Traditional Gold Mining Research Articles

Perubahan Sifat Kimia Tanah Tercemar Merkuri Dengan Berbagai Modifikasi Pemberian Biochar Dan Tanaman Akar Wangi (Vetiveria zizanioides (L.)

This research aims to determine changes in the chemical properties of mercury-contaminated soil with various modifications in the application of biochar and vetiver grass (Vetiveria zizanioides (L.). This research uses an experimental method with an ex-situ remediation approach which was carried out from October 2023 to January 2024 at greenhouse. Sampling of mercury-contaminated soil was carried out on former traditional gold mining land in Segubuk Hamlet, Kuang Village, Taliwang District, West Sumbawa Regency. Soil sampling was carried out at 13 locations determined by purposive sampling and carried out using a soil drill soil (pH H2O, C-organic and CEC) as well as analysis of the total concentration of mercury (Hg) in the soil before and after the experiment. The results showed that the application of biochar alone and biochar planted with vetiver grass (Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) had a significant effect) on changes in soil chemical properties and is effective in reducing the concentration of mercury (Hg) in the soil. Biochar application can improve soil chemical properties by increasing pH, organic C, and soil CEC. On the other hand, the release of H+ ions from the carboxyl functional group (-COOH) in biochar has the opportunity to form complexes with heavy metal ions so that it can reduce their concentration in the soil.

GEOLOGY AND THE STUDY OF HEAVY METAL IMPACTS ON ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY ASSESSMENT USING ARCGIS FOR INTERPRETATION DISTRIBUTION

The Boto area, Jatiroto District, Wonogiri Regency, Central Java, Indonesia, is a traditional gold mining site with inadequate waste management practices, particularly mercury usage. This study aims to assess mercury contamination and evaluate phytoremediation potential in the area. Geological mapping, petrographic analysis, fossil analysis, stereographic analysis, soil Hg measurement, soil and water chemistry analysis, and XRF analysis were conducted to characterize the geology, geomorphology, and heavy metal distribution. The study area is divided into four geomorphological units: Intrusive Hill Unit (V1), Homoklin Hill Unit (S1), Karst Hill Unit (K1), and Alluvial Plain Unit (F1). Stratigraphically, the area consists of the Nglanggeran Breccia Unit interbedded with early Miocene lava, the early Miocene andesite Intrusion Unit with a terrestrial depositional environment, the Wonosari Limestone Unit of Middle-Late Miocene age, and the Holocene Alluvial Deposit Unit. Geological structures include left-lateral normal faults trending relatively north-south (Sesar Boto), left-lateral normal faults trending southeast-northwest (Sesar Brenggolo), and right-lateral downthrown faults trending southeast-northwest (Sesar Mesu). Fractures and veins are also present. Mercury (Hg), manganese (Mn), arsenic (As), and lead (Pb) distribution mapping was conducted. The contaminated zone falls into TCLP-A, and waste management falls into category 1, located in Boto Village, which is a gold mining and processing area. Phytoremediation is proposed as a remediation strategy. Keywords: gold mining, heavy metals, XRF, phytoremediation, distribution

Traditional gold mining in the highlands of Ethiopia: Its effect on soil loss and possible reclamation measures

Traditional gold mining (TGM) is among the off-farm income sources of smallholder communities in the highlands of Ethiopia. However, information on their impact on land degradation, taking soil loss as a key indicator, was scant. Hence, this study aimed at i) analyzing local communities’ attitudes toward TGM practice, ii) TGM impact on soil loss, and iii) possible restoration measures for the degraded gold-mined landscapes. For the evaluation of community perceptions, 96 beneficiaries were selected from three gold mining sites following stratified random sampling techniques. Soil loss measurement was done through measurement of i) the mass of soil excavated and transported to the river (TR) from 96 individuals and ii) soil volume excavated in 45 excavated soil pits (EP). Descriptive statistics and one-way ANOVA were used to analyze soil loss data, while community perception was analyzed qualitatively. The survey results indicated that the average soil loss from TR and EP were 6,075.97±8.9 t ha-1 yr-1 and 32,549.99±753.68 t ha-1, respectively. The magnitude of soil loss also showed a significant (p<0.001) difference among the three sites. Due to a lack of awareness and hiding the reality, most of the gold miners believe that TGM practice has no negative impact on the soil resource, and no post-mined reclamation strategy is implemented. It can be concluded that the existing TGM practices are not done in an environmentally friendly approach and result in adverse soil loss. Hence, stabilizing the topography of the mined sites via backfilling of mined pits and topsoil conservation and amendment measures can be suggested.

Impact of Mercury Exposure on SGOT and SGPT Levels on Traditional Gold Miners

Mercury (Hydragyrum) is a heavy metal element that has received major attention in terms of health because it is toxic to humans. The main health problems caused by mercury vapor occur in the brain, lungs, central nervous system and kidneys. The aim of this research is to determine the impact of mercury exposure on SGOT and SGPT levels on traditional gold miners using the correlation method with a cross sectional approach. The population in this study is traditional gold miners. A total of 30 people were taken as samples in this study using purposive sampling technique. Data collection uses questionnaires and blood sampling. Data analysis test using the Chi-Square test with the help of SPSS. Based on the results of the questionnaire and taking blood samples from respondents with exposure to mercury, the sample was 30 respondents, Normal SGOT 15 respondents (50%) and abnormal SGOT 15 respondents (50%), while taking blood samples from 30 respondents with exposure to mercury with abnormal SGPT levels was 14 respondents. (46.7%) and normal SGPT levels in 16 respondents (53.3%). The results of the analysis used the Chi Square test with the help of SPSS version 20, the number of respondents was 30 people. The significant level obtained was for SGOT p=0.001, then, p < (0.001< 0.05), and for SGPT p=0.001, then, p <( 0.001 < 0.05), this shows that mercury exposure has a significant impact on SGOT and SGPT levels in traditional gold miners.

Selective electrochemical reduction of mercury(II) from a simulated traditional gold mining wastewater contaminated with cyanide and heavy metals

In traditional gold mining (TGM), the wastewater discharges are contaminated with high concentrations of cyanide and heavy metals. Understanding the effects of different cyanide species on the electrochemical behavior of mercury(II) is critical for its removal from TGM wastewater. Herein, we evaluated mercury electroreduction using a model solution simulating a TGM wastewater containing Fe(II), Cu(I), Zn(II), Hg(II), and CN– ions. According to speciation diagrams, the predominant Hg(II) species is Hg(CN)42–. Cyclic voltammetry was used to study the reduction processes from the simulated TGM wastewater solution and to select the potential for the potentiostatic deposition process of mercury. Scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy was used to study the morphology and elemental composition of the deposits. The free cyanide (CN–) concentration affects the electrochemical behavior of the anionic cyanide complex Hg(CN)42– in addition to the chemical stability of 316 stainless steel under open circuit conditions. Voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements show that the 316 stainless steel electrode becomes more resistive when exposed to the simulated TGM wastewater solution due to a passive surface oxide, while the passive layer on the titanium electrode inhibits Hg(II) reduction.Graphical

STUDI MODAL SOSIAL PADA PENAMBANG EMAS TRADISONAL DI KELURAHAN MUARA BAKANON

The background of this research is related to the existence of traditional gold mining activities carried out by the people of Muara Bakanon village on the Barito river, by looking at the Social Capital they use during mining activities. This study aims to find out how Social Capital is used by miners in carrying out traditional gold mining activities in Muara Bakanon Village. The method used in this research is descriptive-qualitative to provide a detailed description based on the facts found. The results of the findings in the field found that Social Capital in the form of values, norms, beliefs and social networks plays an important role in supporting relationships and relationships between miners during mining activities. If the Social Capital was not used during mining activities, perhaps this traditional gold mining would not survive until now and the relations and solidarity of the miners would not be formed in it.

Annual effective dose associated with Ra-226 radioactivity in the water from several mining areas in Indonesia

This study aims to obtain data on estimated annual radiation doses for 3 age groups of the community residing in several mining locations and control areas to be used as consideration in the management of environmental radioactivity in mining areas in general. In this study, several mining areas have been selected, including: tin mining areas in the Bangka Belitung Islands, traditional gold mining in Kuantan and Pongkor, steam-electric power plant in Pacitan and Rembang as well as control areas which are Mamuju and Lampung. The radioactivity of Ra-226 in water on all study sites were used as secondary data for calculating the estimated annual effective dose for infants, children and adults. The results of the calculation of the estimated annual effective dose showed that the highest was received by the infant age group 1-2 years at the tin mining location, namely 6.55-18.3 E-04 Sv/y, the group of children aged 7-12 years at 4.52- 9.25.E-04 Sv /year and adults 0.35-18.3.E-04 Sv/year. While the lowest was in Mamuju area, respectively for infants = 6.65.E-07, children 3.36.E-07 and adults 1.30.E-07 Sv/year. There is a significant relationship between the activity of Ra-226 in water with the annual effective dose at each study site and the highest dose for infants aged 1-2 years compared to the children and adult groups. This needs attention in environmental management in the area, especially in the setting of public residential areas.

Mapping the Spread of Mercury from Artisanal Mining Activities in Aceh Jaya through Geochemical Surveys

Illegal gold mining carried out using amalgamation techniques produce mercury waste which can then damage the environment and damage the health of residents. The negative impact due to the use of mercury is dead fish, contaminated river water, water quality below environmental standard quality and spreading in the food chain. This has caused environmental damage, one of which is in terms of land and water. This condition is the basis for conducting deeper research on environmental damage by mercury waste, especially in terms of soil and water. The sampling method used is the Geochemical Method and Geoelectric Method. Geoelectric samples were taken using the superstring R8 tool. Geochemical samples used were soil and water samples which were subsequently tested by the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) and X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) methods to see the mercury levels that had been scattered in the research location. The study aims to determine the distribution of mercury waste and its levels. This research includes sampling, sample testing, data processing and analysis, and making maps of the distribution of mercury waste through QGis software. From the study, it was found that the distance from the traditional gold mining processing location determines the concentration level (Hg). Analysis using AAS shows that there were 13 samples had mercury concentrations above the critical threshold. From the analysis, it is also known that AAS could not detect mercury levels in soil samples which is different from the results obtained using XRF.

OVERVIEW OF SERUM CREATININE LEVELS IN TRADITIONAL GOLD MINING WORKERS IN EAST MAMUNGA’A VILLAGE

Creatinine is a kind of chemical in the body indicating damage to body cells. The levels in the blood indicate how much damage to body cells. The purpose of this study was to determine the description of serum creatinine levels in traditional gold mining workers in East Mamunga'a Village in 2021.This research is descriptive with a quantitative approach. The population in this study were all traditional gold mining workers with a total sample of 35 people. The sampling method used Accidental Sampling. The examination of serum creatinine levels using the Jaffe Reaction method and measured using a Spectrophotometer biosystem BTS 350. The types of data used were primary data and secondary data with data sourced from interviews and documentation. Furthermore, the data were analyzed univariate.The results show that 15 samples (42.9%) of serum creatinine are abnormal and 20 samples (57.1%) are normal. Serum creatinine levels that do not increase or are declared normal are caused by traditional gold mining workers adopting a healthy lifestyle. The conclusion is that traditional gold mining workers experience an increase in serum creatinine levels less than normal. The need to maintain a healthy lifestyle such as adequate rest during mining activities, consuming mineral water, and not consuming excessive supplements so as not to increase serum creatinine levels.

Groundwater Vulnerability Study to Traditional Gold Mine Processing Pollution Using SYNTACS Method and GIS Approach

Groundwater vulnerability study research conducted in Paya Ateuk Village, Pasie Raja District uses the SINTACS method. This method is an overlay method that combines 7 primary maps, namely soil texture maps, infiltration maps, slope maps, groundwater depth maps, rock unit maps, aquifer lithology maps, and hydroulic conductivity maps. Then the results of the assessment on the primary map parts are multiplied by the weight on the SINTACS classification and the results are combined into 1 groundwater vulnerability overlay map. The results of the map overlay produce 822 sections that have a range of groundwater vulnerability values ​​at a score of 103.75 – 201.5 with low to high classification. Karst hill areas generally have moderate vulnerability values. Whereas in the lowlands with residential land use has a high vulnerability. This is due to the flat slope with sandstone, and moderate infiltration. Besides that, the texture of the soil is large and the depth of the groundwater is shallow. So that contamination on the surface can easily affect the quality of water in groundwater. Meanwhile, the groundwater vulnerability value is high in a narrow area with the use of paddy fields. Based on measurements of the quality of groundwater in wells owned by residents, it shows that the groundwater in the research location is of good quality. This is due to the large number of natural phytoremediation plants around the research area. Although the quality of groundwater is in good condition. The government as the policy maker still needs to regulate and provide official permits for traditional gold miners who are classified as illegal and continue to monitor the environment around traditional gold processing areas.

Management of Spinal Injuries Secondary to Rockfall in Traditional Mines

Introduction: Spinal injuries represent the whole of the mechanisms responsible for vertebral, disco-ligamentary and spinal cord injuries. Spinal cord injury is life-threatening and is responsible for functional consequences that make the subsequent socio-economic integration of victims difficult. In developing countries, spinal injuries in traditional gold mining are becoming more and more frequent. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to describe the anatomopathological aspects and the results of surgical treatment of spinal injuries secondary to traditional mine collapses at the University Hospital of Kati. Patients and Methods: This was a prospective, descriptive study over 18 months, from November 2017 to May 2019. Included in this study were patients operated on for spinal trauma secondary to rockfall in traditional mines. The neurological status was assessed in each patient since admission to the department using the Fr&#228nkel score. Decompression by laminectomy combined with titanium device placement was preferred in lumbar, thoracic and thoraco-lumbar surgery. We performed an anterior cervical spine approach with SENEGAS plate placement in cervical injuries. Motor physiotherapy was associated whenever recovery was not complete. At a minimum follow-up of 6 months, all our patients were re-evaluated by the Fr&#228nkel score. Results: The mean age was 31 years with extremes of 10 and 49 years. The majority of patients were men, 95%. Twenty patients underwent surgery. According to the spinal segments, the cervical spine was affected in 05 cases, the thoracic spine in 08 cases and the lumbar spine in 17 cases. The neurological examination revealed tetraplegia (n = 5), paraplegia (n = 12) and paraparesis (n = 3). According to the types of lesions, we collected 12 cases of fractures, 4 cases of fracture-luxations and 04 cases of pure luxations. According to the site, the fracture was uni-articular (n = 3), corporal (n = 15) and transverse apophyseal (n = 1). According to the type of line, the fracture was simple (n = 6), with compression (n = 11) and comminuted (n = 2). The dislocation was anterior in all 08 cases. The spinal cord injuries were concussion (n = 3), contusion (n = 6) and transection (n = 11). Sphincter disorders such as leakage or retention of urine were present in all our patients. At a minimum follow-up of 6 months, all our patients classified as Fr&#228nkel D and C had a complete motor recovery. Of the 5 patients classified as Fr&#228nkel B, 2 had complete motor recovery and one had partial recovery. Of 12 patients classified as Fr&#228nkel A, one patient had partial recovery. Conclusion: The severity of the neurological lesions in spinal injuries due to rockfalls in traditional gold mining is certain. These traumas are of high velocity and provide extensive spinal cord injuries. The dorsolumbar hinge is the most affected segment. Fractures of the first lumbar vertebra and the twelfth thoracic vertebra are the most frequent. Settling fractures are by far the most frequent fracture types. T12-L1 dislocation is the most frequent. Early osteosynthesis by spinal stabilization after reduction improves the Fr&#228nkel score. This study shows the need for public awareness of the dangers of traditional gold panning.

The impact of traditional gold mining on land use changes and vegetation index in Mandor Subwatershed, West Kalimantan

Traditional gold mining activities altered the environmental structure of the Mandor Subwatershed significantly. The expansion of critical land in the Mandor Subwatershed causes flooding due to the lack of water catchment areas. The purpose of this study was to identify the impact of traditional gold mining on land use change in the Mandor Subwatershed. The research was conducted with a spatial analysis approach using Landsat multitemporal images from 2002, 2013, and 2022, followed by a field survey. A comparison of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and the Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) methods was used to determine the changing process of vegetation density. The accuracy of vegetation index analysis indicated that the EVI method was more accurate for identifying vegetation density than the NDVI method. Land use change from 2002 to 2022 was dominated by an increase in the land area devoted to mining and oil palm plantations. The impact of this traditional gold mining has led to significant deforestation and land degradation over the past 20 years in the Mandor Subwatershed. This affects the condition of the surrounding environment as well as human health.

Traditional Rulers Gold Mining and the Rise of Banditry in Zamfara State, Nigeria, 2015-2023

Zamfara State is one of the seven states in northwestern Nigeria. In recent years, the state has witnessed an increase in the wave of banditry. This has drawn the attention of scholars to begin to probe the linkage between illicit gold mining, traditional rulers, and rise of banditry in the State. Gold mining which is at the centre of the conflict, has long been a significant economic activity which has attracted both legal and illegal miners. Unfortunately, illicit gold mining has taken the centre stage and this portends grave danger for the state. One of the key players in this wave of criminality, are some traditional rulers, who ordinarily are supposed to be the custodians of peace in the State but have neglected those roles and have resorted to providing protection and support to the illegal miners in exchange for personal gains. The paper deploys the use of resource curse theory which postulates that the presence of minerals in an area could breed conflict. The study assumes that there is a deeper link between traditional rulers, illicit gold mining and banditry in Zamfara State. Using primary and secondary sources, the paper argues that the traditional institutions in Zamfara State have failed in their primary responsibilities in promoting peace and social harmony in the State which explains the rise of criminal activities in the State which has led to the wanton destruction of lives and properties. The paper concludes that the roadmap to peace in the region lies in the complete overhaul of the traditional institutions of the State. The objective being to draw their attention back to their responsibilities. The paper also recommends that appropriate sanctions should be meted on traditional rulers found complicit in fueling conflict in Zamfara State.

First hepatitis E outbreak in Southeastern Senegal

The Rapid proliferation of traditional gold mining sites in the Kedougou region has led to massive migration of people from neighbouring West African countries and the establishment of several small villages where poor hygiene and sanitation conditions exist. In this context, a Hepatitis E virus outbreak was reported in Kedougou in 2014 with several cases among the traditional mining workers. Herein, we described epidemiological and laboratory data collected during the outbreak’s investigation from February 2012 to November 2014. Any suspected, contact or probable case was investigated, clinical and epidemiological data were collected. In our study, sera were collected and tested for viral RNA and anti-Hepatitis E virus (HEV) IgM. Archived serum samples from Kedougou were retrospectively screened by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). A total of 65 water samples collected from ponds and wells surrounding gold panners' sites and habitats and 75 tissues samples from rats captured in the environment of traditional gold mining sites were also tested. A total of 1617 sera were collected from 698 suspected cases, 862 contacts and 57 persons with missing information. The median age was 20 (1–88 years-old) and the sex ratio was 1.72. An overall rate of 64.62% (1045/1617) of these patients tested positive for HEV with a high case fatality rate in pregnant women. All water samples and animal tissues tested negative for HEV. Our data help not only determining of the beginning of the HEV outbreak to March 2012, but also identifying risk factors associated to its emergence. However, there is a need to implement routine diagnosis, surveillance and training of health personnel in order to reduce mortality especially among pregnant women. In addition, further studies are needed to identify the virus reservoir and environmental risk factors for HEV in the Kedougou region.

Versatile synthesis of activated carbon from coconut shells: a method for cyanide adsorption in artisanal and small-scale gold mining wastewater

Over the next years, Indonesia’s traditional gold mining technique (that employs mercury amalgamation) will be gradually replaced by cyanidation as a result of a Presidential Decree that has been recently issued. The cyanide-containing waste resulting from the processing tanks of this new method will be generally sedimented and flow directly into the surrounding small rivers. This study aimed to reduce the impact of cyanide contamination on the environment by using the simple activated carbon that can be produced by artisanal small-scale gold mining (ASGM). Water samples were taken from artificial wastewater as part of three replications. The highest recorded removal of cyanide from sewage was 98.43%, with an equilibrium reached at a fixed adsorbent dosage of 0.05 g over a contact time of 24 hours. Cyanide adsorption was also found to be pH-dependent, with the highest cyanide adsorption occurring at a pH of 8. The adsorption capacity for cyanide was estimated at 12.51 mg g<sup>-1</sup> of the adsorbent, and it was considered to function based on a Langmuir isotherm model. The findings of this study confirm that the utilized glass wool in the assessed method can increase the yield of activated carbon, thereby offering a low-cost and effective adsorbent that can be used in order to remove cyanide from ASGM wastewater.

EKSPLORASI PERTAMBANGAN EMAS TRADISIONAL SECARA ILEGAL DI MENGGAMAT ACEH SELATAN DALAM PERFEKTIF FIQIH MUAMALAH

Illegal mining activities are businesses carried out by mining individuals, groups or companies/foundations with different laws that do not have a permit from the government in operation in accordance with applicable laws and regulations. Utilization of mining goods, the State must supervise every activity carried out by the mining industry, both private and state-owned, so that the exploration they carry out does not cause environmental pollution. This research is to find out how the implementation of illegal traditional gold mining exploration practices in Menggamat and to understand the implementation of gold mining practices in terms of the concept of utilization of State assets. This study uses a type of qualitative research with data collection techniques of observation, interviews, documentation. The data analysis technique used is descriptive qualitative. The results of this study, that the community of gold mining workers use illegal land and already know the risks of illegality. The implementation of gold mining practices in Menggamat can be seen from the overall nature of what is being done, the traditional gold mining business being carried out is an illegal gold mining business that does not have a permit from the government and is against sharia. Apart from that, other things also made it illegal to mine gold because the land where they used to mine gold belonged to companies that could not be owned individually and all management was delegated to the government. According to Muamalah's fiqh, there are three types of contracts, namely syirkah amlak, syirkah mudharabah, and ijarah.

Gambaran logam berat merkuri (Hg) pada kuku penambang emas di Nagari Koto Tuo, Sijunjung Sumatera Barat

Unlicensed Gold Mining (PETI), was found in 4 districts in West Sumatra including, Dharmasraya covering an area of 1,773 ha, Solok 1,533 ha, Solok Selatan 2,559 ha, and Sijunjung 1,103 ha. PETI is a traditional gold mining activity, the results are processed using the amalgamation method. The amalgamation process in the PETI activity will result in environmental degradation caused by the washing process carried out in the river and the process of refining gold ore by burning which produces mercury vapor (Hg) which evaporates in the air. The amalgamation process can cause negative impacts in the form of environmental pollution by mercury vapor as a result of the process. As much as 10 - 30% of the mercury used in the gold amalgamation process will be released into the environment. The main health problems caused by mercury vapor occur in the brain, lungs, central nervous system and kidneys. The purpose of this study was to describe the level of toxicity that occurs in humans through nails on illegal gold miners in Nagari Koto Tuo Sijunjung, West Sumatra. The benefit of the research is as information that is conveyed to local governments and people who are exposed to heavy metals for the dangers they face. The research method is an observational study with a cross sectional study design, which is a study in which the variables including risk factors and variables including effects are observed simultaneously at the same time. The number of samples used in this study were 13 people. Samples were taken using accidental sampling technique. The method used to determine levels of metallic mercury in nails is wet destruction and examined by AAS. The results of this study used 13 active gold miners with a working period of 20.10 and 5 years with mercury levels of 10.31 mg/kg, 10.04 mg/kg, and 7.30 mg/kg. Based on the results of the standard deviation (SD) test, it was found that the average level of mercury in the nails of gold miner Koto Tuo, Sijunjung was 9.21 mg/kg with an average working life of 34 years and a standard deviation of 1.665. Mercury is a neurotoxin if used in high doses can damage the person's organs.

Studi Eksperimen Penambahan Tailing Pada Campuran Mortar Sebagai Substitusi Parsial Semen Untuk Dinding Panel

Poboya is located in East Palu District, Palu City, Central Sulawesi. This village is now an area that has become a traditional gold mining activity. The end result of the mining process in the form of these deposits becomes waste which is commonly referred to as tailing. This waste contains a lot of carbon and no one has utilized it. This study was conducted to determine the optimum percent value of adding tailing to the mortar mixture so that it can affect the compressive strength of the mortar. This research uses experimental methods and literature studies. The location of the research was carried out at the Laboratory of Structures and Building Materials, Faculty of Engineering, Tadulako University. The variations used in the use of gold mine waste (tailing) as partial cement substitution are 50% and 75% by weight of cement. Tailings will replace some of the cement in a mortar mix made of sand, cement and water. The test to be carried out is the compressive strength of the mortar at the age of 7 and 28 days. Mortar test object made measuring 5 x 5 x 5 cm. The results obtained showed that 50% tailings had a higher compressive strength of 156 kg/cm2 than mortar using 75% tailing only had a compressive strength of 21.33 kg/cm2 at the age of the specimen 28 days. Mortar is used for the manufacture of wall panels with ferrocement technology.

ANALISIS DAMPAK TAMBANG EMAS TRADSIONAL TERHADAP LINGKUNGAN FISIK DAN SOSIAL EKONOMI MASYARAKAT DI DESA POKLA, BUPER – WAENA, KABUPATEN HERAM, JAYAPURA PROVINSI PAPUA

Traditional gold mining in Pokla Buper Village, Waena Village, Heram District, Jayapura City, Papua Province has been carried out since 1996, using simple equipment, namely hoes, cauldrons and sieves. In 2010 the mine grew to a large size using a spray method alkon machine. From 2020 to 2022 using heavy equipment, namely excavators and dompeng machines. Factors that trigger the emergence of gold mining, to meet the economic needs of the family and create jobs for the community. The purpose of this study was to analyze the impact of traditional gold mining on the physical environment, socio-economic community and efforts to reduce the negative impact of traditional gold mining. Primary data from observations, interviews and documentation are from respondents who own customary rights, communities living around mining areas, RW heads and employees. The analysis used is descriptive qualitative. The results showed that the impact of traditional gold mining on the physical environment damaged the mining area and landslides occurred in the campus area of the Institute of Domestic Government. The social impact of the community is in the form of a positive impact in the field of education because with education they can build an advanced society. The economic impact of the community can be more independent in managing the potential of existing natural resources. Efforts to reduce the negative impact of traditional gold mining activities are land reclamation of damaged mining areas so that they can function optimally, and develop positive impacts for the community around the mining area.

A salt tolerant Sphingosinicella microcystinivorans A3 isolated from soil contaminated with mercury in traditional gold mining of Jendi Village, Wonogiri District, Indonesia

Abstract. Sutami, Purwanto, Rosariastuti R. 2021. A salt tolerant Sphingosinicella microcystinivorans A3 isolated from soil contaminated with mercury in traditional gold mining of Jendi Village, Wonogiri District, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 3785-3791. Isolation and characterization of indigenous bacteria from the soil of traditional gold mining contaminated with mercury is the first step in a series of research to explore and utilize indigenous bacteria in Jendi's area. This study was aimed to determine the characteristics and identity of bacterial isolates from soil of traditional gold mining in Jendi Village, Wonogiri contaminated by mercury. The methods used in this study included bacterial isolation, media preparation, phenotypic identification including; morphological and physiological tests and genotyping tests. The results showed that the bacterial isolate A3 grew optimally in media with the addition of 10% NaCl, at a temperature of 27°C, and pH 9. There were negative reactions to the observations of gram staining, acid production from glucose, indole production, catalase and urease, and positive reactions to oxidation. A neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that the A3 strain was closely related to Sphingosinicella microcystinivorans strain Y2T (JCM 13185T) with 100% Query coverage and a maximum identity of 99.56%.