Traditional Economic Activities Research Articles

Apresentação do Centro de Competência e Desenvolvimento da Economia Azul

The blue economy focuses on sustainable and regenerative development associated with resources and sectors related to the aquatic environment (ocean, seas, rivers and lakes). The blue economy encompasses traditional economic activities such as fishing, aquaculture and processing industries, maritime transport, port facilities and logistics, maritime infrastructure and works, shipbuilding and maintenance, coastal tourism and nautical tourism, sports and culture, and education, training and scientific research. It also includes emerging economic activities such as renewable ocean energies (wind, wave and tidal), marine biotechnology (biofuels, genetic resources, pharmaceuticals), maritime surveillance, carbon capture and sequestration, among many others. Each of these activities faces challenges associated with decarbonisation, digitalisation and the circular economy, while offering vast opportunities for innovation, entrepreneurship, investment and the development of professional careers, boosting the creation of qualified jobs. The blue economy is driven by several critical factors, including the promotion of a healthy and resilient ocean, the protection of biodiversity, the existence and quality of basic sanitation, the creation and maintenance of vibrant ecosystems, and investment in knowledge, education and inclusive social development.

The regime complex for digital trade in Asia and China’s engagement

AbstractThe rapid development of information and communication technologies over the past two decades has resulted in profound transformations in traditional economic and trade activities, leading to the scaling of digital trade across the Asian region and beyond. Drawing on the conceptual framework of the regime complex, this article seeks to delineate the main features of regional digital trade governance in the Asian region and China’s engagement with the regime-building process in this policy field. It demonstrates that the digital trade governance landscape in Asian countries comprises a collection of partially overlapping and nonhierarchical regimes, where different regional actors are formulating competing visions and approaches to digital trade governance. In addition, the dynamic nature of the digital trade regime complex in Asia and China’s evolving approach to digital trade governance is mutually constitutive. By selectively liberalizing in certain contexts while remaining conservative in others, China contributes to a more complex and less cohesive regional digital trade environment. China’s emphasis on standard-setting efforts and security considerations introduces additional complexities to the regime complex, potentially impeding the development of comprehensive governance regimes for digital trade in the region.

Ресурсная оценка оленьих пастбищ как особо ценных земель Арктики в условиях ее промышленного освоения

The article discusses the issues of managing the territories of traditional economic activity in the Arctic zone, taking into account the results of their resource assessment. The authors analyze the methods for resource assessment of reindeer pastures as the basis for reindeer husbandry — the main activity of indigenous peoples of the northern regions of Russia and other countries. Based on the main productivity indicator of reindeer pastures — reindeer capacity, they propose a classification of lands according to their economic value. The practical significance of the research results lies in the possibility of using them in justifying projects for the industrial development of the Arctic, in conducting market and cadastral assessments of Arctic territories, and in calculating compensation payments to communities of indigenous peoples of the North during the industrial development of the Arctic.

The Rise of Gaming Nations

The article illuminates a paradigm shift in the digital landscape, where blockchain technology, Web 3.0, and gaming communities converge to redefine socio-economic dynamics. By examining the emergence of “Gaming Nations,” this article explores how virtual environments have transcended mere leisure, evolving into thriving economic ecosystems. Through case studies, including the transformative impact of Yield Guild Games during the COVID-19 crisis, the article demonstrates how guilds, traditionally formed for gameplay, are becoming veritable businesses. The integration of blockchain assets, particularly Non-Fungible Tokens, as essential elements of gameplay, blurs the boundaries between digital recreation and traditional economic activities. By envisioning a future where digital homes hold equivalent significance to physical residences, the article provokes contemplation on the changing landscape of human interaction and productivity. This comprehensive analysis offers a forward-looking perspective on the potential socio-cultural and economic impacts of this burgeoning phenomenon at the intersection of gaming, blockchain, and Web 3.0 technologies.

Child Acrobats as a Family Labor Force: An Exploratory Study on the Involvement of Children in Traditional Economic Activities

Child labor has majorly been analyzed through the socio-economic lens, because the deterministic cultural factors have not received much attention. This study attempts to understand the cultural influences on children’s involvement in traditional economic activities. Applying a cultural sociological approach, an intrinsic case study was conducted on the nomadic Nat tribe in India that generates its livelihood through children’s involvement in acrobatics. Findings suggest that the cultural existence of the tribe significantly determines children’s involvement in socio-economic exchanges. Policy attempts toward child upliftment must consider the cultural aspects essential for the tribe’s survival.

Формирование арктического этнохозяйственного кластера как условие устойчивого (эколого- и этносохраняющего) развития региона (на примере арктических территорий Красноярского края)

The paper considers the issues of ethno-demographic development and settlement of small-numbered indigenous peoples of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation in the period between the 2002 and 2020 population censuses. The article analyzes the current state and development of the ethno-economic areas of the Arctic zone of the Krasnoyarsk Krai, assesses the potential for the development of traditional economic activity of indigenous peoples and identifies hindering factors. It is shown that the key mechanism for achieving the goals of sustainable development of traditional economic activities in the Arctic region is an active balanced cluster approach adapted to the specifics of ethno-economic habitats of indigenous minorities of the Arctic. The prerequisites and prospects for creating an ethno-economic cluster in the Arctic zone of Krasnoyarsk Krai are assessed. Promising areas of investment development of socio-economic potential and cooperative relations of traditional economic activities of indigenous minorities are identified. The results of the cluster formation will be increase in the degree of processing and in the output of traditional economic activities, increase in employment and improvement of the standard of living of indigenous small-numbered peoples, transformation of traditional economic activity into a full-fledged sector of the economy of the Arctic zone of the Krasnoyarsk Krai.

Green Finance Promotes High-Quality Development of Regional Economy

With the rapid development of the social economy, the role of green finance in promoting the high-quality development of regional economies is increasing day by day. The advancement of green finance not only aids in fostering the green transformation and upgrading of regional economies but also helps mitigate the risks of environmental damage stemming from traditional economic activities. In this new era, it is imperative to embrace the concept of green finance development and innovate green finance practices to further drive high-quality regional economic development. This paper will analyze the significance of green finance in regional economic development, assess the current state of green finance development, and propose optimization strategies for green finance to facilitate high-quality economic development.

Seeds, Dams, and Khipus: Latin America's Eclectic Recent History of Technology.

Scholarship on Latin America's history of technology has expanded significantly in recent years. By reviewing articles in English- and Spanish-language journals from 2012 to the first half of 2023, we illustrate the emerging themes, geographies, and methodologies in this literature. The four main themes we identify are industrialization, institutions and policies, infrastructure, and moving beyond technological adaptation. We also highlight two emerging themes: Indigenous technologies and the circulation of knowledge. We conclude that the scholarship has generally moved in three directions: the study of technologies associated with traditional economic activities in the region (e.g., monocrop agriculture), national industrialization and modernization processes, and cases that demonstrate alternative ways of knowing the world and how communities use these types of knowledge. We suggest that deepening the connections between these three lines of research could be fruitful for future work.

Place and role of specially protected natural areas in the preservation of cultural heritage objects

The article emphasizes the special purpose of heritage sites located in specially protected natural areas (SPNA). Historical memory of the interaction between man and nature is preserved and our understanding of the authenticity of heritage is expanded due to these objects, as true authenticity can only be achieved through the cultural and natural landscapes, that contain heritage sites, for many years they remained unaffected by intensive human activity or were used for traditional environmental management – hunting, fishing, grazing, farming and other activities not associated with a destructive impact on natural landscapes. The leading role of protected areas is most noticeably manifested in connection with the preservation of sacred, ethnographic and archaeological heritage, monuments of traditional environmental management, ethnology, historical communications, and examples of traditional economic and socio-cultural activities. The article raises the question of the need to establish close contacts between bodies for the protection of cultural heritage and nature conservation, as well as institutions subordinate to them, primarily nature reserves, national and natural parks, museum reserves and estate museums.

An overview of ethnographic sources for the study of agriculture in medieval Novgorod

The subject of this article is a set of ethnographic sources related to agricultural activities. This complex includes items from the expositions of ethnographic museums, photographs from the collections of local historians and the Internet, as well as the autobiography of the peasant I.S. Karpov. The use of ethnographic sources for the study of agricultural activities in the Middle Ages is extremely important due to the fact that archaeological material does not always reach our days in complete preservation. For example, such complex devices as ploughing implements in archaeological collections only have iron tips of their working parts, therefore, it is necessary to refer to ethnographic materials to restore their appearance. The same can be said about the technology of cultivating the land. To select the necessary material for this study, the works of Russian ethnographers and archaeologists devoted to the history of agriculture and folklore were studied. A selection of photographic materials from the collections of local historians and publicly available photographs from the Internet was also carried out. The article presents an overview of various types of ethnographic materials and the experience of their application for the reconstruction of agricultural activities of the inhabitants of medieval Novgorod according to archaeological data. The main contribution of the author to the research of the topic is the expansion of the range of ethnographic sources, which are most often involved in this kind of research. In this work, the experience of using not only physical material and photographs from the collections of ethnographic museums, but also folklore, was demonstrated for the reconstruction of agricultural processes that cannot be interpreted according to archaeological data. Traditional economic activities such as farming, hunting or various crafts are rooted in the deep past and retain their characteristics for a long time. This feature allows researchers to fully reconstruct certain processes about which only archaeological evidence has been preserved, which do not always reach our days in full.

THE PANDEMIC CHALLENGES FOR TRADITIONAL COMMUNITIES AT THE CROSS-BORDER POST AREAS OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA-PAPUA NEW GUINEA

The COVID-19 pandemic has posed a threat to the border area of the Republic of Indonesia-Papua New Guinea (RI-PNG). To prevent the spread of the virus, both countries closed border posts and border markets in January 2020. This article aims to analyse the challenges faced by traditional communities in Indonesia who share cultures and traditions with their counterparts in Papua New Guinea and are used to crossing borders without restraint before the pandemic. From the view of community security, the emergence of COVID-19 in the border areas of the RI-PNG is a threat to people in the vicinity. The closure of cross-border posts and border markets has implications for native Papuan communities, affecting their ability to maintain their traditional relationships and values. Through qualitative descriptive research using field study as a research method, primary data were collected through interviews, supplemented with secondary data from library research. This research reveals that the closure of cross-border posts and border markets has disrupted the sustainability of culture, traditions, kinship, and traditional economic activities among traditional communities in the border area. Dissatisfied with the lockdown imposed by the Indonesian and Papua New Guinean governments, the traditional border crossers took advantage of illegal routes to continue their traditional activities. However, they were also very concerned about cross-border criminals exploiting the same track. A growing concern was emerging that the security measures implemented to safeguard citizens during the pandemic would persist, thereby hindering the restoration of traditional cross-border movement to normal conditions.

BERKERABAT DI PASAR: KUASA DAN PRAKTIK KEBERAGAMAN AGAMA DI MAUMERE, NUSA TENGGARA TIMUR

This study explains the background to the acculturation process of Muslims and Christians in Maumere, Flores, East Nusa Tenggara, in relation to the influence of economic and political power. As a contribution to the study of religious dialogue in Indonesia, this research starts from a historical explanation of patterns in terms of religious assimilation, and then looks at the conduction of power practices in this acculturation. This study is qualitative data research using library methods. Data from books, journals, newspapers and the internet are analyzed to provide a description of the development of relations between religious communities. In contrast to a number of previous studies on Nusa Tenggara which viewed the home as the binding root of multiculturalism and religious diversity, this study finds that the existence of the market actually plays an important power role in the acculturation process in question. This condition began with traditional economic exchange activities between Bajo and Bugis sailors and traders with residents of the plains, then culminated in the facts of political governance during the reign of the Dutch East Indies. Tolerance from below, which is centered on economic factors, can spark further discussion to look at the social relations of religious communities in Indonesia in general.

Ecological camps for children of indigenous peoples of the North: background and prospects

To organize any environmental camp, it is necessary to find its prerequisites, from which the goals and objectives of the camp are established. Since 2000 up to the present time in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) nomadic camps - temporary educational organizations during summer days for children living in remote, hard-to-reach settlements of the Arctic, where indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North live. The article deals with the process of creating the first ecological camps for children of the indigenous peoples of the North - Evens, as well as the development and search for optimal options for new forms of temporary children's groups during the summer vacation days in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) for environmental education, rational nature management, teaching the native language and culture, including traditional economic activities of the peoples of the North. Experience has shown that the nomadic ethno-ecological camp is a new form in the field of environmental education. During the camps' activities, various technologies and methods were applied with the direct participation of conservationists and educators in the field of ecology and biology.

ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКИ ІНФРАСТРУКТУРИ ЕЛЕКТРОННОЇ ТОРГІВЛІ: ВИКЛИКИ ТА ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ РОЗВИТКУ

The article highlights the interpretation of the term "electronic commerce" in the context of its institutional and component prismatic perception. Features of the functioning of electronic commerce in the modern global geo-economic climate are outlined. The results of the latest research and publications are analyzed. The influence of the pandemic climate, which treated the fundamental principles of traditional economic activity, was studied. Geopolitical threats caused by Russian aggression against Ukraine are considered. Indicators illustrating the importance of the field of digital entrepreneurship were analyzed. The information of the Forbes Advisor online platform of economic direction was processed, and the global e-commerce market in 2024 was studied. It is proved that the indicators of the mobility and adaptability of the e-commerce phenomenon are such attributive properties as: geographical distribution of the electronic potential of digital commerce, the concentrated advantage of American multinational corporations in the digital commerce market, the integrability of the digital commerce phenomenon. The results of the annual Global Digital Overview report, as of the beginning of 2023, were studied, and it was determined that the indicators of the information gap also characterize the architecture of the Ukrainian online market. The problem of information inequality, which arose in the context of the world's struggle with the devastating consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic, is considered. The fundamental differences of the modern form of digital commerce from the structure of traditional trade are analyzed. The specified nature of electronic commerce demonstrates the integrativeness, interconnectedness, and sensitive adaptability to the relevant mainstreams of the modern geo-economic climate inherited from globalization. Current trends in e-commerce architecture are illustrated, namely the leading actors of the global digital market – both state players and transnational corporations. A trend-based argumentation for trading efficiency of a new type of productivity is described, which can be illustrated by a triad of levels. The key components of the overall potential of modern e-commerce are highlighted - "social" and "mobile" trade. Significant threats and prospects for the development of the phenomenon of "electronic commerce" are highlighted.

Рынок традиционных продуктов питания коренных малочисленных народов Европейского Севера России: анализ больших массивов данных

In recent years, the entrepreneurial activity of Small Indigenous Peoples of the North (SIPN) has increased significantly due to favorable economic climate through the development of programs of subsi-dizing traditional economic activities. Their representatives are involved in the production and promotion of traditional products on global and local markets, including through the Internet. This is the result of the transformation of the traditional lifestyle and adaptation to digital innovations. The study aimed to analyze the market of the SIPN’ traditional food products in the European North of Russia in the Internet on the basis of big data. The materials of the study were text messages related to the traditional economy of indigenous minorities, uploaded using methods and tools of automated data collection from the “VKontakte” social network. Data processing was based on innovative methods for analyzing large-scale data, the assortment of products of the traditional economy of the indigenous peoples of the European North of Russia, the offers for the sale of which were posted on the social network for the period in 20192022, were studied. Recently, the activation of producers of SIPN’ traditional food products in the Internet became the result, on the one hand, of restrictions due to the coronavirus pandemic, on the other hand, of increased interest to the SIPN’ culture and the Arctic biological resources, which provide their high adaptability, health and well-being. As a result, these northern products have acquired the status of a delicacy. It has been revealed that the most popular product on the Internet market in the European North of Russia is fish and seafood. The practical significance of the study is connected with the possibility of applying the results in the drafting and adjustment of strategic and program documents aimed at the development of the Arctic territories, preservation of the traditional way of life and economic activities of the indigenous peoples of the European North of Russia.

Влияние политики раскулачивания на миграции населения в Калмыцкой автономной области. 1929–1934 гг.

Introduction. In 1929–1934, in the Kalmyk Autonomous Region, as part of the policy of dispossession in the country, measures were taken to liquidate farms and relocate to new places the most financially well-off part of the rural population of the Kalmyk Autonomous Region. Mass population movements have had a noticeable impact on the social, demographic and ethnic structure of the autonomous region. This aspect of the collectivization policy initiated by the leadership of the USSR in relation to Kalmykia has not been studied specifically. The purpose of the study is to highlight the migration policy of the state during the period of mass dispossession in the Kalmyk Autonomous Region in 1929–1934. The source database includes materials from the funds of state and party authorities of the National Archive of the Republic of Kalmykia. Results. The article examines the external and internal migrations in the region caused by the policy of dispossession. The resettlement of Kulaks was planned, the conditions of transportation of kulak families, as well as their adaptation to new places, were difficult. The main contingent of dispossessed and exiled, due to the peculiarities of the economic development of the region, were not farmers, but cattle breeders and fishermen. The state did not use their professional skills, employing the repressed in an industrial sphere unfamiliar to them. For the sparsely populated and economically underdeveloped Kalmykia, the dispossession and expulsion of the most enterprising and economic part of the peasantry had negative consequences. It should also be noted that Kalmykia is located in natural conditions that are generally unfavorable for human habitation. The evicted people were old-timers who were adapted to living in difficult local natural conditions, adapted to traditional economic activities. At the same time, the Kalmyk Autonomous Region was the host country. There were many remote and sparsely populated places on its territory, so it attracted runaway kulaks. In its settlements and just in the steppe, they hoped to wait out the persecution and return to their homeland or gain a foothold in a new place of residence. The actions of the authorities to evict the Kulaks increased the migration of the population in the Kalmyk Autonomous Region. On the one hand, it led to a forced mass outflow of the population, on the other to the illegal resettlement of a significant number of people who fled from the dispossession of people.

Rural tourism management from an entrepreneurial approach and its impact on local development

Tourism has the capacity to diversify the economy due to its transformative nature, mainly through the practice of various tourism modalities. In the case of rural communities, strategies can be implemented to expand productive capacities and competencies, if they are managed as a complement to traditional economic activities, and keeping in mind that a fundamental element in the matrix of territorial economic development is the business segment. Therefore, the objective of this article was to determine the management capacity of rural tourism through the business fabric of a rural setting. Scientific observation and documentary analysis were used as methods, which allowed determining the different factors that lead to the integration of tourist activity as a factor of local development in the Cuban municipality. In addition, the main elements that favor or limit the management of Cuban rural areas for tourism purposes were analyzed, based on work experiences in Avilanian municipalities. The conclusion was reached that tourism activity is a feasible opportunity, its management leads to the implementation of actions that articulate and stimulate the activation of rural heritage, in correspondence with the demands of the tourism market, where the actors involved carry out the business framework that conditions the gradual development of tourism based on the characteristics of each territory.

Сельские сообщества Якутии в условиях деградации многолетнемёрзлых пород: ключевые риски, социальные последствия, механизмы адаптации

During the period of global climate change, the territories of the Russian Federation, within which permafrost is widespread, are at particular risk. The aim of this article is to identify the social consequences of permafrost degradation on the example of a number of rural settlements in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) and to determine the emerging mechanisms of adaptation to the challenges associated with changes in the habitual state of the environment. In this regard, for the first time, the villages of Amga, Yunkur, Argakhtakh, Lippe-Atakh and Ulakhan-An, located in Yakutia, were the focus of relevant interdisciplinary research conducted during 2019–2022. The work in these settlements made it possible to establish local features of both the consequences of the degradation of permafrost and the specifics of their perception by the local population. It is noted that in the rural settlements studied, permafrost degradation limits the development of traditional economic activities, including among the Arctic and Subarctic indigenous population, limits the possibilities for the spatial development of settlements, leads to problems with the safety of the housing stock, and hinders transport communication. The observed changes entail an increase in the financial burden on the population, economic entities and local administrations, and negatively affect the social well-being of the inhabitants of the studied villages. At the same time, the conducted research allowed to reveal that the mechanisms of adaptation and sustainability of rural communities that are being formed in this regard are largely based on traditions of rural mutual assistance.

Carry-over effects of tourism on traditional activities

One of the justifications for promoting tourism development is the capacity that it has to generate spillover effects on traditional economic activities. However, the strength of these spillover effects depends, largely, on the complementary or competitive nature of the traditional sector with respect to the resources used by tourism. Using time series analysis techniques, this paper examines the relationship existing between tourism development and the local fisheries sector. The results suggest that fisheries have been benefiting from growth in tourism, not so much in terms of an increase in the volume of catches but rather due to an increase in their value.

The edge between regional and exploratory work in ethnological expertise

Recently, there has been an urgent need to accelerate exploration for oil and gas in Eastern Siberia, including the Sakha Republic (Yakutia). The need is due to the reversal of the country’s energy industry in the eastern direction due to the illegal sanctions of a number of Western countries. For territories with complex transport logistics and difficult climatic conditions, one of the main factors of the success of geological exploration is the availability of sufficient time to fulfill the planned plans. Using the example of the regional law “On ethnological expertise in places of traditional residence and traditional economic activity of indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North of the Sakha Republic (Yakutia)”, the risks of non-fulfillment of license obligations by subsoil users are shown. Seismic exploration works are considered as the main tools for regional justification, areal prospecting and preparation of objects of exploratory drilling for oil and gas. It is noted that in areas with weak seismic exploration studies, the exploratory stage of geological exploration has the characteristics and scope of the regional stage of work. The main criterion for the regional understudy of promising oil and gas territories is proposed to accept a low density of seismic observations. For promising territories with seismic exploration studies with a profile density of less than 0.2 km/km2, it is proposed to make a relaxation in the form of exemption from passing an ethnological examination in places of traditional residence and traditional economic activity of indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North in the Sakha Republic (Yakutia) regardless of whether they are carried out on a state assignment or at the expense of the subsoil users’ own funds.