (wall hugging) and scototaxis behavior in zebrafish larvae exposed to osmotic stress as compared to untreated stressed larvae. Stress activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-interrenal axis and stimulates the release of cortisol in zebrafish larvae. Whole body cortisol assay has shown that Brahmi significantly reduced the stress-induced release of cortisol in zebrafish larvae. Our studies report that Brahmi mitigates the stress response in zebrafish larvae and has minimum toxicity. This suggests that Brahmi may be a safe option for long term management of stress.

Combinatorial drug-loaded quality by design adapted transliposome gel formulation for dermal delivery: In vitro and dermatokinetic study.

Ursolic acid is a powerful drug that possesses many therapeutic properties, such as hepatoprotection, immunomodulation, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antibacterial, antiviral, antiulcer, and anticancer activity. Centella asiatica (L.) Urban (Umbelliferae) contains a triterpene called asiatic acid, which has been used effectively in traditional Chinese and Indian medicine system for centuries. Anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties are only some of the many pharmacological actions previously attributed to asiatic acid . The present work developed an optimized combinatorial drug-loaded nano-formulation by Quality by design approach. The optimize transliposome for accentuated dermal delivery of dual drug. The optimization of drug-loaded transliposome was done using the "Box-Behnken design." The optimized formulation was characterized for vesicles size, entrapment efficiency (%), and in vitro drug release. Additionally, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), and dermatokinetic study were performed for further evaluation of drug-loaded optimized transliposome formulation. The optimized combinatorial drug-loaded transliposome formulation showed a particle size of 86.36 ± 2.54 nm, polydispersity index (PDI) 0.230 ± 0.008, and an entrapment efficiency of 87.43 ± 2.66% which depicted good entrapment efficiency. In vitro drug release of ursolic acid and asiatic acid transliposomes was found to be 85.12 ± 2.54% and 80.23 ± 3.23%, respectively, as compared to optimized ursolic acid and asiatic acid transliposome gel drug release that was 67.18 ± 2.85% and 60.28 ± 4.12%, respectively. The skin permeation study of ursolic and asiatic acid conventional formulation was only 32.48 ± 2.42%, compared with optimized combinatorial drug-loaded transliposome gel (79.83 ± 4.52%) at 12 h. After applying combinatorial drug-loaded transliposome gel, rhodamine was able to more easily cross rat skin, as observed by confocal laser scanning microscopy, in comparison with when the rhodamine control solution was used. The UA_AA-TL gel formulation absorbed more ursolic acid and asiatic acid than the UA_AA-CF gel formulation, as per dermatokinetic study. Even after being incorporated into transliposome vesicles, the antioxidant effects of ursolic and asiatic acid were still detectable. In most cases, transliposomes vesicular systems generate depots in the skin's deeper layers and gradually release the medicine over time, allowing for fewer applications. In overall our studies, it may be concluded that developed dual drug-loaded transliposomal formulation has great potential for effective topical drug delivery for skin cancer.

Antibacterial activity of herbal formulation against common oral pathogens.

The development of antibiotic resistance in microorganisms is a global challenge for the clinicians, pharmacist and research scientists leading to the development of new medicinal formulations that are effective and easily consumable. The plant yielding essential oil with chief constituent as eugenol has been identified as an important compound with strong inhibition of bacteria, and storage fungi. Ocimum gratissimum and Ocimum sanctum is an aromatic shrub occurring in warm tropical regions has been used in traditional medicine in India to cure various ailments in general and as an antimicrobial agent in particular. The aim of this present study is to assess the antimicrobial and cytoxic activity of the formulation against oral pathogens. The formulation of O. gratissimum and O. sanctum plant extract was prepared and filtered. Antimicrobial activity was done by agar well diffusion method, minimum inhibitory concentration assessment was determined by broth dilution method and cytotoxicity was assessed by brine shrimp lethality assay. Agar well diffusion method against S. mutans, Enterococcus faecalis, C. albicans, Lactobacillus sp, and S. aureus revealed no zone of inhibition but at 100µL concentration at every time interval, the study formulation showed more bacteriostatic activity than positive control and the standard used. The formulation showed very minimal cytotoxicity. The formulation of O. gratissimum and O. sanctum synergistically showed more antibacterial, antifungal and cytotoxic activity and more research has to be done in invivo environment.

Potential clinical usage of ashwagandha root extract: A review

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE
 Ashwagandha, an herb commonly used in traditional Indian medicine, has been gathering attention as a potential drug in various specialties such as psychiatry, neurology, or endocrinology and even as a possible cancer treatment. In this review we aim to summarize reports form recent years on potential clinical usage of Ashwagandha.
 REVIEW METHODS
 The literature review was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar online databases.
 THE STATE OF KNOWLEDGE
 Several studies evaluating potential pharmacological uses of Ashwagandha root extract has been published. There are clinical trials conducted in India using the plant in treatment of insomnia that resulted in improved sleep quality. Ashwagandha root extract has been successfully administered in stress-related disorders. There are reports of improvement in cognitive functions in patients with mild cognitive impairment and better symptom control in obsessive-compulsive disorder after Ashwagandha supplementation. Ashwagandha has been studied in endocrine diseases, showing potential in alleviating climacteric symptoms during perimenopause and in subclinical hypothyroidism. The study aimed to assess effect of Ashwagandha on vitality and hormonal changes in elderly men showed mixed results, with improvement in some hormonal levels and not statistically significant improvement in quality of life compared to placebo group. It has also been noted that ashwagandha root extract has positive effect on cardiovascular system, as well as enhancing muscle strength and recovery in otherwise healthy adults.
 SUMMARYAshwagandha root extract seems to possess beneficial properties that allow for its use in several branches of medicine. However as current findings are reported from small sample studies, further research on a larger scale is needed.

Use and Phytochemical Activity of Celosia Argentea Linn

Since ancient time in India. Celosia argentea linn. Is widely used in traditional medicine, to cure several disorders such as fever, diarrhea, mouth sores, itching wound, jaundice, gonorrhea and inflammation. Literaterature survey from books and journal of traditional Indian medicine revealed that celosia argentia linn. has a lot of medicinal properties. Leaves, stem and root have been reported for medicinal activity, the plant has pharmacologically been studied for various cativities like anti-cancer, hepatoprotection, anti-dibetes etc. However too many scientific studies have been carried out on this plant. For exploring these traditional uses. The present report is deals with traditional uses and pharmacological activity of celosia argentea linn. In the treatment of various diseases.

Ayurvedic Herbs and Spices: A Promising Approach for the Treatment of COVID-19

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a novel coronavirus accountable for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) that has led to many fatal cases worldwide. It causes a severe acute respiratory syndrome, a hyperinflammatory response, vascular damage, microangiopathy, and widespread thrombosis. Vaccines, interferon therapies, and small-molecule drugs may be among the various alternatives for managing or preventing emerging SARS-CoV-2 infections. New interventions, on the other hand, are likely to take months to years to develop. Furthermore, existing antiviral agents commonly develop viral resistance along with certain side effects. Therefore, effective prevention and treatment medications without side effects against human coronavirus are urgently needed. Indian and Chinese traditional medicine have suggested some natural products for the prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation of the diseases, including COVID-19 and various herbs and mushrooms that have been reported to possess potential antiviral and anti-inflammatory activities. Therefore, in this pandemic, traditional medicines pose a ray of hope for human health. The Ministry of Ayush, India, has also recommended a number of therapies to increase immunity in addition to ayurvedic treatments. Thus, the probability of naturally occurring substances as successful treatments against COVID-19 may seem hopeful due to their diverse biological and therapeutic properties. This review focuses on the latest updates of Ayurvedic herbs and spices as promising approaches for treatment during this devastating pandemic situation.

The Role of Medicinal Plants in the Diabetic Wound Healing Process.

The aim of this study is to determine the relationship between diabetes and delayed wound healing from the literature. Research literature from 2010-2020 was searched and it was found that various medicinal plants and their phytoconstituents are effective in treating wounds associated with diabetes. Potential medicinal plants that are used to treat wounds and can be used to treat diabetes have been determined. Research and review articles from 2010-2020 have been researched on a variety of topics such as PubMed, Scopus, Mendeley, Google Scholar, Indian traditional medicine system, Ayurvedic treatment programme using different words such as "diabetes", "treatment of diabetes", "plants in the treatment of diabetes", "wound healing", "wound healing plants". Other herbs are also traditionally used to treat wounds. In this study, the main focus is on medicinal plants that are used specifically to treat wounds in diabetic conditions. Although quite a few medicinal flora for wound restoration may be observed in the literature, there is a need for the isolation and characterization of the bioactive compounds responsible for the wound restoration properties. Also, cytotoxicity research needs to be conducted on promising agents or bioactive fractions or extracts.

PHYTOCHEMICAL AND ANTIHELMINTIC STUDIES OF THE LEAVES EXTRACT OF SIDA ACUTA BURM. F AGAINST TAENIA saginata

Sida acuta is considered as an agricultural weed, but it is a valuable plant in the traditional medicines of Asia and Nigeria. In the traditional medicine of India and Nigeria, the leaves and roots are used as a remedy for bacterial, fungal, intestinal helminth infections, dandruff, rheumatism, liver problems, kidney stones, nervous disorders, testicular swelling and elephantitis. The study was carried out to evaluate the phytochemical and antihelmintic studies of the leaves extract of sida acuta burm. f against taenia saginata. The methanol, acetyl acetate and n-hexane extracts were subjected to preliminary Phytochemical screening for the identification of different Phytoconstituents and was found to have alkaloids, steriods, flavonoids, glycosides, cardiac glycosides, saponins, tannins and anthraquinones. The different concentrations of methanolic, acetyl acetate and n-hexane extracts were subjected to anthelminthic study and the results were compared with that of standard drug Albendazole. Different concentrations of leaf extracts were tested to evaluate Anthelmintic activity using Sida acuta. Both the extracts were found to possess vermicidal activity with the methanolic extract showing higher efficacy compared to ethyl acetate and n-hexane extracts and the results were compared with standard drug Albendazole.

Phyto-constituents profiling of Prosopis cineraria and in vitro assessment of antioxidant and anti-ulcerogenicity activities

BackgroundThe Fabaceae family's Prosopis cineraria L. Druce (PC) is a tiny to medium-sized, thorny and irregularly branching tree used in Indian traditional medicine. PurposeThe current study has been investigated of Prosopis cineraria bark for mycochemical screening and evaluating their pharmacological activities by using two antiulcer models. After that isolation of active constituent present in hydroalcoholic bark crude extract. Study designIn the present analysis, qualitative and quantitative studies were analyzed. On the basis of this assay we choose hydro-alcoholic bark extract (HABE) for pylorus ligation ulcer model and an ethanol-induced ulcer model on female albino wistar rats. The volume of gastric juice, pH, total and free acidity and ulcer index were all investigated. The hydroalcoholic extracts of bark were selected and further undergo the seclusion of bioactive compounds by using Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analyses and Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS) of the extracts. ResultsPhytochemical screening of the bark extract showed that phenol, terpenoids, flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, steroids, amino acids and proteins, reducing sugars and carbohydrates were present. However, a greater dose of the extract lowered gastric ulcer index and increased percent protection from pylorus ligation (75.05%) and ethanol (76.05%)-induced aberrations, as measured by altered biochemical markers such as a decrease in stomach volume, free, and total acidity. In contrast, GC–MS analyses of the hydroalcoholic bark extracts identified 42 compounds in which gallic acid is mainly present and in LC-MS analyses ferulic acid, chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid are found by use of the (NIST) library. ConclusionsBased on the present findings, it was revealed that the bark of Prosopis cineraria may be used as potent bio resource for natural antioxidants and antiulcerogenic drug. As a result, more research is needed on elucidation of individual phytochemicals, as well as their mechanism of action.

Network Pharmacology Prediction and Metabolomics Validation of the Mechanism of Fructus Phyllanthi against Hyperlipidemia

Hyperlipidemia has become a leading risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and liver injury worldwide. Fructus Phyllanthi (FP) is an effective drug against hyperlipidemia in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and Indian Medicine theories, however the potential mechanism requires further exploration. The present research aims to reveal the mechanism of FP against hyperlipidemia based on an integrated strategy combining network pharmacology prediction with metabolomics validation. A high-fat diet (HFD)-induced mice model was established by evaluating the plasma lipid levels, including total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Network pharmacology was applied to find out the active ingredients of FP and potential targets against hyperlipidemia. Metabolomics of plasma and liver were performed to identify differential metabolites and their corresponding pathways among the normal group, model group, and intervention group. The relationship between network pharmacology and metabolomics was further constructed to obtain a comprehensive view of the process of FP against hyperlipidemia. The obtained key target proteins were verified by molecular docking. These results reflected that FP improved the plasma lipid levels and liver injury of hyperlipidemia induced by a HFD. Gallic acid, quercetin, and beta-sitosterol in FP were demonstrated as the key active compounds. A total of 16 and six potential differential metabolites in plasma and liver, respectively, were found to be involved in the therapeutic effects of FP against hyperlipidemia by metabolomics. Further, integration analysis indicated that the intervention effects were associated with CYP1A1, AChE, and MGAM, as well as the adjustment of L-kynurenine, corticosterone, acetylcholine, and raffinose, mainly involving tryptophan metabolism pathway. Molecular docking ensured that the above ingredients acting on hyperlipidemia-related protein targets played a key role in lowering lipids. In summary, this research provided a new possibility for preventing and treating hyperlipidemia.