Traditional System Of Medicine Research Articles

Ethnobotanical study of traditional medicinal plants used to treat human ailments in West Shewa community, Oromia, Ethiopia.

Introduction: Plants have formed the basis of traditional medicine (TM) systems, which have been used for thousands of years. According to reports, one-quarter of the commonly used medicines contain compounds isolated from plants. This study aims to identify and document the plants for ethno-pharmacological use by the indigenous communities of West Shoa Zone, Oromia region, Ethiopia. Methods: The cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2020 to November 2021 in West Shewa Zone, Oromia Region, Ethiopia. The ethnobotanical data was collected from Ejere District, Ada Berga District, Dandi District, Ambo District, Ambo Town, Toke Kutaye District, and Bako Tibe District. A descriptive statistical method (percentage and/or frequency) was employed to summarize ethnobotanical data. Moreover, the informant consensus factor was computed. Microsoft Excel spreadsheet software (Microsoft Corporation, 2016) and SPSS (version 25) were used to organize and analyze the data. Result: In the study area, a total of 51 families of medicinal plants with 108 Species were identified. Fabaceae 8 species, Asteraceae, Solanaceae and Lamiaceae each with 6 species and Cucurubitacieae 5 species were the frequently reported medicinal plants. The leaf (57.2%) was the most widely used medicinal plant parts, and oral administration (56.5%) was the most cited route of administration. In the present study, most of the medicinal plants were used fresh, which was (75%) and the most common disease the healers treated was gastrointestinal disease, followed by skin disease and febrile illness. The major threat to medicinal plants in the study area was agricultural expansion, which was reported by 30.6% of the respondents. The study area was rich in medicinal plants, Fabaceae which commonly used family. Conclusion: Most of the medication prepared by the traditional healers was taken orally and derived from the leaf part of the medicinal plant. Since this research is a preliminary study which will be used as a base for further study. The efficacy and safety of the medicinal plant claim should be studied in the future.

Application of network pharmacology and dock of molecules on the exploration of the mechanism of frankincense-myrrh for lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration: A review.

To investigate the efficacy of Frankincense-Myrrh in lumbar Intervertebral degenerative diseases (LIDD). The active components of frankincense-myrrh was retrieved with a unique system pharmacology platform for Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology (TCMSP). The LIDD-related target genes were screened with DisGeNET and Genecards databases. Then, STRING & Cytoscape were used for analyzing the Protein-Protein Interaction network. DAVID was used for analyzing Gene Ontology (GO) & Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment. Finally, molecules of AutoDockVina and Pymol were used for docking the molecules for verifying active ingredients and key targets' binding force. The 105 LIDD-related targets identified in Ruxiang (RX)-Moyao (MY) involve 53 active ingredients. In addition, topological analysis was conducted for identifying the 12 key targets. According to the analysis results of GO & KEGG, RX-MY is significant for treating LIDD through participating in many pathways and biological processes, such as signaling pathways of inflammatory response reactive process, MAP kinase activity, TNF, and MAPK, etc. According to the dock results, the active components oxo-tirucalic, acid, isofouquierone, (7S, 8R, 9S, 10R, 13S, 14S,17Z)-17-ethylidene-7-hydroxy-10,13-dimethyl-1,2,6,7,8,9,11,12,14,15-decahydrocyclopenta [a] phenanthrene-3,16-dion in RX-MY binds actively. The basic pharmacological action and RX-MY-related mechanism in the treatment of LIDD was revealed in this study for the first time. It is predicted that the results may provide a treatment plan for RX-MY with replacement of NSAIDs and warrant investigation of new therapeutic alternatives for LIDD. However, these predictions should be validated by relevant pharmacological trials.

PTGS2 as target of compound Huangbai liquid in the nursing of pressure ulcer.

Pressure ulcer refers to ulceration and necrosis caused by local skin and cell tissues being compressed for a long time, continuous ischemia, hypoxia, and malnutrition. However, role of prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2) in the management of pressure ulcers in with compound Huangbai liquid is still unclear. Traditional Chinese medicine components and related targets of compound Huangbai liquid were collected through traditional Chinese medicine systems pharmacology (TCMSP) and Batman-traditional Chinese medicine database. Disease-related targets were obtained using the Gene Cards database. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed using the Search tool for retrieval of interacting genes (STRING) and analyzed by Cytoscape to obtain the core components. To evaluate the clinical efficacy of the compound Huangbai liquid in the treatment of pressure ulcers, 40 patients with pressure ulcers were selected and divided into an observation group and a control group, with 20 individuals in each group. The observation group received treatment with compound Huangbai liquid. Sixty-five components and 480 targets of compound Huangbai liquid were obtained from TCMSP and Batman - traditional Chinese medicine databases. Two hundred seventy-three pressure ulcer-related targets were obtained. Seventy-two potential targets of compound Huangbai pigment in treatment of pressure ulcer were obtained, and 2 unrelated targets were deleted. There were 70 nodes and 1167 edges in PPI network. Gene ontology (GO) function is involved in biological processes such as reactive oxygen species metabolism and cellular response to chemical stress. Cellular components such as platelet α granules lumen and membrane rafts were involved. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment results showed that compound Huangbai liquid in treatment of pressure ulcer. The clinical results indicate that the compound Huangbai liquid has a good therapeutic effect on pressure ulcers. PTGS2 may be a target for treatment of pressure ulcers with compound Huangbai liquid, providing a new direction for its treatment.

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF MARMA AND ACUPRESSURE POINTS

Marma holds a significant position within Ayurveda, as documented in the Susruta Samhita, which identifies 107 Marma points in the human body1. These points are located at junctures where muscles, veins, ligaments, bones, and joints converge and are considered vital centres of life energy. In comparison, acupoints in Tradition-al Chinese Medicine (TCM) share a similar positional concept with Marma points and serve to regulate vital energy. Acupuncture techniques often involve stimulating relevant acupoints to alleviate pain and address ail-ments. Given their shared location and energy regulation characteristics, this study systematically compares their origins, general attributes, and clinical applications, drawing upon Ayurvedic and TCM literature. The findings reveal a primary distinction in their origins, with Marma originating from the battlefield culture of ancient India, while acupoints stem from the medical experiences of ancient China. In terms of general attrib-utes, they exhibit diverse characteristics rooted in their respective medical theories, employing distinct classifica-tion methods. Regarding clinical applications, acupoints have long been integrated into the broader scope of medical science, whereas Marma points gradually gained recognition for their therapeutic functions. Collective-ly, these body points emerge independently, reflecting varying perspectives on the human body cultivated by two distinct civilisations. Through cross-regional comparison, this research enriches understanding of each traditional medicinal system and the cultural contexts that underpin them. Such insights facilitate collaboration and innovation within conven-tional medicine, fostering mutual exchange and appreciation of diverse cultural heritages.

Invitro antioxidant and antidiabetic assay of Methanol stem extract and synthesized Silver nanoparticles of CissusquadrangularisL.stem

Cissus quadrangularis is a succulent plant belonging to the family Vitaceae and is native to tropical regions like Asia, Africa, and the Arabian Peninsula. It has been in use in almost all the traditional systems of medicine, especially in Ayurveda. The Cissusquadrangularis stem-mediated silver nanoparticles are also being studied for their potential pharmaceutical benefits. The secondary metabolites in both the methanol stem extract and synthesized silver nanoparticles contribute to the antioxidant and antidiabetic properties of the plant. The present study provided a comparative quantitative analysis of alkaloid, tannin, and phenolic content of the methanol stem extract and synthesized silver nanoparticles. Furthermore, the free-radical scavenging and blood sugar-lowering effects were evaluated employing standard protocols. The results revealed the total alkaloid and phenolic content was higher in the synthesized AgNPs and tannin content was higher in the methanolic stem extract. The glucose utilization was found to be more efficient in the Cissusquadrangularis stem-mediated AgNPs, whereas the methanol extract was shown to have more antiradical properties.

Analyzing the molecular mechanism of Scutellaria Radix in the treatment of sepsis using RNA sequencing

BackgroundSepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction, which seriously threatens human health. The clinical and experimental results have confirmed that Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), such as Scutellariae Radix, has anti-inflammatory effects. This provides a new idea for the treatment of sepsis. This study systematically analyzed the mechanism of Scutellariae Radix treatment in sepsis based on network pharmacology, RNA sequencing and molecular docking.MethodsGene expression analysis was performed using Bulk RNA sequencing on sepsis patients and healthy volunteers. After quality control of the results, the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were analyzed. The active ingredients and targets of Scutellariae Radix were identified using The Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform (TCMSP). Gene Ontology (GO) and Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI) analysis were performed for disease-drug intersection targets. With the help of GEO database, Survival analysis and Meta-analysis was performed on the cross-targets to evaluate the prognostic value and screen the core targets. Subsequently, single-cell RNA sequencing was used to determine where the core targets are located within the cell. Finally, in this study, molecular docking experiments were performed to further clarify the interrelationship between the active components of Scutellariae Radix and the corresponding targets.ResultsThere were 72 active ingredients of Scutellariae Radix, and 50 common targets of drug and disease. GO and PPI analysis showed that the intersection targets were mainly involved in response to chemical stress, response to oxygen levels, response to drug, regulation of immune system process. Survival analysis showed that PRKCD, EGLN1 and CFLAR were positively correlated with sepsis prognosis. Meta-analysis found that the three genes were highly expressed in sepsis survivor, while lowly in non-survivor. PRKCD was mostly found in Macrophages, while EGLN1 and CFLAR were widely expressed in immune cells. The active ingredient Apigenin regulates CFLAR expression, Baicalein regulates EGLN1 expression, and Wogonin regulates PRKCD expression. Molecular docking studies confrmed that the three active components of astragalus have good binding activities with their corresponding targets.ConclusionsApigenin, Baicalein and Wogonin, important active components of Scutellaria Radix, produce anti-sepsis effects by regulating the expression of their targets CFLAR, EGLN1 and PRKCD.

Role of Shwasakuthar Rasa and Other Herbomineral Formulations with Yoga in Migraine

Ayurveda is an ancient traditional system of medicine to treat illness and encourage well being by using natural whole body healing techniques. Migraine is a primary headache disorder which is characterized by episodic recurrent attacks. As it affects one billion individuals each year across the worldwide has proven to one of the most common neurological disorders with high prevalence and morbidity among the younger age groups. Migraine can be classified on the basis of presence of Aura which shows prodromal symptoms like irritability, behavioural changes, etc and associated symptoms of photophobia, phonophobia and vomiting that usually lasts for 4 to 72 hours. In Ayurveda, migraine is clinically correlated with Ardhavabhedaka which is described as Tridoshapradhana by Sushruta and Vatakaphapradhana by Vagabhata. The management of migraine is done routinely by reducing the symptoms and the episodic recurrent attacks with Ayurvedic approach as modern medicine cause gastric irritation and drug dependency which further triggers the attack. The present case of 35 years old female diagnosed with migraine has shown symptoms of headache involving left side of head associated with nausea, vomiting and sensitivity to light and sound. The patient was treated with Nasya Karma which act as a gateway to head as said by Acharya Charaka and with oral Ayurvedic herbomineral formulation Shamana Chikitsa was done that alleviates the symptoms of Ardhavabhedaka. A significant relief from all symptoms was observed within a period of 15 days, demonstrating the Ayurveda as the best way to improve the overall well being of mind, body and spirit.

An Indian Herb : Emblica Officinalis and Its Therapeutic Significance

Medicinal plants are the best gift of nature which play an important role in the healthcare system of developing nations and a source of medicament to heal various ailments in the world. They play a vital role in securing our health. Herbal care or traditional systems of medicine have been used since ancient times; herbs have been the source of most of the drugs. Today approximately 70% of the world's population depends on medicinal herbs. Medicinal plants contain so many chemical compounds which are the major source of therapeutic agents to cure human diseases. Emblica Officinalis (Amla)/Indian Gooseberry has an important position in Ayurveda- an “Indian Indigenous system of medicine”. It is a deciduous tree and the Fruit of amla is widely used in the Indian system of medicine as a diuretic, laxative, liver tonic, refrigerant, hair tonic, ulcer preventive, stomachic, restorative, antipyretic and for the common cold, and fever. Nowadays the use of herbal products has become the chief option for people everywhere because of curing treatment without any side effects

Enhancing anticancer activity of Clerodendrum viscosum vent. extracts by solvent fractionation: An in vitro and in silico mechanistic study

Clerodendrum viscosum Vent. is a well-known plant in Indian and Chinese traditional medicine systems. While studies showed its crude leaf extract's cytotoxicity against HT-29 and HeLa cells, various non-bioactive compounds present in crude extracts may influence overall bioactivity. This study aimed to separate the most bioactive fractions from Clerodendrum viscosum’s crude extracts that exhibit anticancer potential against HepG2 cells. Crude extracts were fractionated using a solvent-polarity-based process and their anticancer activity was investigated through in vitro, in silico, and network pharmacology approaches. Nonpolar leaf (CVLH) and root (CVRH) fractions showed maximum cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells without affecting noncancer-origin WRL68 cells. Both extracts induced oxidative stress, DNA damage, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis in HepG2 cells, with CVRH exhibiting a superior effect. GC-MS analysis identified various anticancer phytochemicals differentially present in CVLH and CVRH. Network pharmacology with these phytochemicals predicted Bcl-2 as the primary target, while molecular docking confirmed lupeol, stigmasterol, alpha-amyrin, cycloartenol, and calysterol being the top five phytochemicals exhibiting strong binding against Bcl-2, androgen receptor (AR), and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Western blot confirmed an elevated Bax/Bcl-2 ratio in HepG2 cells by CVLH and CVRH. In summary, the nonpolar fractions of Clerodendrum viscosum leaf and root crude extracts showed enhanced anticancer activity, suggesting their potential pharmaceutical applications.

Cannabidiol Alleviates Oral Mucositis by Inhibiting PI3K/Akt/NF-κB-Mediated Pyroptosis.

Cannabidiol (CBD), extracted from Cannabis sativa, has anticancer, anti-inflammation, and analgesic effects. Nevertheless, its therapeutic effect and the mechanism by which it alleviates oral mucositis (OM) remain unclear. To explore the impact of CBD on OM in mice and on human oral keratinocyte (HOK) cells. Expiremental study. The Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform, GeneCard, DisGeNET, and Gene Expression Omnibus databases were used to conduct therapeutic target gene screening for drugs against OM. Cytoscape software was used to build networks linking components, targets, and diseases. The STRING database facilitated analysis of intertarget action relationships, and the target genes were analyzed for Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment. Occurrence of serum inflammation-related factors, hematoxylin and eosin staining, and immunohistochemistry were used to assess OM injury. Cell proliferation, migration, pyroptosis, and apoptosis of HOK cells under different treatments were assessed. Molecular mechanisms were elucidated through western blot and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analyses. A total of 49 overlapping genes were pinpointed as potential targets, with NF-κB1, PIK3R1, NF-κBIA, and AKT1 being recognized as hub genes among them. Additionally, the PI3K/Akt/NF-κB and interleukin-17 signaling pathways were identified as relevant. Our in vivo experiments showed that CBD significantly reduced the proportion of lesion area, mitigated oral mucosal tissue lesions, and downregulated the expression levels of genes and levels of proteins, including NLRP3, P65, AKT, and PI3K. In vitro experiments indicated that CBD enhanced HOK cell proliferation and migration and reduced apoptosis through inhibition of the PI3K/Akt/NF-κB signaling pathway and pyroptosis. Our findings suggest a novel mechanism for controlling OM, in which CBD suppresses the PI3K/Akt/NF-κB signaling pathway and pyroptosis, thereby mitigating OM symptoms.

Exploring the antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory potential of Lavandula officinalis essential oil: In vitro and in silico insights

Medicinal plants have been utilized for centuries in traditional medicine systems worldwide, providing a rich source of bioactive compounds with diverse biological activities. Lavandula officinalis, a member of the Lamiaceae family, has been recognized for its multifaceted pharmacological activities. In this current investigation, our primary objective was to scrutinize the in vitro inhibitory potential of L. officinalis essential oil (LOEO) against alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase, with the aim of understanding its antidiabetic effects. Additionally, the assay encompassed tyrosinase and lipoxygenase (LOX) to assess its anti-inflammatory attributes. Unraveling the underlying molecular mechanisms of these activities prompted an in-silico study. The purpose was to establish correlations between in-vitro observations and computational insights derived from molecular docking, which forecasts the interaction of LOEO molecules with their respective targets, alongside ADMET prediction. The Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis allow to identify eighteen compounds, with the dominance of L−camphor (43.12 %), 1,8−cineole (34.27 %) and borneol (8.60 %) in LOEO. The antidiabetic evaluation revealed that LOEO exhibited noteworthy inhibitory activity against both α-amylase and α-glucosidase, displaying IC50 values of 3.14 ± 0.05 mg/mL and 2.07 ± 0.03 mg/mL, respectively. The subsequent in-silico study highlighted the particularly strong binding affinity of (E)-Farnesene, with a binding score of −7.4 kcal/mol for alpha-glucosidase, while Germacrene D displayed the highest affinity among the ligands (−7.9 kcal/mol) for the alpha-amylase target. Furthermore, the investigation into in vitro anti-inflammatory activity unveiled LOEO efficacy against tyrosinase (IC50 = 42.74 μg/mL) and LOX (IC50 = 11.58 ± 0.07 μg/mL). The in-silico analysis echoed these findings, indicating α-Cadinene's notable binding affinity of 6 kcal/mol with tyrosinase and α-Cedrene's binding score of −6.5 kcal/mol for LOX. Impressively, for both COX-1 and COX-2, α-Cedrene exhibited significant binding affinities of −7.6 and −7.3 kcal/mol, respectively. The convergence between the in vitro and in silico outcomes underscores the potential of LOEO and its constituent compounds as potent inhibitors targeting both diabetes and the inflammatory processes.

An Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity of Common Zingiber officinale Cultivars Grown in Sri Lanka

Ginger (Zingiber officinale) has long been a therapeutic agent in traditional medicine systems worldwide and is a leading drug candidate in the pharmaceutical industry. In Sri Lanka, many forms of ginger are often used in the food industry, mainly as a spice; it also plays a vital role in the Ayurvedic medicine system. This study evaluated the antimicrobial activity of the two most cultivated cultivars of Zingiber officinale in Sri Lanka, the Sri Lankan (TG) and Chinese (CG) cultivars. Two types of extracts (ethanol and aqueous) were obtained from the rhizomes of each cultivar. The potential antimicrobial activity of the extracts was tested against three types of pathogenic test organisms, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Salmonella typhi DSM 17058, and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, using the agar well diffusion method along with positive control, chloramphenicol, and negative controls, 95% ethanol or distilled water. In conclusion, both Zingiber officinale cultivars exhibit varying antimicrobial potential, with ethanol extracts showing stronger activity than aqueous ones. None of the extracts was effective against Escherichia coli. The agar dilution method determined the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of each ginger extract. Among the extracts, ethanol extracts showed higher effectivity than aqueous extracts, where all test organisms showed inhibition at a concentration of 20 mg/mL. The antimicrobial activity of the Chinese cultivar outperforms the Sri Lankan cultivar against target organisms, Salmonella typhi, and Staphylococcus aureus.

Ashwagandha under fire: A critical scientific analysis of regulatory decisions

Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera [L.] Dunal) is one of the most renowned Ayurvedic medicinal plants, extensively used in traditional Indian medicine systems such as Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani, and Sowa Rigpa for millennia. Its medicinal uses of the root are documented in ancient texts such as the Charaka samhita, Sushruta samhita, and various Nighantus. Recognized globally, Ashwagandha is included in numerous pharmacopoeias, including the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API), British Pharmacopoeia, and United States Pharmacopoeia. Despite its extensive use and documented benefits, Ashwagandha faced scrutiny in Denmark. The Danish Veterinary and Food Administration banned Ashwagandha based on a 2020 report by the Technical University of Denmark (DTU). This report has been criticized for its technical, scientific, and ethical flaws, including reliance on unverified sources and omission of significant data from authoritative compendiums such as the API. Notably, the report’s references often included studies that did not adhere to established standards for Ashwagandha extracts. Furthermore, the alleged abortifacient properties cited in the Danish report are not supported by extensive reviews of traditional texts and modern scientific literature, which indicates the safety of Ashwagandha when used appropriately. This article aims to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the Danish report, emphasizing the necessity of adhering to rigorous scientific standards and accurately representing historical and contemporary data on Ashwagandha.

The mechanism of Taohong Siwu decoction in treating chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy: a network pharmacology and molecular docking study.

Taohong Siwu decoction (THSWD) is a classic traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formula known for its effects in promoting blood circulation, removing blood stasis, and rejuvenating energy. There have been clinical reports of THSWD treating chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) caused by paclitaxel. We conducted a network pharmacology and molecular docking analysis to further clarify the molecular mechanisms by which THSWD exerts its protective effects against CIPN. Chemical components of THSWD and their corresponding targets were obtained through the traditional Chinese medicine systems pharmacology database and analysis platform (TCMSP), and related targets of CIPN were searched in disease databases including Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM), Therapeutic Target Database (TTD), GeneCards, and DrugBank. Common targets between THSWD and CIPN were identified using Venn diagrams. A protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed using Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins (STRING), which was followed by Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis. AutoDock and PyMOL were used for the molecular docking validation of the key components of THSWD with core targets. At total of 69 chemical components of THSWD were identified, corresponding to 856 targets; 2,297 targets were associated with CIPN, with an intersection of 105 common targets. PPI analysis identified eight core targets: MYC, TNF, MAPK14, AKT1, ESR1, RELA, TP53, and HSP90AA1; KEGG enrichment analysis implicated signaling pathways such as PI3K-Akt, NF-κB, and HIF-1, etc. Molecular docking results indicated that the selected active components and their corresponding target proteins have good binding activity. Through network pharmacology, this study found that THSWD has significant advantages in treating CIPN. By analyzing potential core targets, biological functions, and involved signaling pathways, we clarified the potential molecular biological mechanisms involved in THSWD's treatment effect. This study provides a theoretical basis for the clinical application of THSWD in treating CIPN.

Integrating network pharmacology and computational biology to propose Yiqi Sanjie formula's mechanisms in treating NSCLC: molecular docking, ADMET, and molecular dynamics simulation.

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains a leading cause of cancer-related deaths globally. Current treatments often do not fully meet efficacy and quality of life expectations. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), particularly the Yiqi Sanjie formula, shows promise but lacks clear mechanistic understanding. This study addresses this gap by investigating the therapeutic effects and underlying mechanisms of Yiqi Sanjie formula in NSCLC. We utilized network pharmacology to identify potential NSCLC drug targets of the Yiqi Sanjie formula via the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology (TCMSP) database. Compounds with favorable oral bioavailability and drug-likeness scores were selected. Molecular docking was conducted using AutoDock Vina with structural data from the Protein Data Bank and PubChem. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed with Desmond Molecular Dynamics System, analyzing interactions up to 500 nanoseconds using the OPLS4 force field. ADMET predictions were executed using SwissADME and ADMETlab 2.0, assessing pharmacokinetic properties. Using network pharmacology tools, we performed Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interaction Genes/Proteins (STRING) analysis for protein-protein interaction, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) for pathway enrichment, and gene ontology (GO) for functional enrichment, identifying crucial signaling pathways and biological processes influenced by the hit compounds bifendate, xambioona, and hederagenin. STRING analysis indicated substantial connectivity among the targets, suggesting significant interactions within the cell cycle regulation and growth factor signaling pathways as outlined in our KEGG results. The GO analysis highlighted their involvement in critical biological processes such as cell cycle control, apoptosis, and drug response. Molecular docking simulations quantified the binding efficiencies of the identified compounds with their targets-CCND1, CDK4, and EGFR-selected based on high docking scores that suggest strong potential interactions crucial for NSCLC inhibition. Subsequent MD simulations validated the stability of these complexes, supporting their potential as therapeutic interventions. Additionally, the novel identification of ADH1B as a target underscores its prospective significance in NSCLC therapy, further expanded by our comprehensive bioinformatics approach. Our research demonstrates the potential of integrating network pharmacology and computational biology to elucidate the mechanisms of the Yiqi Sanjie formula in NSCLC treatment. The identified compounds could lead to novel targeted therapies, especially for patients with overexpressed targets. The discovery of ADH1B as a therapeutic target adds a new dimension to NSCLC treatment strategies. Further studies, both in vitro and in vivo, are needed to confirm these computational findings and advance these compounds towards clinical trials.

Mechanism of Yishen Chuchan decoction intervention of Parkinson's disease based on network pharmacology and experimental verification

The incidence of Parkinson's disease (PD) rises rapidly with the increase of age. With the advent of global aging, the number of patients with PD is rising along with the elderly population, especially in China. Previously, we found that Yishen chuchan decoction (YCD), prescribed based on clinical experience, has the potential of alleviating symptoms, delaying the progression, and controlling the development of PD. Nonetheless, the underlying mechanistic role is yet to be explored. AimThis research examined the possible therapeutic effects of YCD in alleviating PD via a systematic approach with network pharmacology and experimental validation, aiming at providing a new understanding of traditional Chinese medicine management regarding PD. MethodsThe chemical structure and properties of YCD were adopted from Traditional Chinese Medicine System Pharmacology Database (TCMSP), SwissADME, PubChem, and PubMed. The potential targets for YCD and PD were identified using Swiss Target Prediction, GeneCard, PubChem, and UniProt. The herbal-component-target network was created via the Cytoscape software. Moreover, by using the STRING database, the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was screened. Gene function GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses were performed via the Metascape database. YCD-medicated Rat Serum from Sprague-Dawley (SD) Rats was prepared, and SH-SY5Y cells were preconditioned with rotenone to develop the PD model. To examine the impact of YCD on these cells and explore the mechanistic role of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, the cells were pretreated with either serum or a p38 MAPK pathway inhibitor. This study employed the Cell Counting Kit (CCK)-8 assay and Hoechst 33,342 staining to evaluate the viability and morphological changes induced by the YCD-medicated rat serum on rotenone-treated SH-SY5Y cells. Apoptosis was assessed by Flow cytometry. Immunofluorescence staining assessed the microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) level. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was employed to quantify the concentrations of inflammatory mediators interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). Also, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels were determined. Western Blotting measured the expression of total and phospho-p38 MAPK (p-p38). ResultsThis study identified 65 active components in YCD, which were found to target 801 specific genes. By screening, 63 potential core targets were identified from a pool of 172 overlapping targets between PD and YCD. These targets were examined by GO and KEGG analyses revealing their substantial correlation to MAPK, PI3K-Akt signaling pathways, positively controlling protein phosphorylation, and pathways of neurodegenerative diseases. SH-SY5Y cells were treated with 2 μM rotenone for 48 h, which reduced cell viability to 50 %, and reduced MAP2 expression, increased the rate of apoptosis, oxidative stress, inflammation, and p-p38 expressions. YCD-medicated rat serum significantly improved the viability, reduced the apoptosis rate, and increased the MAP2 expression. YCD-medicated serum increased SOD, reduced ROS and suppressed IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α levels, thus inhibiting oxidative stress and inflammation in rotenone-treated SH-SY5Y cells. Moreover, YCD-medicated serum substantially lowered the p-p38 expression induced by rotenone. SB203580, a specific inhibitor of p38 MAPK, could also inhibit the p-p38 expression, apoptosis, and restore morphological damage of cells, also improve inflammation and oxidative stress. ConclusionYCD enhanced cell viability and reduced apoptosis rate, inflammation, and oxidative stress in vitro. These beneficial effects could potentially involve the suppression of p38 pathway and suppressed the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK.

Integrated approach of network pharmacology, molecular docking, and clinical observations in evaluating the efficacy and safety of Bufei Huoxue capsules for pulmonary hypertension associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a persistent and progressive disorder characterized by airway or alveolar abnormalities, commonly leading to pulmonary hypertension (PH). This clinical observational study investigates the therapeutic mechanisms of Bufei Huoxue capsules (BHC) in treating PH in patients with COPD-linked PH (COPD-PH) using network pharmacology and molecular docking methods, and assesses the therapeutic efficacy and safety of BHCs. The active compounds and their target proteins in BHCs were sourced from the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology database, with additional target proteins derived from the GeneCards and OMIM databases. An active network was constructed using Cytoscape 3.7.1, and interaction networks were established. Intersecting targets underwent Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis using the Metascape database. Network pharmacology and molecular docking studies demonstrated favorable binding affinities of BHC active ingredients, such as quercetin, bavachalcone, and isobavachin, for key targets including PTGS1, ESR1, and PTGS2. Gene Ontology enrichment analysis highlighted the involvement of these targets in processes such as the positive regulation of locomotion, the transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase signaling pathway, and peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation. KEGG pathway analysis indicated their roles in pathways related to cancer, AGE-RAGE signaling in diabetic complications, and prostate cancer. BHCs exhibit therapeutic effects on COPD-PH through multi-component, multi-target, and multi-pathway interactions. This clinical observational study confirms the efficacy and safety of BHCs in improving cardiac and pulmonary functions, enhancing exercise tolerance, and elevating the quality of life in patients with COPD-PH.

Pomegranate (punica granatum): a comprehensive review of its medicinal properties and traditional uses and prospect in wellness industry

Pomegranate (Punica granatum) is a fruit-bearing shrub with a rich history of traditional use in various medicinal systems. This review paper aims to provide an in-depth analysis of the botanical profile, medicinal properties, and applications of pomegranate. Additionally, it explores its significance in traditional medicine systems, including Ayurveda, Chinese medicine, American Indian medicine, and the Usadha Taru Premana palm manuscript—a revered Balinese medicinal palm manuscript, and The Holy Quran. The review highlights the active compounds, therapeutic potential, regional variations, cultivation, culinary uses, and its emerging role in the tourism and wellness industry.

Integrating Network Pharmacology to Explore the Pharmacology Mechanisms of Meliae Cortex Against Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Objective: Using network pharmacology to study the active ingredients and mechanism of action of Meliae Cortex in the treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma, providing theoretical basis for clinical application. Methods: Applying the Traditional Chinese Medicine System Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform (TCMSP) to obtain the active ingredients and targets of Meliae Cortex, Using Genecard (https://genecard, org/) database and Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) database (http://omim. org/), select " Hepatocellular Carcinoma " as the keyword to search for disease targets of Hepatocellular Carcinoma, After obtaining the intersection targets of Melia azedarach and Hepatocellular Carcinoma using Venny, a common target visualization network diagram was constructed using STRING database and Cytoscape. Realize gene (GO) enrichment analysis and (KEGG) enrichment analysis using the metascape database and microbiome platform. Results: Obtained 15 active ingredients from Meliae Cortex, 5024 Hepatocellular Carcinoma targets, and 32 common targets. GO analysis shows that biological processes mainly involve the regulation of responses to steroid hormones, estradiol, organic compounds, and various chemical and physical stimuli; KEGG enrichment shows that anti-cancer effects are mainly exerted through pathways such as AGE-RAGE and TNF. Conclusion: Using network pharmacology methods, it has been demonstrated that Meliae Cortex exerts therapeutic effects on Hepatocellular Carcinoma through multiple components, targets, and pathways, providing a theoretical basis for clinical application.

Exploring the immunomodulatory and antioxidant capacities of Berberis aristata in avian lymphocytes

India is one of the leading producers for eggs and broilers globally and thus has witnessed significant growth in the poultry sector. Different poultry stressors can negatively impact the growth, gut health, immune function and production reproductive performances of poultry. Antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) have been used in the poultry industry as they also combat stress in poultry along with growth promotion. But the use of antimicrobials as growth promoter raises the concern of antibiotic resistance and its potential hazardous effect on human health as well as the environment. Several other alternatives are available for AGPs such as acidifiers, probiotics, prebiotics, antibacterial peptides and phytobiotics. Phytobiotics are known to possess several benefits for poultry as well as livestock such as immunomodulation, anti-inflammatory effect, antioxidant effect, maintain intestinal health etc. One such important plant is Berberis aristata belonging to the family Berberidaceae which is used in traditional system of medicine for the management of various inflammatory disorders. In the present study aqueous root extract of Berberis aristata (BAE) was evaluated for its immunomodulatory and antioxidant activity. The extraction yield of the roots of Berberis aristata in water was about 9.78%. The BAE showed presence of phenolics, flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids and contained about 104.97 mg/gm of BAE and 83.14 mg/gm of BAE of phenolics and flavonoids, respectively. BAE showed significant antioxidant activity in DPPH free radical scavenging assay. Maximum non-cytotoxic dose (MNCD) of BAE for lymphocyte culture was determined to be 600 µg/ ml. Lymphocytes proliferation assay (LPA) showed that BAE enhanced lymphocyte proliferation of B-cells stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and T-cells stimulated by Concanavalin A and Phytohaemagglutinin M (PHA). Treatment with BAE significantly reduced lipid peroxidation (LPO) and increased the level of reduced glutathione, superoxide dismutase, and catalase in chicken lymphocytes, thus indicating antioxidant potential of BAE. The study reveals significant immunomodulatory and antioxidant properties of BAE, thus suggesting that it could be a potential alternative to AGPs in poultry production. But further in vivo studies are required to explore its efficacy and safety for its application in commercial poultry farming.