Traditional Herbal Preparations Research Articles

Pendampingan pembuatan herbal instan temulawak bagi ibu-ibu UMKM jamu di daerah pesisir pantai Kenjeran

The community is focusing on health drinks which can be utilised as health drinks to achieve community health. However, a number of issues were discovered in partners who produced herbal beverage preparations; as these preparations lack preservatives, they don't survive enough. Making fast herbal preparations that have the same qualities as traditional herbal preparations would help them last longer without sacrificing taste or convenience for users. Partners created instant herbal preparations, examined the flow qualities and flow content, and gained a better understanding of how to produce instant herbs and high-quality herbal medicine as a result of this work.

Barriers to the safe preservation of the traditional herbal practice in Ghana

AbstractThe preservation of the culturally important traditional herbal medicine practice in Ghana is threatened by the growth of allopathic medicine. It is argued that two main factors comprise this threat: significant safety concerns over many traditional herbal preparations, and a conflict in therapeutic frameworks which provides a substrate for the production of misinformation regarding allopathic medicine. Poorly enforced regulation of the commercial herbal market and a total lack of regulation of the traditional herbal market have led to prevalent contamination of herbal preparations with pathogenic bacteria and an unacceptable risk of pharmacological toxicity due to inconsistent production methods and understanding of the active components in these preparations. Simultaneously, misinformation spread by traditional herbal practitioners about allopathic medicine has caused significant morbidity and mortality in Ghana. Evidence from the literature and experience from clinical practice in a hospital in the Eastern region of Ghana are used to explore these factors and provide recommendations. First, thorough regulation of the herbal practice is needed to allay safety concerns. Second, the overall healthcare landscape will have to change to resolve the current tensions between practices. One solution would be the formation of a cooperative healthcare system which incorporates both the allopathic and herbal practices with well‐defined, nonoverlapping scopes of practice. However, such a novel landscape may be unrealistic, with the potential for traditional herbal practices being relegated to secondary role, mainly providing pharmacologically inert preparations while continuing to benefit patients through spiritual, cultural and pastoral interventions.

CONSUMER INSIGHTS AND MARKET TRENDS IN LACTATION SUPPLEMENTS: NIGERIA AND THE US PERSPECTIVE

This review presents an analysis and comparison of consumer behavior, preferences, and market trends in lactation supplements, focusing on Nigeria and the US. The study aims to identify key differences and similarities in consumer expectations, shedding light on the factors influencing the demand for lactation supplements in both countries. In Nigeria, cultural beliefs and practices play a significant role in shaping consumer behavior towards lactation supplements. Traditional remedies and herbal preparations are often preferred, reflecting a deep-rooted trust in natural products. However, there is a growing awareness of modern lactation supplements, driven by increased access to information and changing lifestyle patterns. In contrast, the US market for lactation supplements is characterized by a strong preference for science-backed products. Consumers in the US tend to prioritize safety, efficacy, and convenience, seeking products that are supported by clinical evidence and regulatory approval. The influence of healthcare providers and online reviews is particularly pronounced in shaping consumer choices. Despite these differences, several common trends emerge in consumer expectations for lactation supplements. Both Nigerian and US consumers value product transparency, seeking clear information on ingredients, sourcing, and manufacturing practices. Additionally, affordability and accessibility are key considerations for consumers in both countries, with a growing demand for lactation supplements that are affordable and readily available. Overall, this study highlights the complex interplay of cultural, economic, and regulatory factors shaping consumer behavior and market trends in lactation supplements. By understanding these dynamics, manufacturers and marketers can tailor their products and strategies to meet the evolving needs and preferences of consumers in Nigeria and the US.
 Keywords: Consumer Insights, Market Trend, Lactation, Supplements, Perspective.

Novel positioning of Olea europaea L. (Olive) from farm to pharma indexed in pharmacopeia

The current study explores the transformative journey of L. (Olive) from its traditional role in random traditional medicine to its current positioning in pharmacopeia as a pharmaceutical preparation with defined dosage and indications. The comprehensive examination covers botanical and chemical profiles, traditional uses, pharmacological activities, extraction techniques, quality control, regulatory status, clinical studies, and future directions. Various analytical methods, including spectroscopic and chromatographic approaches, are discussed for quality evaluation and detection of adulteration. Additionally, the regulatory landscape, particularly within the European Union, is outlined, emphasizing the importance of accurate labeling and geographical origin disclosure. The regulatory status of L. varies across regions, ranging from restrictions due to safety concerns to inclusion in pharmacopeias as traditional herbal medicine or pharmaceutical preparations. A pivotal development highlighted is the incorporation of Olive into Egyptian pharmacopeia, signifying a significant shift towards evidence-based therapy and reinforcing its acceptance in mainstream healthcare.

WHAT ABOUT THIS?: Hope for Menstrual Cramps (Dysmenorrhea) with Breathing

Dysmenorrhea is one of the most common conditions experienced by women during menstruation. A recent systematic review and meta-analysis accounting for more than 20,000 women across 37 studies suggested that the prevalence of pain symptoms associated menstrual cramps is as high as 70%, accounting for economic, cultural, national, and educational factors. Although most treatment commonly focuses on pain relief with medication, self-medication strategies for menstrual cramps vary widely, commonly with unintended effects from misuse of self-medications. Whereas traditional herbal preparations, nutritional supplements, and other home remedies are used to address pain and discomfort symptoms, self-regulation strategies are nonmedication, nonsubstance use interventions to prevent and reduce discomfort. This article reports observations of self-regulation strategies used as part of a university class. In self-reported homework practice, 32 college women tried a set of self-regulation techniques that included holistic health techniques of (a) raising awareness of stress, (b) dynamic relaxation, and (c) slow diaphragmatic breathing with warming imagery. Students were asked to report anonymously on a variety of symptoms, which included menstrual cramps. In addition to any treatment as usual (TAU) strategies already being used (e.g., medications or other treatments), 91% (20 of 22 women) who reported menstrual cramps along with any other symptoms also reported a decrease in dysmenorrhea symptoms when they practiced the self-regulation and diaphragmatic breathing techniques. Discussed are possible mechanisms why a self-regulation approach could reduce discomfort in addition to TAU. In conclusion, an education approach that includes holistic health techniques should be taught to students, including women who may be relying on pain-reducing medications to reduce or prevent discomfort from menstrual cramps.

Structural annotation, semi-quantification and toxicity prediction of pyrrolizidine alkaloids from functional food: In silico and molecular networking strategy.

Many traditional Chinese herbs contain pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs), which have been reported to be toxic to livestock and humans. However, the lack of PAs standards makes it difficult to effectively conduct a risk assessment in the varied components of traditional Chinese medicine. It is necessary to propose a suitable strategy to obtain the representative occurrence data of PAs in complex systems. A comprehensive approach for annotating the structures, concentration, and mutagenicity of PAs in three Chinese herbs has been proposed in this article. First, feature-based molecular networking (FBMN) combined with network annotation propagation (NAP) on the Global Natural Products Social Molecular Networking web platform speeds up the process of annotating PAs found in Chinese herbs. Second, a semi-quantitative prediction model based on the quantitative structure and ionization intensity relationship (QSIIR) is used to forecast the amounts of PAs in complex substrates. Finally, the T.E.S.T. was used to provide predictions regarding the mutagenicity of annotated PAs. The goal of this study was to develop a strategy for combining the results of several computer models for PA screening to conduct a comprehensive analysis of PAs, which is a crucial step in risk assessment of unknown PAs in traditional Chinese herbal preparations.

Changes in Lifestyle, Food Choices, Sleeping Habits, and Physical Activities during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Analysis of Data after the First Lockdown Period from Three States of India

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic led to a substantial influence on the lifestyle of individuals. This article focuses to investigate the changes in lifestyle behaviour, food choice, sleeping habit, and physical activities that occurred during the COVID-19 pandemic. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted and data were captured through a web-based application questionnaire using a convenience sample method among individuals visiting health camps under the mobile healthcare programme conducted by three peripheral institutes of Central Council for Research of Unani Medicine in identified pockets of three different states in India to assess the impact of the COVID-19 induced lockdown on changes in their lifestyle, food preferences, physical activity, and social life among the population. Results: The data were obtained from 1007 cases in total between the age group of 15 and 90 years. The lockdown resulted in an alteration in the lifestyle as manifested by a change in food choices (65.4%), a change in sleeping routine (65.1%), a reduction in physical activity (63.7%), and a change in social life (68.9%) of the participants. A notably increased use of traditional medicine and herbal preparations has been reported by the study participants during the lockdown. Conclusions: Isolation, fear, distress, and social stigma caused various lifestyle changes and psychological problems among people during the first lockdown.

Micromorphology and Chemical Studies on Anacardium occidentale L. Stem Bark as an Herbal Medicine.

The red and white types of Anacardium occidentale L. stem barks (AoB) are used in the Community of Portuguese Language Countries, including Portugal, to make traditional herbal preparations for the treatment of diabetes. This work aims to obtain the macroscopic, micromorphological, chemical, and purity data necessary to use both types of AoBs as medicinal plants safely. Macroscopically, a brown inner (red AoB) or a dark-brown inner surface (white AoB) was observed. Light and scanning electron microscopy showed that sclereid cells with thin cell walls were significantly larger (p < 0.001) in red AoB than in white AoB, but calcium oxalate druses and starch grain areas were significantly larger (p < 0.001) in white AoB than in red AoB. The chromatographic profiles (thin-layer chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography) of both types of AoBs were characterized by the presence of gallic and protocatechuic acids and other phenolic derivatives. The condensed tannins were the major secondary metabolites class (143.69 ± 4.67 mg and 73.79 ± 4.46 mg catechin equivalents/g AoB in red and white types, respectively). The loss on drying and the total ash were, respectively, 7.07 ± 0.16% and 2.31 ± 0.18% in red AoB and 6.58 ± 0.16% and 1.94 ± 0.14% in white AoB. The obtained data are helpful in ensuring the quality of AoB as raw material for the pharmaceutical market.

Huangkui lianchang decoction attenuates experimental colitis by inhibiting the NF-κB pathway and autophagy.

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory colorectal disease characterized by excessive mucosal immune response activation and dysfunction of autophagy in intestinal epithelial cells. Traditional herbal preparations, including the Huangkui lianchang decoction (HLD), are effective in UC clinical treatment in East Asia, but the underlying mechanism is unclear. This study evaluated the therapeutic effects and associated molecular mechanisms of HLD in UC in vivo and in vitro. A C57BL/6 UC mouse model was established using 2.5% dextran sulfate sodium. The effects of HLD on the colonic structure and inflammation in mice were evaluated using mesalazine as the control. The anti-inflammatory effects of HLD were assessed using disease activity index (DAI) scores, histological scores, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, and western blotting. HLD displayed a protective effect in UC mice by reducing the DAI and colonic histological scores, as well as levels of inflammatory cytokines and NF-κB p65 in colonic tissues. NCM460 lipopolysaccharide-induced cells were administered drug serum-containing HLD (HLD-DS) to evaluate the protective effect against UC and the effect on autophagy. HLD-DS exhibited anti-inflammatory effects in NCM460 cells by reducing the levels of inflammatory cytokines and increasing interleukin 10 levels. HLD-DS reduced p-NF-κB p65, LC3II/I, and Beclin 1 expression, which suggested that HLD alleviated colitis by inhibiting the NF-κB pathway and autophagy. However, there was no crosstalk between the NF-κB pathway and autophagy. These findings confirmed that HLD was an effective herbal preparation for the treatment of UC.

Palmatine Attenuates Metastatic Lung Colonization of Triple Negative Breast Cancer Cells.

Background: Metastatic breast cancer to the lungs is a serious, life-threatening complication that is difficult to cure. Circulating tumor cells play a key role in the metastatic spread of breast cancer to the lungs via the lymphatic or circulatory system. Palmatine is a protoberberine alkaloid, identified as an active component of traditional African herbal preparations. Palmatine has antimetastatic and antiproliferative effects. The inhibitory activity of palmatine on the metastatic colonization of triple negative breast cancer cells in the lungs was investigated in this study. Methods: 4T1 triple breast cancer cells were transplanted synergically to the thoracic duct of the female balb/c mice via the lymphatic system. Palmatine 1, 5 and 10 mg/kg were administered for 28 days. The lungs were analyzed for levels of arterial blood gas, histological damage, immunohistochemical expression of the metastasis-associated protein 1 (MTA1) and tumor suppressor p53 (p53). Results: Administering palmatine 1–10 mg/kg dose dependently improved hypoxemia, ameliorated metastasis associated lung injury; histology score of 3.33 ± 0.33, 1.67 ± 0.33, 1.33 ± 0.33, decreased lung MTA1 (2.19 ± 0.12, 1.83 ± 0.04, 1.84 ± 0.05) and increased p53 expression (1.99 ± 0.06, 2.27 ± 0.12, 2.34 ± 0.12) respectively. Conclusion: Palmatine preserved lung morphology and demonstrated therapeutic potential in aiding the treatment of lung metastasis.

Study on Ayurvedic and Alternative Treatment for Schizophrenia

As per some past significant researches, since ancient time Ayurveda is being used for treating schizophrenia. Ayurveda provides an ability to consider the essence of the mind in a manner that is entirely new and distinct from the Western forms of Clinical and Mental Medicine. Ayurveda psychology finds mental illnesses (schizophrenia) to be energy imbalances at the inner level. In the present literature review, it is argued that Ayurveda and other alternative medicines can be used for schizophrenia treatment. They have less and short-term side effects on schizophrenia patients in comparison to antipsychotic drugs such as chlorpromazine. Firstly, I had an in-depth study on Ayurveda. Then, the effects of antipsychotics medications on schizophrenic patients were studied. Further, I synthesize researches testing the effects of Ayurvedic medication, and other alternative treatments on psychotic patients especially schizophrenia patients. The discussion was closed stating that Ayurvedic and Alternative treatments including Traditional Chinese Medication, Chinese herbs, herbal preparations, and yoga is efficacious and has short term side effects on patients. Moreover, these treatments proved to be significantly effective even when paired with antipsychotic drugs.

Simultaneous determination of some illegal antihypertensive and diuretic drugs in traditional herbal preparations by HPLC-DAD

A simple, stable, and specific high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a&amp;nbsp;DAD detector (HPLC-DAD) method has been developed and validated for the simultaneous&amp;nbsp;determination of amlodipine, felodipine, furosemide, nifedipine, and spironolactone in&amp;nbsp;traditional herbal products. The analytes were extracted in acetonitrile: water (50 : 50, v/v) with&amp;nbsp;help of the ultrasonic. The separation of analytes was performed in an Apollo C18 column (250&amp;nbsp;&amp;times; 4.6 mm; 5 &amp;mu;m) and a mobile phase consisting of mixture acetonitrile: 0.1% phosphoric acid in&amp;nbsp;gradient elution. The analyzed drugs were detected at 238 nm. The method was validated according&amp;nbsp;to the AOAC International guidelines concerning specificity, linearity, precision (repeatability,&amp;nbsp;intermediate precision), accuracy, limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantification (LOQ).&amp;nbsp;The method can detect the studied drugs at the concentration of 0.66 to 1.25 &amp;mu;g/g for dry&amp;nbsp;samples and 0.10 to 0.24 &amp;mu;g/mL for liquid samples. The method was successfully applied in the&amp;nbsp;analysis of 17 samples in the local market. No samples were found positive for the substances to&amp;nbsp;be analyzed.

Health Risk Assessment and Determination of Some Heavy Metals in Commonly Consumed Traditional Herbal Preparations in Northeast Ethiopia

Background. Most traditional medicines were prepared from plant origins. These plants could be contaminated by heavy metals, pesticides, and/or toxins. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to determine the level of heavy metals such as lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), and copper (Cu) in frequently used traditional herbal preparations sold in Northeast Ethiopia and to estimate their health risks associated with their daily intake. Methods. A total of 6 traditional herbal preparations were randomly collected from local herbal shops of Dessie and Kombolcha town, Northeast Ethiopia. The samples were prepared for analysis by wet digestion method using nitric acid and hydrochloric acid treatment. The accuracy of the method was analyzed by the spike recovery test. Determination of Pb, Cd, Cr, and Cu by microwave plasma atomic emission spectroscopy was made in herbal preparations traditionally used in Dessie and Kombolcha town, Northeast Ethiopia. By calculating estimated daily intake (EDI), hazard quotients (HQ), and Hazard Index (HI) of metals, the health risk associated with the consumption of the analyzed herbal preparations was also evaluated. Results. The levels of heavy metals were in the range of 3.0–3.92 mg/kg for Pb, 5.35–10.7 mg/kg for Cr, and 0.815–12.3 mg/kg for Cu. However, cadmium was not detected in any of the traditional herbal preparations. This study revealed that the level of Pb and Cu in all analyzed samples was within the WHO maximum permissible limit of 10 mg/kg and 40 mg/kg, respectively. The level of Cr in all traditional herbal preparations was beyond the WHO maximum permissible limit (2 mg/kg). From the health point of view, the HQ value of Cr for KD-03 and KD-04 is greater than 1, suggesting potential health risk. Furthermore, the HI value had revealed that the consumption of KD-02, KD-03, and KD-04 samples had the potential of posing health risks to consumers over long-term consumption of herbal preparations. Conclusion. This study showed that most of the metal concentration levels in the herbal products were within the WHO maximum permissible limits. However, all samples had Cr levels above the WHO maximum permissible limit. Based on the results of this study, there would be a noncarcinogenic health risk to the consumer associated with the consumption of some herbal preparations marketed in Northeast Ethiopia.

Effects of Jaeumkanghwa-tang on tamoxifen responsiveness in preclinical ER+ breast cancer model.

Resistance to endocrine therapy remains a clinical challenge in the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer. We investigated if adding a traditional Asian herbal mixture consisting of 12 herbs, called Jaeumkanghwa-tang (JEKHT), to tamoxifen (TAM) therapy might prevent resistance and recurrence in the ER+ breast cancer model of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-exposed Sprague–Dawley rats. Rats were divided into four groups treated as follows: 15 mg/kg TAM administered via diet as TAM citrate (TAM only); 500 mg/kg JEKHT administered via drinking water (JEKHT only group); TAM + JEKHT and no treatment control group. The study was replicated using two different batches of JEKHT. In both studies, a significantly higher proportion of ER+ mammary tumors responded to TAM if animals also were treated with JEKHT (experiment 1: 47% vs 65%, P = 0.015; experiment 2: 43% vs 77%, P < 0.001). The risk of local recurrence also was reduced (31% vs 12%, P = 0.002). JEKHT alone was mostly ineffective. In addition, JEKHT prevented the development of premalignant endometrial lesions in TAM-treated rats (20% in TAM only vs 0% in TAM + JEKHT). Co-treatment of antiestrogen-resistant LCC9 human breast cancer cells with 1.6 mg/mL JEKHT reversed their TAM resistance in dose–response studies in vitro. Several traditional herbal medicine preparations can exhibit anti-inflammatory properties and may increase anti-tumor immune activities in the tumor microenvironment. In the tumors of rats treated with both JEKHT and TAM, expression of Il-6 (P = 0.03), Foxp3/T regulatory cell (Treg) marker (P = 0.033) and Tgfβ1 that activates Tregs (P < 0.001) were significantly downregulated compared with TAM only group. These findings indicate that JEKHT may prevent TAM-induced evasion of tumor immune responses.

Survey and documentation of putative anthelmintic plants used in ethnomedicinal systems of tribal communities of Baksa District of Assam

The use of ethnomedicine system is a common practice to the people of Assam for curing common ailments. The present study aimed at documenting the plants used by the tribal communities of Baksa district of Assam against helminthiasis. Survey was carried out in different villages of Baksa district in a face-to-face interview manner with the help of readymade questionnaire. Informer's bio-data, plants local names, parts used, mode of formulation etc. were recorded. A total of 26 villages were surveyed and 27 informants were interviewed. We found that most of the informants were illiterate and aged but have rich ethnomedicine knowledge. To cure helminth infection, 70 plants belonging to 58 genera and 39 families were reported to be used. To study the importance and popularity of the plants, Frequency of Citations (FC), Relative FC and Family importance value (FIV) were calculated. Andrographis paniculata was the most common plant followed by Ananas comosus, Hydrocotyle asiatica, H. sibthorpioides, and Azadirachta indica. Family Acanthaceae was having the highest FIV value followed by Apiaceae, Araliaceae, Bromeliaceae, Apocynaceae and Maliaceae. Leaves were seen to be the most common parts used in traditional herbal preparations and were mostly consumed orally as raw material.

An effective quantitative fingerprint method for evaluating the quality consistency of Desmodium styracifolium.

An HPLC method for combined quantification of five major constituents (vicenin-1, schaftoside, isoschaftoside, vicenin-3 and isovitexin) of Desmodium styracifolium was developed to evaluate the quality consistency of this medicinal herb. The chromatographic separation was accomplished on an Agilent 5 TC-C18 column (4.6 × 250 mm, 5 μm) with gradient elution using acetonitrile and 0.1 % aqueous formic acid (v/v). The column temperature was 30 °C and the detection wavelength was 272 nm. The chromatographic data were analyzed with a novel systematic quantitative fingerprint method (SQFM). The established quantitative fingerprint method was successfully applied to simultaneously determine the levels of the major constituents, and 39 common peaks were found. The samples collected in Guangdong province had a good quality consistency, in accordance with the traditional opinion that Guangdong province is the best region for cultivation of D. styracifolium. The fingerprint-antioxidant efficacy relationship of the different samples was investigated by examining the correlation between the common peaks and the antioxidant effect. Twenty-two common peaks were positively correlated with the antioxidant effect, while the others showed a negative correlation. This quantitative fingerprint method could be considered as a suitable approach to evaluate the quality of traditional Chinese medicines and herbal preparations. The SQFM was reliable and efficient for analysis of the chromatographic data.

Quantitative study of medicinal plants used by the communities residing in Koh-e-Safaid Range, northern Pakistani-Afghan borders

BackgroundThe residents of remote areas mostly depend on folk knowledge of medicinal plants to cure different ailments. The present study was carried out to document and analyze traditional use regarding the medicinal plants among communities residing in Koh-e-Safaid Range northern Pakistani-Afghan border.MethodsA purposive sampling method was used for the selection of informants, and information regarding the ethnomedicinal use of plants was collected through semi-structured interviews. The collected data was analyzed through quantitative indices viz. relative frequency citation, use value, and family use value. The conservation status of medicinal plants was enumerated with the help of International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List Categories and Criteria (2001). Plant samples were deposited at the Herbarium of Botany Department, University of Peshawar for future reference.ResultsOne hundred eight informants including 72 male and 36 female were interviewed. The informants provided information about 92 plants species used in the treatment of 53 ailments. The informant reported maximum number of species used for the treatment of diabetes (16 species), followed by carminatives (12 species), laxatives (11 species), antiseptics (11 species), for cough (10 species), to treat hepatitis (9 species), for curing diarrhea (7 species), and to cure ulcers (7 species), etc. Decoction (37 species, i.e., 40%) was the common method of recipe preparation. Most familiar medicinal plants were Withania coagulans, Caralluma tuberculata, and Artemisia absinthium with relative frequency (0.96), (0.90), and (0.86), respectively. The relative importance of Withania coagulans was highest (1.63) followed by Artemisia absinthium (1.34), Caralluma tuberculata (1.20), Cassia fistula (1.10), Thymus linearis (1.06), etc. This study allows identification of novel uses of plants. Abies pindrow, Artemisia scoparia, Nannorrhops ritchiana, Salvia reflexa, and Vincetoxicum cardiostephanum have not been reported previously for their medicinal importance. The study also highlights many medicinal plants used to treat chronic metabolic conditions in patients with diabetes.ConclusionsThe folk knowledge of medicinal plants species of Koh-e-Safaid Range was unexplored. We, for the first time, conducted this quantitative study in the area to document medicinal plants uses, to preserve traditional knowledge, and also to motivate the local residents against the vanishing wealth of traditional knowledge of medicinal flora. The vast use of medicinal plants reported shows the significance of traditional herbal preparations among tribal people of the area for their health care. Knowledge about the medicinal use of plants is rapidly disappearing in the area as a new generation is unwilling to take interest in medicinal plant use, and the knowledgeable persons keep their knowledge a secret. Thus, the indigenous use of plants needs conservational strategies and further investigation for better utilization of natural resources.

Screening of in vitro antimicrobial activity of plants used in traditional Indonesian medicine

Context: In many regions of Indonesia, there are numerous traditional herbal preparations for treatment of infectious diseases. However, their antimicrobial potential has been poorly studied by modern laboratory methods.Objective: This study investigates in vitro antimicrobial activity of 49 ethanol extracts from 37 plant species used in Indonesian traditional medicine for treatment against Candida albicans, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus.Materials and methods: The plants were collected from the Biopharmaca collection garden, Bogor, Indonesia. The plant material was dried, finely grounded, extracted using ethanol, concentrated, and the dried residue was dissolved in 100% DMSO. Antimicrobial activity was determined in terms of a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) using a broth microdilution method in 96-well microplates.Results: The extract of Orthosiphon aristatus (Blume) Miq. (Lamiaceae) leaf produced the strongest antimicrobial effect, inhibiting the growth of C. albicans (MIC 128 μg/mL), S. aureus (MIC 256 μg/mL), E. faecalis (MIC 256 μg/mL) and P. aeruginosa (MIC 256 μg/mL). The leaf extract of Woodfordia floribunda Salisb. (Lythraceae) also exhibited significant effect against C. albicans (MIC 128 μg/mL), S. aureus (MIC 256 μg/mL) and E. faecalis (MIC 256 μg/mL). Rotheca serrata (L.) Steane & Mabb. (Lamiaceae) leaf extract inhibited the growth of S. aureus (MIC 256 µg/mL) and C. albicans (MIC 256 µg/mL).Discussion and conclusions: The leaf extract of O. aristatus and W. floribunda exhibited a significant anti-candidal effect. Therefore, both of these plants can serve as prospective source materials for the development of new anti-candidal agents.

Quantitative fingerprinting based on the limited‐ratio quantified fingerprint method for an overall quality consistency assessment and antioxidant activity determination of Lianqiao Baidu pills using HPLC with a diode array detector combined with chemometric methods

Lianqiao Baidu pills are widely used herbal medicinal preparation that were analyzed to develop a quality consistency technique. The characteristic fingerprints of 28 batches of Lianqiao Baidu pill samples were established at five wavelengths and simultaneously assessed by using a limited-ratio quantified fingerprint method using 15 marker compounds. The principal component analysis and fingerprinting results were compared, and the qualitative classification of the samples by principal component analysis agreed with their quantitative evaluation by the limited-ratio quantified fingerprint method. Furthermore, the antioxidant activities of the samples were surveyed and determined using a 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical-scavenging approach. A relationship between the common peaks in the fingerprints and the antioxidant activities was established using a partial least squares model. The relationship can be used both to determine the antioxidant activities of the Lianqiao Baidu pill preparations in vitro and as a reference for the selection of active constituents for sample quality classification. The classification results for the samples based on principal component analysis agreed with the quantitative evaluation by the limited-ratio quantified fingerprint method, which demonstrated that the method can be applied to the holistic quality control of traditional Chinese medicine and herbal preparations.

Rapid separation and characterization of comprehensive ingredients in Yangxinshi tablet and rat plasma by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography–quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry

ABSTRACTUltrahigh-performance liquid chromatography–quadrupole-time of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC–Q-TOF-MS) was widely used in identification of complex ingredients in traditional Chinese herbs and herbal medicinal preparations for its excellent performance. Yangxinshi tablet, a Chinese compound herbal medicinal formula, has excellent efficacy for the clinical treatment of cardiovascular diseases, but its active ingredients are unclear. In this study, a rapid and sensitive UHPLC–Q-TOF/MS and secondary mass spectrometry (MS2) method were developed to characterize the comprehensive ingredients in Yangxinshi tablet and rat plasma after drug administration. And finally a total of 178 constituents in the Yangxinshi tablet were identified effectively, and 39 parent molecules in rat plasma were rapidly characterized by matching the Yangxinshi tablet chemical library established by ourselves. Of which, seven groups of isomers were further distinguished according to their MS2 spectra and fragmentation ions. Furthermore, 31 metabolites in the rat plasma were specified and elucidated according to their typical fragmentation ions, and their main metabolic pathways were hydration of phase I reaction and glucuronidation of phase II reaction. It is concluded that this established analysis method is rapid, specific, and practical, and these analysis results will provide help for further quality control and pharmacological study of Yangxinshi tablet.