Indian Traditional Medicine Research Articles

Antiobesity Activity of Zingiber officinale

Obesity is a metabolic disorder that is linked to a wide spectrum of chronic diseases, increasing comorbidity and mortality significantly. The rhizome of Zingiber officinale Roscoe (Zingiberaceae) is widely used in Indian traditional medicine to cure a variety of ailments. The current study looked at the antiviral, radioprotective, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antioxidant properties of Z officinale, with an emphasis on Ayurvedic prescriptions. Metabolic syndromes (MetSs), which include diabetes, dyslipidemia, and cardiovascular disease, have emerged as a prevalent health concern in both industrialised and developing nations in recent years.

From kitchen to clinic: Pharmacotherapeutic potential of common spices in Indian cooking in age-related neurological disorders

Aging is described as an advanced time-related collection of changes that may negatively affect with the risk of several diseases or death. Aging is a main factor of several age-related neurological disorders, including neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and dementia), stroke, neuroinflammation, neurotoxicity, brain tumors, oxidative stress, and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Currently available medications for age-related neurological disorders may lead to several side effects, such as headache, diarrhea, nausea, gastrointestinal (GI) diseases, dyskinesia, and hallucinosis. These days, studies on plant efficacy in traditional medicine are being conducted because herbal medicine is affordable, safe, and culturally acceptable and easily accessible. The Indian traditional medicine system called Ayurveda uses several herbs and medicinal plants to treat various disorders including neurological disorders. This review aims to summarize the data on the neuroprotective potential of the following common Indian spices widely used in Ayurveda: cumin (Cuminum cyminum (L.), Apiaceae), black cumin (Nigella sativa (L.), Ranunculaceae), black pepper (Piper nigrum (L.), Piperaceae), curry leaf tree (Murraya koenigii (L.), Spreng Rutaceae), fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum (L.), Fabaceae), fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill, Apiaceae), cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton, Zingiberaceae), cloves (Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M.Perry, Myrtaceae), and coriander (Coriandrum sativum (L.), Apiaceae) in age-related neurological disorders.

Effect of Maillard reaction on the quality of clarified butter, ghee.

In Ayurveda, a traditional Indian medicine system, clarified butter is called ghee and is used for food and medicinal purposes. Since butter is subjected to heat to prepare ghee, the heating process affects the ghee quality, such as oxidation, flavor, nutritional value, and biological activity. Therefore, this study focused on the Maillard reaction progress and free-radical scavenging activity with temperature and time during ghee preparation. First, ghee was prepared at low to high temperatures, and its quality (milk fat content, retinol, α-tocopherol, peroxide value, Maillard reaction progress, and free radical scavenging activity) was evaluated. Maillard reaction progress was enhanced at medium and high temperatures (120-160℃), and the free radical-scavenging activity of ghee corresponded to the Maillard reaction progress. Since ghee is often reheated during use, we further evaluated the effect of the reheating process. The reheating process did not alter the Maillard reaction progress or the free radical scavenging activity. Our findings serve as good quality control measures for ghee preparation.

Standardization of callus induction in danthapala (Wrightia tinctoria R.Br.)

Wrightia tinctoria R.Br. (Family: Apocynaceae) commonly called “Indrajau” is distributed throughout the world and occurs abundantly in India. It is a deciduous tree with white fragrant flowers. The seeds and bark of this plant are used in Indian traditional medicine as anti-diarrheal, anti-dysenteric and also for the treatment of psoriasis. Callus induction is an important stage in micropropagation and was largely influenced by the medium, plant growth regulator, and explant.The present study was conducted at Onattukara Regional Agricultural Research Station, KAU, Kayamkulam to standardise the media for callus induction. The results revealed that callus induction from nodal segments started 20 days after inoculation and was high in MS medium containing BA 1 mg l-1 and 2,4-D 1.5 mg l-1. The callusing from the leaf started within 25 days after inoculation. It shows best in MS medium containing 1 mg l-1 NAA and 2 mg l-1 2,4-D.

Therapeutic potential of Pogostemon cablinherb: a comprehensive review.

Pogostemon cablin (Pogostemon patchouli or Patchouli) is known for its essential oil and is a popular medicinal herb in Indian Ayurveda and traditional Chinese medicine. This review covers patent articles on the P. cablin plant's therapeutic effects. The patent literature was collected using a thorough, comprehensive search on databases like Thomson Innovation, Espacenet, Patentscope, The Lens and Patent digital libraries of different Jurisdictions, including IPO, USPTO, CNIPA, inPASS, KIPO, JPO, etc. Despite the vast number of review articles on non-patent literature, none of the articles reviewed the patent literature. This current P. cablin literature analysis study will facilitate bridging the gap between further exploring the potential of this plant through novel investigations.

Evaluation of antidiabetic effect of Cissampelos pareira L. (Menispermaceae) root extract in streptozotocin-nicotinamide-induced diabetic rats via targeting SGLT2 inhibition

BackgroundCissampelos pareira L. (Menispermaceae) has been used in Indian traditional medicine for a variety of human ailments including diabetes mellitus. Although its anti-hyperglycemic activity has been validated by previous studies, a detailed mechanism of action and the responsible components are still unknown. PurposeThe present study aimed to evaluate the antidiabetic effect of aqueous-ethanolic extract of C. pareira roots in streptozotocin-nicotinamide (STZ-NAM)-induced diabetic rats via targeting SGLT2 inhibition. MethodsIn vitro α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory assays were conducted using Epoch Microplate Spectrophotometer. A-498 cells viability assay and SGLT2 protein expression study were conducted using MTT assay and western blot respectively. STZ-NAM-induced diabetic rats were used as a model to evaluate the antidiabetic effect of the extract. Selected bioactive compounds reported earlier from the plant were studied for their in silico SGLT2 inhibitory activity. ResultsThe extract showed α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory effects with IC50 values of 18.0 ± 1.01 and 4.87±0.54 mg/mL, respectively. A-498 cells viability assay showed its CC50 value of 0.8 mg/mL. The extract showed a notable effect on SGLT2 protein expression. The in vivo study revealed that the extract significantly (p<0.05) reduced the glucose levels in rats at the dose of 500 mg/kg, b.w. in a 28-days study. The molecular docking studies revealed insulanoline and warifteine as the most active compounds with docking scores of -10 and -9.9 kcal mol−1, respectively. ConclusionThe study showed that the extract has the potential to reduce STZ-induced elevated blood glucose without affecting liver and kidney functions.

Addressing Hegemony within the System of Medicine for an Inclusive and Sustainable Health System: The Case of Traditional Medicine in India

There is growing interest and belief in the effectiveness and efficacy of the traditional system of medicine and its sustainability within the health system. The domination and superiority of biomedicine over traditional medicine have been visible from postcolonial time to till date. At the same time, there is also an increased attempt to streamline and harmonize the diversity of the traditional system of medicine with the modern system of medicine. However, it has often resulted in detrimental outcomes for many traditional health practitioners, including the system of medicine they practice. The dominance and interplay of the power relationships and social structural inequalities are not discussed and deliberated extensively in the published literature as one of the crucial reasons for medical hegemony. Therefore, the essay’s objective is to address the hegemony in traditional medicine regulation, professionalization, commoditization and intellectual property rights. In doing so, an attempt has been made to argue for the traditional care providers such as bonesetters and Dais (Traditional Birth Attendants) whose services remain undermined due to their social identity, often overlooking the difficult conditions in which they provide care. This may give us a more inclusive and sustainable health system perspective. The traditional medicine system and the care providers, deserve the long denied respect from the medical care and health science community; and better recognition, preservation and protection of their skills.

Induction of apoptosis in lung carcinoma cells (A549) by hydromethanolic extract of Acorus calamus L

Acorus calamus L. of the Acoraceae family referred to as 'Sweet flag' is a well-known plant used to treat fever, epilepsy, liver, and renal problems in the traditional Indian and Chinese medicine systems. In the present study, we prepared the hydromethanolic extract by using the cold maceration method and performed its phytochemical screening. Extract of A. calamus L. showed the presence of many secondary metabolites including the phenolics [i.e., 275.51 ± 0.001 (mg/ml) Gallic acid equivalence] as well as showed good antioxidant activities reflected through DPPH and ABTS assay with IC50 16.32 ± 0.31 μg/ml, 27.62 ± 1.53 μg/ml respectively. It also possesses good total Nitric oxide, and Nitrite reducing activities. Furthermore, we have studied the cytotoxic behavior of AC hydromethanolic extract against human lung carcinoma cells (A549). It demonstrated potential cytotoxicity toward the lung carcinoma cell line (A549) with IC50 of 92.83 ± 1.98 μg/ml. Various staining techniques (DAPI, AO/EB, Giemsa) and RT-PCR techniques were used to identify the mechanism of cytotoxicity. We found that the A. calamus L. hydromethanolic extract caused characteristic apoptotic morphological changes, ROS generation, induction of apoptosis through activation of the TRAIL receptors, caspase 9 and 3 and the inhibition of colony formation in A549 cells.

Astounding Health Benefits of Jamun (Syzygium cumini) toward Metabolic Syndrome.

Syzygium cumini, also called Jamun, or black plum, is an excellent source of bioactive components such as flavonoids, polyphenols, antioxidants, iron, and vitamin C. The Jamun tree is a tropical evergreen blooming plant and is an important medicinal plant from the Myrtaceae family that has been used for a long time in Indian and other traditional medicines across the world. Jamun is mainly cultivated in Asian countries such as Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka, and Bangladesh. Since ancient medicine, it has been utilized to treat a variety of diseases and physiological conditions. Currently, it is mostly used as a medication to treat various metabolic issues, including diabetes, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, obesity, etc. Therefore, Jamun could serve a beneficial role against metabolic syndrome (MS). In this work, the latest available scientific literature on Jamun was collected and the clinical trials investigating its effect on diabetes, hypertension, obesity, and hyperlipidemia were analyzed to find out how Jamun could improve the symptoms and biomarkers of MS. Overall, the results of this study found a significant association of Jamun with the prevention and treatment of these biomarkers of MS. In many studies, Jamun showed pharmacological modifications not only in MS but in many other diseases as well. Currently, its utilization as a folk medicine for the treatment of patients with MS is widely acknowledged. Hence, the findings of a large number of clinical studies confirmed the ameliorating effects of Jamun against MS due to its antioxidation, antidiabetic, anti-inflammation anticarcinogenic, and hyperlipidemic effects. More research is still needed to determine and identify the Jamun compounds and to elucidate their mechanisms of action that are responsible for these astounding bioactive properties and health benefits.

Anti-diarrheal Activity of the Aqueous Extract of Stem Bark of Myrica nagi in Albino Rats

Background and objectivesMyrica nagi Thunb., belonging to the family Myricaceae, is used in Indian traditional medicine to treat diarrhea. This study aimed to assess the anti-diarrheal activity of the aqueous extract of stem bark of Myrica nagi (AEMN) using castor oil-induced diarrhea and charcoal meal tests in albino rats.

Mimusops elengi (Bakula) Gelatinolytic Protease and its Plasmin-like Action on the Blood Clot.

Mimusops elengi, popularly known as Bakula in Ayurvedic Medicine, is a member of the Sapotaceae family. Concerning the traditional and Ayurvedic medicinal use of Mimusops elengi leaves, especially in wound healing and oral care, the plausible presence of proteolytic activity in an aqueous Mimusops elengi leaf extract was investigated in our study. Mimusops elengi Gelatinolytic Protease was named after fractioning the extract. The Zymogram assay validated the gelatin specificity. The effect of MEGP on the wound healing process was investigated using a different assay. The presence of protease with gelatinolytic & caseinolytic activity at 62.53±1.43 U/h and 15.31±0.64 U/h, respectively. The aqueous enzyme fraction was named Mimusops elengi Gelatinolytic Protease (MEGP). The specificity of gelatin was confirmed by zymogram. Gelatinolytic activity of MEGP was also higher than that of trypsin at 27.96±0.38 U/h. MEGP was 49.14±1.61 % inhibited by PMSF, indicating the predominant presence of serine proteases. The optimal pH and temperature for MEGP were found to be 8 and 37°C, implying that it is an alkaline protease. MEGP dissolved the blood clot at a rate of 8.41±1.04 U/h, which is higher than the trypsin clot-dissolving rate of 1.027±0.04 U/h. The plasma clot hydrolytic capacity is confirmed when MEGP hydrolyzes alpha-polymer subunits in a dose-dependent manner. This investigation shows that MEGP has a plasmin-like activity that possesses a significant role in clot disintegration and other wound ailments, warranting its use in traditional Indian medicine.

Diuretic activity of whole plant extract of Leptadenia pyrotechnic

In the Indian traditional medicine, Leptadenia pyrotechnica (Apocynaceae) whole plant is claimed to possess powerful diuretic activity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diuretic potential of methanol extract of Leptadenia pyrotechnica (MELP) in male albino rats. Group I, Control (2% CMC saline solution, 10 ml/kg, b.w), Group II, serves as a standard drug furosemide (10 mg/kg b.w) and different concentrations of LP (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg b.w) were intraperitoneally administered (n = 3 per each treatment group) to hydrated rats and their urine output was monitored over a period of 5 h after drug administration. The diuretic responses with its electrolyte excretion potency of the extract were highly remarkable in comparison with control animals. The MELP at dose of 400 mg/kg shows a significant increase in volume of urine with increase in Na+ excretion accompanied by the excretion of K+ in dose dependent manner. This study suggests that the active component in L.P. had similar diuretic effect to that of furosemide. These results validate the traditional use of Leptadenia pyrotechnica as a diuretic agent.

Vathasura Kudineer, an Andrographis based polyherbal formulation exhibits immunomodulation and inhibits chikungunya virus (CHIKV) under invitro conditions

Ethnopharmacological relevanceChikungunya disease (CHIKD) is caused by the alphavirus, chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and is characterized by acute fever and joint inflammation; the inflammation continues even after clearance of the virus from the system, persisting for several months to years. Currently, there are no modern medicines/vaccines available for its treatment and use of over-the-counter anti-inflammatory generic medicines to relieve symptoms is generally practiced. In India, Indian traditional medicines hold a lot of promise to treat this infection and are routinely used during outbreaks. Aim of the studyIn the present study, we characterized the phytochemical and physicochemical properties of aqueous and ethanol extracts of the Vathasura Kudineer (VSK), a Andrographis based Siddha polyherbal formulation. Additionally, we evaluated its immunomodulatory and antiviral potential using an in vitro system. Materials and methodsAqueous and ethanolic extracts of VSK were prepared and their physico and phytochemical properties were obtained by biochemical and biophysical assays, HPTLC and FTIR. The aqueous extracts of VSK and several of its ingredients were evaluated for their cytotoxicity in Vero cells and using the maximum non-toxic concentration (MNTC), were processed further for evaluating their ability to inhibit CHIKV infection in Vero cells. We performed the co-treatment assay with ethanol extract of VSK and several of its ingredients to assess the antiviral activity against chikungunya virus on Vero cells and through pre-treatment assay (anti-adhesive effect), co-incubation assay (virucidal effect) and post-treatment assay (post-entry effect) were evaluated. Further, we tested the aqueous extract of VSK along with some of its ingredients for their immunomodulatory properties. We performed antioxidant and anti-inflammatory assays using LPS-simulated RAW 264.7 cells. For antioxidant capacity of extracts, we performed extra-cellular ABTS radical scavenging activity and intra-cellular effects on ROS generation and SOD activity. We assessed the effect on most important inflammatory mediators like Nitric oxide (NO) and Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and pro-inflammatory cytokines like interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα). ResultsWe provided the fingerprint of the phytochemicals of both ethanol and aqueous extracts of VSK that can be used for identification. We observed that ethanol extract was able to inhibit CHIKV infection at MNTC with 48 h of treatment on Vero cells. Its ingredient VSKI-As (Anethum sowa) found to be most effective to show virucidal effect while VSKI-Cs (Clerodendrum serratum) and VSKI-Pn (Pipper nigrum) found to be effective in post-entry effect. VSK was able to show ABTS radical scavenging activity, reduce ROS generation, inhibit the inflammatory mediators (NO and PGE2) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and TNFα) production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. ConclusionsWe provided the evidence that VSK has both immunomodulatory as well as antiviral potential. It shows virucidal as well as post-entry effects on chikungunya virus. VSK can inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-1β and TNFα production by suppressing the inflammatory mediators, NO and PGE2.

Bioactive Potential of Aqueous Extract of Calotropis gigantea against Echis carinatus Venom

Background: Many plants are used to cure snakebites in Indian traditional medicine and some of them have been examined for their ability to neutralize snake venom. The main aim of the present study is the screening of phytochemicals, in vitro assessment of venom toxicity and neutralization assays and its antimicrobial assay. Methods: The phytochemical screening and thin-layer chromatography was used to determine and separate the chemical constituents present in the Calotropis gigantea. The direct hemolysis using sheep RBCs was studied for Echis carinatus venoms. The proteolytic, neutralizing and antimicrobial activity of the extract was also studied. Result: The phytochemical investigation of root extract of Calotropis gigantean and the TLC was performed. The Protein concentration of the lyophilized snake venoms was found to be 0.692 mg/ml. Echis carinatus venoms showed 89% hemolysis. Echis carinatus venom produced a reduced zone of hydrolysis with the extract. The absence of clot formation showed the neutralizing ability of plant extracts in gelatin liquefaction assay. Thus the scientific confirmation of neutralization potential of Calotropis gigantea plant extract against Saw scaled viper (Echis carinatus) venom was performed.

Isolation and structure elucidation of novel compounds from stem of Dendrophthoe falcata

Dendrophthoe falcata (syn. with Loranthus falcatus ) has been widely used in Indian and other traditional medicine systems as a therapeutic herb. Extensive pharmacological studies of leaf and stem extracts of D. falcata have shown significant biological activities. In the present study, an attempt has been made to carry out the phytochemical investigation of the petroleum ether and dichloromethane extract of the stem part of D. falcata , collected from Assam, situated in the eastern part of India, with the purpose of isolating and identifying the possible bioactive phytochemicals of this plant towards the development of new pharmaceutical products. Using repeated coloumn chromatography, preparative TLC and crystallization techniques, ten compounds were isolated in pure form. On the basis of detailed spectral studies they were identified as di- iso -octylphthalate 1 , nonadecan-1-ol 2 , stigmast-4-en-3-one 3 , stigmast-5-en-3β-ol 4 , stigmast-5,22-E-dien-3β-ol 5 , 3β-hydroxylup-20(29)-en-28-oic acid 6 , 3β-hydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid 7 , 7-hydroxy-4',5,6-trimethoxyflavone 8 , 2,3-dihydro-4-hydroxy-3,6,9-trimethylnaphtho[1,8-bc]pyran-7,8-dione 9 and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid 10 . Compounds 1 , 4 , 5 , 7 and 10 have previously been reported from Dendrophthoe species . This is the first report of compounds 2 , 3 , 6 , 8 and 9 from Dendrophthoe species and the first report of 8 from natural source. Further research work is needed on these identified compounds to explore their usefulness in phytopharmaceutical products.

Piper Betel Leaf Phytochemical Study and Antimicrobial Effect against Clinical Bacterial Isolates

Herbal resources are useful for traditional medicine, folk medicine, modern medicine, nutraceuticals, dietary supplements, pharmaceutical intermediates, and chemical precursors for synthetic drugs. The antibacterial qualities of the leaves of piper betel, also known as paan, have long been employed in Indian traditional medicine. A methanol extract of Piper betel leaves was examined for its ability to inhibit the growth of Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus frimicutes, Escherichia coli, Entrobacter, Klebsiella, and other bacteria (both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria).The extract of Piper betel leaves also contained proteins, glycosides, alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins, fixed oil, and lipids. The antibacterial activity was evaluated using the agar disc diffusion method. The outcomes shown that the antibacterial properties of Piper betel Linn's limit the growth of microorganisms in a dose-dependent manner. The outcomes demonstrate that the extract from Piper betel possesses antibacterial activity in the tested system. Secondary metabolites are thought to be produced by this plant. The results also imply that favorable results can emerge from habitually using herbs with historical efficacy claims in scientific study.

Formulation development of curcumin-piperine solid dispersion via hot-melt extrusion

Curcumin is one of the major ingredients derived from turmeric (Curcuma Longa Linn). For many years, curcumin was used in Indian traditional medicine to treat several diseases. It has anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and anti-diabetic activities. In addition, curcumin has a low aqueous solubility of 0.00575 mg/mL, which has been associated with its poor release profile. The aim of this study is to improve the release profile of curcumin utilizing the hot-melt extrusion technique (HME) to prepare curcumin-piperine solid dispersion (SD). Three physical mixtures of curcumin, piperine, and Soluplus® were prepared with different ratios between the compositions. Two different extrusion temperatures (130 °C and 140 °C) were applied during the extrusion step. Drug release studies for the pure compounds and the extrudates were performed using the USP apparatus II, and the samples were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Curcumin-piperine solid dispersion was successfully prepared by hot-melt extrusion technology. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results showed the presence of endothermic peaks, one for curcumin at 179 °C, and another for piperine at 132 °C. However, these peaks were not observed in the extrudates thermograms, indicating the solubilization of curcumin and piperine within the polymeric carrier at an amorphous state. The release studies revealed significant improvement in curcumin release profiles for up to 9-folds in the formulations, compared to pure curcumin.

『짜라까상히타(Caraka-Saṃhitā)』에서 마음에 대한 고찰

The purpose of this paper is to examine the meaning of the mind through analysis of the attributes and actions of the mind shown in the 『Caraka-Saṃhitā』. Āyurveda, a traditional Indian medicine, sees the mind and body as the basis of happiness and disease. This is a reminder of the importance of the mind that has been neglected for a long time in modern Western medicine. One of Āyurveda's three major medical books, 『Caraka-Saṃhitā』is a medical text mainly dealing with internal medicine, and deals with many philosophical ideas such as Āyurveda's cosmology and outlook on life, especially the mind. In 『Caraka-Saṃhitā』, human life is defined as a combination of mind, body, sensory function, and soul, and it is considered that the combination of mind, soul, and body constitute the substratum for everything. Depending on the degree of dominance of the three attributes that psychologically form an individual's temperament, the mental type is analyzed in detail into 16 types, and psychotherapy to deal with mental disorders is also presented. It emphasizes that unhappiness with the body and mind is entirely due to ignorance, and that overall happiness relies on correct knowledge.

Evaluation of analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic activities of Ziziphus mauritania Lam leaves in animal models

Ziziphus mauritiana (Rhamnaceae), commonly known as Ziziphus jujuba Mill, is in traditional Chinese medicine enriched with high medicinal values. In Indian and Chinese traditional medicine, a decoction of Ziziphus mauritiana leaves was used to cure insomnia, amnesia, pain, and vertigo. The study aims to determine the analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic activities of Ziziphus mauritiana Lam leaves to establish a rationale for their use. We studied analgesic activity by writhing and the hot plate methods in mice, whereas mechanical allodynia in rats. Also, rats were used in carrageenan anti-inflammatory and brewer's yeast-caused pyrexia. MEZ were tested at 250 and 500 mg/kg orally. Molecular docking studies between 3 inflammatory pathway proteins and natural molecules are planned and carried out. CHARMm was used for docking, and the smart minimizer algorithm was used to reduce energy. Acute toxicity testing up to 5000 mg/kg showed no deaths. Both UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS analysis and phytochemical analysis supported the presence of flavonoids, terpenoids and saponins. At a dose of 500 mg/kg, MEZ significantly (p<0.001) reduces the perception of pain brought on by thermal, mechanical, and chemical pain models. Paw edema is dramatically reduced at 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 h after carrageenan injection by MEZ at 500 mg/kg.Similarly, MEZ at 500 mg/kg showed a gradual drop in rectal temperatures from 3 to 9 h. The docking result illustrated that the quercetin and rutin exposed a better binding with inflammatory protein through multiple hydrogen bonds and π interactions. The findings showed that the MEZ has potential analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties at the levels studied, supporting the traditional use claim.

Bioactive Herbal Medicine Use for Eye Sight: A Meta Analysis

The use of chemical medications to treat eye conditions in a way that avoids causing harm is still a work in progress for modern medicine. Herbal remedies, however, may be able to solve the problems that conventional pharmaceuticals have. Given their efficacy, lack of adverse effects, and inexpensive cost, there have been extensive efforts to discover novel medicinal plants from various locations. Several plant species have been promoted in Traditional Indian Medicine for their ophthalmic effects, and it is estimated that around 200 plants worldwide have been documented to support therapy of eye problems. This review seeks to shed light on the history of using various plants to treat eye illnesses, the advantages and disadvantages of those approaches, and the advantages of modern medicine over those of the plants themselves. Based on the findings of this review, the most effective Ayurvedic preparations may be created by combining traditional knowledge with modern techniques and polymers.