Traditional Income Research Articles

Inclusive and supportive aging: mental health and social care strategies for India’s elderly

Purpose As population aging accelerates globally, understanding the multifaceted needs of elderly individuals has become increasingly crucial. This paper aims to bridge significant research gaps in elderly well-being, particularly in the Indian context, by conducting a comprehensive bibliometric analysis and systematic literature review. While existing studies on aging primarily emphasize financial aspects like pensions and health insurance, this review identifies other essential yet underexplored dimensions impacting elderly well-being, such as emotional support, social connections, financial security beyond traditional income sources and spiritual well-being. Design/methodology/approach The data methodology for this paper involves a comprehensive bibliometric analysis and systematic literature review conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. The authors identified recurring themes, research gaps and emerging areas within the literature through thematic analysis. The combined insights from the bibliometric analysis and systematic literature review inform the development of a research agenda. Findings The findings of this study suggest that family and social support play an integral role in reducing loneliness, anxiety and depression among the elderly. However, urbanization and migration trends are diminishing traditional support structures. Financial security remains a concern, as many elderly individuals lack access to financial literacy resources and emergency funds, impacting their confidence and autonomy. Additionally, spiritual practices, which have shown positive correlations with mental health and cognitive function, are rarely incorporated into existing health-care programs for the elderly. Originality/value This paper provides several policy recommendations, advocating for integrating community-based social programs, financial literacy initiatives and culturally sensitive spiritual support in elderly care frameworks. These measures foster the aging population’s emotional resilience, financial independence and holistic health. Moreover, this study highlights the importance of future research focusing on specific subgroups within the elderly population, including differences by geographic location, educational background and socio-economic status. Ultimately, this research supports the development of inclusive and sustainable policies that promote health, independence and quality of life for the aging population.

Innovation in Local Digital Media: The Case of Sevilla Directo

The journalistic industry is undergoing a process of continuous transformation in response to an ongoing crisis. In this scenario, marked by disruptive technological changes and shifts in audience and advertiser behaviour, a new communication ecosystem is emerging that facilitates the rise of novel media outlets. Community social media, data journalism, and specialisation are some of the key features present in these emerging business models. This research aims to identify and understand the role of innovation in media adaptation to the current communication paradigm. Methodology: We employ a case study approach, analysing Sevilla Directo, a native digital medium in a city of approximately 700,000 inhabitants. Data collection techniques include observation, website analysis, in-depth interviews, focus groups with journalists, and analysis of sector reports and databases. Results and Discussion: Our findings indicate that technological advancements and the reach of social networks are fundamental to the growth of local media. However, we observe that adaptive changes predominate with little disruption and minimal focus on R&D&I. The organisation under study lacks a business model that guarantees its long-term sustainability and relies primarily on traditional income streams. Concurrently, social capital emerges as a key element in financing.

Inability to face unexpected expenses and monetary poverty in Poland: Are these two faces on the same coin?

Research background: The economic literature often states that monetary poverty does not coincide with other types of poverty. The paper examines monetary poverty and financial distress, which refer to distinct aspects of poverty. It addresses the issue by explaining how the same household characteristics affect these different types of poverty. Purpose of the article: The paper aims to identify socioeconomic variables influencing financial distress and monetary poverty in Poland. In addition, the relative contribution of household-level variables in explaining McFadden’s R2 for the financial dimensions under consideration is assessed. Methods: The study relies on data from the EU Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) survey in 2022. Logistic regression analysis empirically tests the impact of socioeconomic variables on financial distress and income poverty. Moreover, the relative importance of regressors is determined using the Shapley-Owen decomposition analysis. Findings & value added: The results have revealed that the smallest group consisted of only monetary poor households, followed by both monetary poor and financially distressed. The largest group was made up of households that experienced only financial distress. Such an incomplete overlap in experiencing the examined types of poverty implies the importance of studying financial distress alongside traditional income indicator. The study indicated a statistically significant role for characteristics such as disability, unemployment, education, the burden of the repayment of debts, household type, and tenure status in experiencing all the types of poverty considered. Furthermore, it was observed that the explanatory power of the models varied depending on the types of poverty under consideration. The results also revealed a substantial relative contribution of education to McFadden’s R2 in all models, indicating that education level substantially explains vulnerability to financial fragility. The contribution of other regressors varied among the models describing the types of poverty analyzed. These findings should stimulate policymakers, as effective policies are needed to alleviate different types of poverty.

Innovation in Local Digital Media: The Case of Sevilla Directo

Introduction: The journalistic company is immersed in a process of permanent transformation to overcome a crisis context. In this scenario, marked by disruptive changes in technology and in the behaviour of audiences and advertisers, a communication ecosystem emerges that facilitates the emergence of new media. Community social media, data journalism, and specialisation are some of the characteristics present in these business models. The objective of this research is to identify and understand the role of innovation in media adaptation to the current communication paradigm. Methodology: The case study will be used. For this, we will analyse a digital native medium in a city of approximately 700,000 inhabitants, Sevilla Directo. The techniques of information collection have been observation, analysis of websites, in-depth interviews, a discussion group between journalists, and reports and databases of the sector. Results and discussion: The results show that technological advances and the reach of social networks are fundamental for the growth of local media. However, it is observed that adaptive changes predominate with little disruption and little concern for R&D&I. The organisation under study lacks a business model that guarantees its long-term sustainability and bases its subsistence on traditional income routes. At the same time, social capital stands as a key element in financing.

Globalization and taxation: Implications on national tax policies and international tax competition

This review examines the profound impact of globalization on national tax policies and the ensuing tax competition among countries. Globalization, characterized by increased economic integration and cross-border capital and labor mobility, has significantly influenced national tax structures and policies. Countries are compelled to adapt their tax systems to remain competitive in attracting and retaining investments, leading to a shift from traditional income taxes to consumption-based taxes and adjustments in corporate tax rates. This competition often results in a "race to the bottom," where countries continuously lower tax rates to outbid each other, thereby affecting government revenues and public service funding. The review explores how globalization erodes traditional tax bases, creating challenges for national policymakers who must balance the need for competitiveness with revenue requirements and equity considerations. Through case studies, the effects of tax competition are analyzed, highlighting the outcomes of various national strategies in attracting global capital. Additionally, the role of international tax treaties and agreements in shaping global taxation dynamics is scrutinized. Treaties aimed at avoiding double taxation and preventing tax evasion, such as those orchestrated by the OECD’s Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) initiative, and EU tax policies, are pivotal in harmonizing tax rules and reducing tax arbitrage opportunities. These agreements foster international cooperation, attempting to create a more stable and fair global tax environment. The interaction between national tax policies and global agreements is complex, involving coordination and occasional conflict. The effectiveness of these international efforts in addressing the challenges posed by globalization is assessed, considering both successes and limitations. Emerging trends, such as the taxation of the digital economy and the increasing involvement of developing countries in global tax discussions, are also explored. The review provides insights into the dynamic interplay between globalization and taxation, offering recommendations for policymakers to navigate the intricate global tax landscape. Future challenges and opportunities are discussed, emphasizing the need for continued international cooperation and adaptive national policies. Keywords: Globalization, National Tax Policies, Tax Competition.

Monitoring Poverty in a Data‐Deprived Environment: The Case of Lebanon

AbstractThis paper addresses the lack of data and limited statistical capacity in the Middle East and North Africa, particularly amid Lebanon's economic collapse. We apply a novel data augmentation technique to analyze poverty when traditional income data are limited or unavailable. By adapting existing methods, we recover continuous income distributions from interval data and derive dominance conditions for such data, accounting for non‐response. The proposed approach enables robustness checks by estimating the bounds of admissible cumulative distribution functions. Our empirical analysis uses Lebanese data to perform first‐order dominance tests on these bounds, highlighting the importance of the approach. We demonstrate how alternative data sources can be leveraged for essential poverty analysis.

Moderating Effect of Entrepreneurship Determinants on the Relationship between Economic Diversification and Sustainable Livelihoods among Fish Farmers in Kakamega County

This study investigates the effect of entrepreneurship determinants on economic diversification and sustainable livelihoods among fish farmers in Kakamega County, Kenya. Entrepreneurship determinants encompass a range of factors including access to finance, training, market information, infrastructure, and supportive institutional frameworks. Economic diversification is vital for reducing reliance on traditional income sources and enhancing resilience to economic shocks, while sustainable livelihoods ensure long-term prosperity while preserving natural resources. The specific objective was to examine the moderating effect of entrepreneurship determinants on the relationship between economic diversification and sustainable livelihoods among fish farmers in Kakamega County. The study was guided by Sustainable Livelihoods Theory. The target population was 4500 fish farmers in Kakamega County from which a sample of 354 fish farmers was selected for the study using the Krejcie and Morgan Table 1970. Data was collected using closed-ended questionnaires. Data collected was analyzed using SPSS version 26. Using descriptive and survey research designs, data was collected from a sample of fish farmers in Kakamega County. The findings reveal significant correlations between entrepreneurship determinants, economic diversification, and sustainable livelihoods. Economic Activity Diversification explained 50.8% changes on sustainable livelihoods. However, when moderated with entrepreneurial determinants, the influence of economic diversification explained 66.3% of the changes in sustainable livelihoods among the fish farmers in Kakamega County. The analysis utilized unstandardized coefficients to elucidate the relationships between variables. In Model 1, Vertical Diversification (B = 0.271, p = 0.000) and Portfolio Diversification (B = 0.488, p = 0.000) significantly influenced Sustainable Livelihoods, while Structural Diversification (B = -0.044, p = 0.493) did not. Model 2 introduced Entrepreneurial Determinant, which exhibited a significant positive effect (B = 0.356, p = 0.000), alongside Vertical (B = 0.111, p = 0.041) and Portfolio (B = 0.329, p = 0.000) Diversifications. In Model 3, while all diversification variables remained significant, the interaction terms showed significant impact, emphasizing the moderating role of entrepreneurial determinants in influencing sustainable livelihoods among fish farmers in Kakamega County. Access to finance and market information emerged as key determinants influencing the ability of fish farmers to diversify their economic activities and achieve sustainable livelihoods. Additionally, supportive institutional frameworks, infrastructure development and access to training were identified as critical enablers of entrepreneurial success among fish farmers. The study concludes by highlighting policy implications and recommendations aimed at enhancing entrepreneurship development, promoting economic diversification, and fostering sustainable livelihoods among fish farmers in Kakamega County and similar contexts.

E-Commerce as a Source of Revenue in Spanish Digital News Media

This study analyzes e-commerce strategies in Spanish active digital news outlets comprehensively based on a 2021 census. Out of the 2,862 outlets, 11.8% (or 337) incorporated some form of e-commerce, with a higher prevalence observed among legacy media than among digital-native outlets. The study also revealed that e-commerce was more prevalent among outlets with national coverage and specialized subject matters. A detailed examination of 34 high-reach outlets, including 25 legacy and nine digital-native news outlets, found that both types employed on-site sales and affiliate marketing. However, legacy media exclusively engaged in promotional editorial collections, merchandise, tickets, and travel sales. The study highlights that while some outlets are diversifying revenue streams, most still rely primarily on traditional income sources such as advertising and subscriptions. This reliance poses a risk as these conventional streams are becoming less dependable. Furthermore, the increasing move towards market-oriented journalism raises concerns about a shift from the democratic role of news media to a more consumerist model.

Impacts of ESG Factor on Corporation Evaluation: Evidence from BYD’s Acquisition of Xi’an XIVO Bus

As a matter of fact, ESG factor shows a great importance in corporation valuation. This paper combines the collective consciousness of global sustainability to find a new way of valuing companies in terms of their expressiveness in the three directions of environment, social responsibility, and corporate governance and conjunction with the traditional income approach. The role of ESG factors is incorporated into calculating the operating revenue growth rate by taking the acquisition of Fresh XIVO Bus Group by BYD Company Limited, one of the most ESG-representative new energy automobile companies in China, as an example. Firstly, we compare the profitability of the enterprise before and after the acquisition to discuss the impact of ESG behaviors on the enterprise, then construct a DCF model to predict the cash flow performance in the next five years after the acquisition, and finally indicate the market value of the enterprise under the role of ESG through discounting. According to the analysis, strong ESG performance has helped BYD offset some of the pressures that existed due to the retreat of government subsidies. BYD will start with a slight deceleration but continue to thrive over the next five years.

Philippine Journal of Development 2024, No. 1

This year marks the 50th anniversary of the Philippine Journal of Development. The first semester issue celebrates this milestone with articles on critical topics, such as financial inclusion, housing affordability, free trade agreements, and local governance. The first article examines financial inclusion in the Philippines using probit regressions on microdata from the World Bank’s 2021 Global Findex Database. It identifies positive correlations between financial inclusion and factors like education and income, with notable disparities in technology access. Barriers such as high costs and the lack of trust in financial institutions disproportionately affect lower-income Filipinos. The second article evaluates housing affordability using other methods than the traditional income benchmark, revealing constraints faced by Filipino households. It discusses the spatial challenges of socialized housing and the need for regulatory measures to manage property market speculation. The third article explores the impact of trade agreements through text-of-trade analysis, demonstrating how these agreements influence trade dynamics. The last article examines the evolution of the Seal of Good Local Governance (SGLG), highlighting its adaptive role in enhancing local governance standards amid evolving national priorities and policy shifts. The study proposes reforms to improve the SGLG’s effectiveness in promoting good governance.

Incorporating socioeconomic status into studies on delay discounting and health via subjective financial status: An initial validation in tobacco use.

Delayed reward discounting (DRD) refers to the extent to which an individual devalues a reward based on its delay in time and has been linked to a wide variety of health behaviors. Because it is commonly measured using monetary rewards, income is typically used as a covariate to adjust for a person's socioeconomic status. Standard financial income measures have several limitations, such as not incorporating pertinent considerations like cost of living or number of financial dependents. This study examined a novel subjective financial status measure that uses a simple omnibus self-attribution as an alternative strategy. The novel measure was examined in the context of tobacco involvement and compared with a traditional objective measure in two samples, one comprising 1,430 community-recruited adults (Mage = 38.9, 58.3% female) and the other comprising 852 adult daily smokers (Mage = 31.1, 38% female). Associations between DRD, subjective and objective income measures, and cigarette dependence were explored using correlational analyses, equivalence testing, and hierarchical linear regressions. Correlations revealed subjective income was robustly positively correlated with traditional income (rs = .52-.56) and had stronger associations with DRD and cigarette dependence compared to traditional income. Equivalence testing and multiple hierarchical regressions found subjective income to be statistically equivalent or superior to the traditional income measure. These findings provide initial support for the utility of this novel subjective income measurement to account for economic status in research on DRD and health. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

What dictates income in New York City? SHAP analysis of income estimation based on Socio-economic and Spatial Information Gaussian Processes (SSIG)

Income inequality presents a key challenge to urban sustainability across the developed economies. Traditionally, accurate high granularity income data are generally obtained from field surveys. However, due to privacy considerations, field subjects are hesitant to provide accurate personal income data. A Socio-economic & Spatial-Information-GP (SSIG) model is thereby developed to estimate district-based high granularity income for New York City (NYC). As compared to the state-of-the-art Gaussian Processes (GP) income estimation model based entirely on spatial information, SSIG incorporates socio-economic domain-specific knowledge into a GP model. For SSIG to be explainable, SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) analysis is undertaken to evaluate the relative contribution of various key individual socio-economic variables to district-based per-capita and median household income in NYC. Differentiating from traditional income inequality studies based predominantly on linear or log-linear regression model, SSIG presents a novel income-based model architecture, capable of modelling complex non-linear relationships. In parallel, SHAP analysis serves an effective analytical tool for identifying the key attributes to income inequality. Results have shown that SSIG surpasses other state-of-the-art baselines in estimation accuracy, as far as per-capita and median household income estimation at the Tract-level and the ZIP-level in NYC are concerned. SHAP results have indicated that having a bachelor or a postgraduate degree can accurately predict income in NYC, despite that between-district income inequality due to Sex/Race remains prevalent. SHAP has further confirmed that between-district income gap is more associated with Race than Sex. Furthermore, ablation study shows that socio-economic information is more predictive of income at the ZIP-level, relative to the spatial information. This study carries significant implications for policy-making in a developed context. To promote urban economic sustainability in NYC, policymakers can attend to the growing income disparity (income inequality) contributed by Sex and Race, while giving more higher education opportunities to residents in the lower-income districts, as the estimated per-capita income is more sensitive to the proportion of adults ≥25 holding a bachelor’s degree. Finally, interpretative SHAP analysis is useful for investigating the relative contribution of socio-economic inputs to any predicted outputs in future machine-learning-driven socio-economic analyses.

Налоги солидарности как инструмент межрегионального перераспределения рентных доходов в России

Increase in rent relations contributes to the strengthening of interregional income inequality, since business entities appropriate the territorial rent in economically developed regions. Traditional income taxation instruments do not deal with the redistribution of territorial rent. On the contrary, such instruments, as the progressive personal income tax in Russia, can increase interregional inequality. Therefore, the presents study aims to substantiate the possibility of using a solidarity tax for interregional redistribution of rent income and develop the optimal tax model for current conditions. The article describes the solidarity tax from the perspective of rent taxation, determines its key features and methods of levying. To examine interregional income inequality, constituent entities of the Russian Federation were clustered using Ward’s method according to average monthly wages and the share of personal income tax in the regional budget. Each cluster is characterised by similar personal income and tax revenue. The solidarity tax burden will be on the regions of the first four clusters. It is proposed to levy the solidarity tax as a personal income surtax on a progressive scale, depending on the ratio of accrued wage of a taxpayer and the average monthly wage in Russia for the previous year. This approach will contribute to a smooth change in the effective personal income tax rate, as well as to at least 74% increase in subsidies to budgets to compensate for raising the wages of public sector employees. The developed proposals can be applied to improve the tax mechanism of redistribution of rent income. Future research may focus on developing alternative models of solidarity taxes, including for entrepreneurial and corporate income, in the context of the Covid-19 pandemic.

Quality of life of women with breast cancer in a tertiary referral university hospital

BackgroundQuality of life (QoL) is one of the treatment outcome measures in patients with breast cancer. In this study, we measured the QoL of women with breast cancer at Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre (UKMMC) and identified the associated factors.MethodologyThis cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2017 to December 2017 and involved female patients with breast cancer. The QoL scores and domains were determined using the EuroQol EQ-5D-5L, and were presented as the utility value and visual analog scores, respectively.ResultsWe recruited a total of 173 women, aged 33–87 years. The median VA score was 80.00 (interquartile range [IQR] 70.00–90.00); the median utility value was 0.78 (interquartile range [IQR] 0.65–1.00. Women who did not take traditional medicine had a higher utility index score of 0.092 (95% CI 0.014–0.171), and women with household income of RM3000–5000 had a higher utility index score of 0.096 (95% CI 0.011–0.180).ConclusionTraditional medicine consumption and household income were significantly associated with lower QoL. The pain/discomfort domain was the worst affected QoL domain and was related to traditional medicine use and household income. Addressing pain management in patients with breast cancer and the other factors contributing to lower QoL may improve the QoL of breast cancer survivors in the future.

The Routledge handbook of the welfare state. Greve, B.London: Routledge, 2019. ISBN 9780367659875; £27.99 (Pbk)

The new edition of the Routledge Handbook of the Welfare State offers an exhaustive and informative account on comparative welfare states. Spanning a wide range of disciplines, the 45 contributions that compose the book constitute a useful source for any kind of reader, from welfare state ‘newcomers’ to more established researchers. Conventional topics such as social policy areas and welfare typologies are successfully complemented by more ambitious pieces, including on emergent welfare regimes in China and India, migration, ideational policy change, states of health, globalisation and well-being. This format allows readers to develop a basic understanding of the welfare state and get to know some of its most promising (and arguably least explored) avenues for research. The book is divided in four parts: ‘key concepts’, ‘typologies and methods’, ‘central policy areas’ and ‘future’. The first part surveys some of the main issues and questions animating the welfare state debate since its inception. It includes chapters on policy outputs (occupational welfare, fiscal welfare, benefits in kind and in cash) and outcomes (poverty, gender, well-being). The second part, which represents the core of the book, explores different welfare models and methodological aspects. The authors try to go beyond the traditional Eurocentrism and ‘methodological nationalism’ which still characterises the discipline. The third section examines 14 different policy areas, from long-term care to crime management. A final chapter wraps up the discussion and presents some of the foremost challenges and future scenarios. This handbook represents a valuable collection for every reader, especially those who want to get a first impression of such a vast field of study. However, one might find some room for improvement on three accounts. As a general point, the ‘politics’ side of the story seems underdeveloped. Several chapters take a technical and economistic stance, leaving factors such as power relations and historical dynamics mostly out of the picture. Contributions in the third part (‘central policy areas’) appear likewise dry and descriptive, missing the opportunity to speculate on potential drivers and causal mechanisms. In various parts of the book, the welfare state is primarily defined as a remedy to ‘market failures’, since without public intervention ‘certain goods and services will not be provided’ (p. 528). However, it could be argued that (at least in some countries) welfare states represent much more than that, laying their base in struggles for social citizenship rights. Likewise, less attention is devoted to actors and philosophical foundations. A second reservation is that the ‘typologies and methods’ section (including 19 chapters) seems too broad and lacking internal coherence. More substantive chapters on regional clusters are combined with methodological discussions that revolve around the seminal typology of Esping-Andersen, listing its strengths and weaknesses; a debate that might have already reached the point of exhaustion. Regional chapters are heterogeneous in their nature, with different structures and content organisation. While some of them cover policy aspects more in depth, others focus on methodological contentions, for instance debating whether a certain regime exists or not. Furthermore, there is a noticeable overlap between some chapters, as in the case of North America and Liberal regimes, or the two pieces on ideal-types authored by the same person. Thirdly, whereas the Handbook has been substantially expanded, a number of potential areas remain unaddressed. For instance, social investment is mentioned as an emerging paradigm or approach; however, no specific piece is dedicated to the topic. Similarly, the chapters on EU social policy and globalisation could be fruitfully complemented by a discussion on the role of international organisations, most notably the ILO social protection framework. The third section lacks a separate chapter trying to explore traditional income ‘buffers’ (such as short-time work schemes), as well as more radical policy proposals, including a Universal Basic Income. Moreover, a distinct chapter on eco-social policies, looking at the nexus between welfare states and environmental degradation, could be well appreciated. Overall, the 2019 edition of the Routledge Handbook of the Welfare State is a much welcome new item in the toolkit of every social policy researcher. Greve's collection is encompassing, accessible and multi-disciplinary. We look forward to a new edition that accounts for the Covid-19 crisis and its repercussions for welfare states around the globe. Open Access Funding provided by European University Institute within the CRUI-CARE Agreement. [Correction added on 18 May 2022 after first online: CRUI-CARE funding statement has been added.]

Родовая община коренных малочисленных народов Севера в системе управления традиционным природопользованием

The article considers the role and place of nomadic tribal communities of indigenous peoples of the North in administration of traditional nature management. It is shown that the emergence of such communities is due to a profound transformation of economic relations in the Arctic in the context of the transition to new economic conditions in the 90s of the XX century. The author gives the characteristic of such tribal communities in the municipal areas of the Arctic zone of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). Using the example of the nomadic tribal community “Omoloy” in the Ust-Yansky district of the republic, he shows its role in the development of traditional nature management, ensuring employment and income of the local population. The author presents the scheme of interaction of the tribal community as a primary production unit with government authorities and other economic entities to ensure the socio-economic development of the Arctic territories and substantiates the measures for the harmonization of relations between tribal communities and mining companies in the context of the Arctic industrial development.

Poverty and gender in Latin America: How far can income‐based measures go?

AbstractAssumptions of the traditional income poverty measure have strong implications not confirmed by the evidence, but this measure is still widely used in gender poverty analysis. We explore the boundaries of the gender analysis of monetary poverty based on the currently available information (household surveys for 16 Latin American countries). Our results indicate that departing from the conventional methodology has more influence on women than men, worsening female indicators. Households emerge as crucial venues for income support for low income partnered women and for women with no access to any income, whose autonomy is seriously compromised due to this fact.

An Analysis of Internet Enterprise Value Evaluation Method Based on ARIMA

With the rapid development of the times, the Internet has been deeply integrated into various fields, and many Internet companies have emerged at the historic moment, and economic activities such as mergers, reorganizations, acquisitions, issuance and listing, equity swaps, mortgages, bankruptcy and liquidation of Internet companies have also increased frequently. This has led to more and more value evaluation activities related to Internet companies, and the business model of Internet companies is different from traditional companies, so traditional corporate value evaluation methods cannot fully meet the special requirements of Internet company value evaluation. Therefore, we need to establish a sound Internet enterprise value evaluation system, and use more scientific and reasonable evaluation methods to ensure the interests of all parties to the transaction. Starting from the operating characteristics of Internet companies, this article analyzes the characteristics and difficulties of Internet corporate value evaluation, clarifies the effectiveness and limitations of the income method in Internet enterprise value evaluation, introduces the ARIMA model to improve the traditional income method and takes NetEase as an example. This method is applied to practice to verify its feasibility. So as to provide a scientific and reliable reference basis for Internet enterprise value evaluation.

INCLUSIVE DEVELOPMENT ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY

Topicality. Slow economic growth, high unemployment, and rising inequality have driven social change, and inclusive growth has figured prominently in policy debates in the world. The main items on the agenda are the ability of governments to pursue policies that will boost economic growth, equitable distribution of incomes, and the prosperity of social groups. The benefits outlined above go beyond the traditional income generation approach to include inclusive performance in various aspects of social welfare, particular work, and health. While many tools and processes are already available to policymakers, a more coordinated approach is needed to strengthen governance to achieve inclusive growth goals. Aim and tasks. The study aims to determine the prerequisites, formulate the essence, generalize and critically analyze the methodological foundations of inclusive economic development, which possibility to identify the main problems and propose the main measures for their improvement. Research results. The concept of inclusive growth is a relatively new theory of economic development. The preconditions concept of inclusive growth its development were laid even at the first stages of the formation of the world economy. And the problem of uneven distribution of income from the economic activity was officially recognized by the world community at the 6th specialized session of the UN General Assembly in 1974. At the beginning of the XXI century, the development gap increasing and the problem of poverty again is able to develop a consensus agenda of the world politics. In the new economic system, a person becomes the engine of economic development. This human-centered concept will be based on inclusive development. This concept, despite its potential, has certain limitations. Conclusion. The real meaning and methodology for assessing the level of inclusive development is in its infancy and therefore is not devoid of shortcomings. Among the latter, it is necessary to determine: the presence of objective (measurable) and subjective (evaluative) indicators; lack of statistical data to assess the level of inclusive development; the absence of interchangeable and complementary measures, which is associated with the use of different calculation methods in foreign countries; the digitalization process will be disregard basic principles of the functioning of an inclusive economy.

Game Analysis of the Driving Modes in the Supply Chain Management Regarding Credit System Construction

This paper analyzes effort levels of supervisors, the manufacturers association and the administrative supervision department, and manufacturer in a supply chain management regarding credit system (CS) construction based on two different driving modes using game theory. A whole CS construction, in a supply chain management system, can be generally divided into two driving modes, industry regulation (IR), and administrative supervision (AS). The authors firstly establish payoff functions based on traditional income function and marginal effort-cost function. And then they analyze strategic equilibriums of the supervisors and the manufacturers based on their decision roles in the two modes. After that, they make comparisons on equilibrium states between IR and AS. From the results, they find that strategic equilibriums in AS construction is not necessarily better than those in IR construction. These results can also provide strategic help for CS construction in supply chain management when considering better combination between IR and AS.