Traditional Cryptography Research Articles

A technical review and comparative analysis of machine learning techniques for intrusion detection systems in MANET

Machine learning techniques are being widely used to develop an intrusion detection system (IDS) for detecting and classifying cyber attacks at the network-level and the host-level in a timely and automatic manner. However, Traditional Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS), based on traditional machine learning methods, lacks reliability and accuracy. Instead of the traditional machine learning used in previous researches, we think deep learning has the potential to perform better in extracting features of massive data considering the massive cyber traffic in real life. Generally Mobile Ad Hoc Networks have given the low physical security for mobile devices, because of the properties such as node mobility, lack of centralized management and limited bandwidth. To tackle these security issues, traditional cryptography schemes can-not completely safeguard MANETs in terms of novel threats and vulnerabilities, thus by applying Deep learning methods techniques in IDS are capable of adapting the dynamic environments of MANETs and enables the system to make decisions on intrusion while continuing to learn about their mobile environment. An IDS in MANET is a sensoring mechanism that monitors nodes and network activities in order to detect malicious actions and malicious attempt performed by Intruders. Recently, multiple deep learning approaches have been proposed to enhance the performance of intrusion detection system. In this paper, we made a systematic comparison of three models, Inceprtion architecture convolutional neural network Inception-CNN, Bidirectional long short-term memory (BLSTM) and deep belief network (DBN) on the deep learning-based intrusion detection systems, using the NSL-KDD dataset containing information about intrusion and regular network connections, the goal is to provide basic guidance on the choice of deep learning methods in MANET.

INTEGRATED CRYPTOGRAPHICAL ACCESS CONTROL OVER NETWORK PROJECT

Cryptanalysis is a new ID-based encryption scheme proposed by Meshram. I found a method for factor N, where N is the parameter proposed by Meshram. We also provide a method for retrieving the Secret Master key for Mayshram’s ID-based encryption scheme. Identity-based (ID-based) cryptography is very useful because it simplifies certificate management in public-key cryptocurrency. For the design of the Integrated File Level Cryptographic Access Control (IFLCAC) system, it makes file security much easier for the end-user. This system combines the advantages of traditional file-level cryptography and full-disc cryptography systems, making it safe and easy to use. We first look at existing file cryptography systems, compare them to two, and then describe the interactions between components and components of the integrated file-level cryptographic access control system. Because its defense relies on the difficulty of discrete logarithmic and integer factor problems, it proves that his scheme is safe against favorable select-plain invasion. We show that this new ID-based encryption scheme is not secure by introducing a method to retrieve the secret master key.

Enabling Location Privacy Preservation in MANETs Based on Distance, Angle, and Spatial Cloaking

Preserving the location privacy of users in Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) is a significant challenge for location information. Most of the conventional Location Privacy Preservation (LPP) methods protect the privacy of the user while sacrificing the capability of retrieval on the server-side, that is, legitimate devices except the user itself cannot retrieve the location in most cases. On the other hand, applications such as geographic routing and location verification require the retrievability of locations on the access point, the base station, or a trusted server. Besides, with the development of networking technology such as caching technology, it is expected that more and more distributed location-based services will be deployed, which results in the risk of leaking location information in the wireless channel. Therefore, preserving location privacy in wireless channels without losing the retrievability of the real location is essential. In this paper, by focusing on the wireless channel, we propose a novel LPP enabled by distance (ranging result), angle, and the idea of spatial cloaking (DSC-LPP) to preserve location privacy in MANETs. DSC-LPP runs without the trusted third party nor the traditional cryptography tools in the line-of-sight environment, and it is suitable for MANETs such as the Internet of Things, even when the communication and computation capabilities of users are limited. Qualitative evaluation indicates that DSC-LPP can reduce the communication overhead when compared with k-anonymity, and the computation overhead of DSC-LPP is limited when compared with conventional cryptography. Meanwhile, the retrievability of DSC-LPP is higher than that of k-anonymity and differential privacy. Simulation results show that with the proper design of spatial divisions and parameters, other legitimate devices in a MANET can correctly retrieve the location of users with a high probability when adopting DSC-LPP.

Block encryption of quantum messages

Block encryption is a fundamental cryptographic primitive in modern cryptography. However, it is impossible for block encryption to achieve the same security as one-time pad. Quantum mechanics has changed the modern cryptography, and lots of researches have shown that quantum cryptography can outperform the limitation of traditional cryptography. This article proposes a new constructive mode for private quantum encryption, named $$\mathcal {EHE}$$, which is a very simple method to construct quantum encryption from classical primitive. Based on $$\mathcal {EHE}$$ mode, we construct a quantum block encryption scheme from pseudorandom functions. If the pseudorandom functions are standard secure, our scheme is indistinguishable encryption under chosen plaintext attack. If the pseudorandom functions are permutation on the key space, our scheme can achieve the same security as quantum one-time pad, and the secret key can be securely reused for exponential times if the receiver sends a confirmation after every round of “encryption–decryption.” Thus, our scheme can be viewed as a positive answer to the open problem in quantum cryptography “how to unconditionally reuse or recycle the whole key of private-key quantum encryption.”

Public-key cryptosystem based on quantum BCH codes and its quantum digital signature

There is a security threat to the traditional cryptography because of the emergence of quantum computation. Quantum computers can break through many cryptosystems based on mathematical puzzles. The post-cryptography has been established for the sake of the security. It has been proved that McEliece public-key cryptosystem based on error-correcting codes can resist quantum attacks. In this paper, several new generating algorithms of the quantum Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem (BCH) codes have been proposed, and the quantum BCH codes can correct the errors including bit-flip and phase-flip. At the same time, the quantum McEliece public-key cryptosystem and quantum Niederreiter public key cryptosystem have been designed by us on the basis of quantum BCH codes in this paper, and their encryption and decryption procedures are created in detail. Our cryptosystem not only retains the advantages of postquantum computation, but also can encrypt or decrypt in quantum state. From the perspective of computational complexity theory, both cryptosystems can resist the attacks of Shor algorithm and Grover algorithm very well. The Niederreiter classical digital signature is designed by us according to the structure characteristics of quantum BCH codes.

Efficient NewHope Cryptography Based Facial Security System on a GPU

With explosive era of machine learning development, human data, such as biometric images, videos, and particularly facial information, have become an essential training resource. The popularity of video surveillance systems and growing use of facial images have increased the risk of leaking personal information. On the other hand, traditional cryptography systems are still expensive, time consuming, and low security, leading to be threatened by the foreseeable attacks of quantum computers. This paper proposes a novel approach to fully protect facial images extracted from videos based on a post-quantum cryptosystem named NewHope cryptography. Applying the proposed technique to arrange input data for encryption and decryption processes significantly reduces encryption and decryption times. The proposed facial security system was successfully accelerated using data-parallel computing model on the recently launched Nvidia GTX 2080Ti Graphics Processing Unit (GPU). Average face frame extracted from video ( $190\times 190$ pixel) required only $2.2~ms$ and $2.7~ms$ total encryption and decryption times with security parameters $n=1024$ and $n=2048$ , respectively, which is approximately 9 times faster than previous approaches. Analysis results of security criteria proved that the proposed system offered comparable confidentiality to previous systems.

A Traceable and Privacy-Preserving Authentication for UAV Communication Control System

In recent years, the concept of the Internet of Things has been introduced. Information, communication, and network technology can be integrated, so that the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) from consumer leisure and entertainment toys can be utilized in high value commercial, agricultural, and defense field applications, and become a killer product. In this paper, a traceable and privacy-preserving authentication is proposed to integrate the elliptic curve cryptography (ECC), digital signature, hash function, and other cryptography mechanisms for UAV application. For sensitive areas, players must obtain flight approval from the ground control station before they can control the UAV in these areas. The traditional cryptography services such as integrity, confidentiality, anonymity, availability, privacy, non-repudiation, defense against DoS (Denial-of-Service) attack, and spoofing attack can be ensured. The feasibility of mutual authentication was proved by BAN logic. In addition, the computation cost and the communication cost of the proposed scheme were analyzed. The proposed scheme provides a novel application field.

Telecommunication Compatibility Evaluation for Co-existing Quantum Key Distribution in Homogenous Multicore Fiber

Quantum key distribution (QKD) is regarded as an alternative to traditional cryptography methods for securing data communication by quantum mechanics rather than computational complexity. Towards the massive deployment of QKD, embedding it with the telecommunication system is crucially important. Homogenous optical multi-core fibers (MCFs) compatible with spatial division multiplexing (SDM) are essential components for the next-generation optical communication infrastructure, which provides a big potential for co-existence of optical telecommunication systems and QKD. However, the QKD channel is extremely vulnerable due to the fact that the quantum states can be annihilated by noise during signal propagation. Thus, investigation of telecom compatibility for QKD co-existing with high-speed classical communication in SDM transmission media is needed. In this paper, we present analytical models of the noise sources in QKD links over heterogeneous MCFs. Spontaneous Raman scattering and inter-core crosstalk are experimentally characterized over spans of MCFs with different refractive index profiles, emulating shared telecom traffic conditions. Lower bounds for the secret key rates and quantum bit error rate (QBER) due to different core/wavelength allocation are obtained to validate intra- and inter-core co-existence of QKD and classical telecommunication.

Image encryption by AES algorithm based on Chaos-Permutation

Today, in particular with the development of the internet, transmitting confidential information in a secure manner has become a basic need; data encryption is often the only effective way to meet these requirements. Traditional cryptography is the study of methods for transmitting confidential data; in modern cryptography, transformation is applied to the plain message that makes it incomprehensible; these transformations are mathematical functions, called cryptographic algorithms, which depend on a parameter called key. In this paper, we presents a new symmetrical crypto-system by block for encrypting images on using the encryption AES algorithm (Advanced Encryption Standard) combined with the CBC mode (Cipher Block Chaining) in order to improve the security level. The proposed crypto-system consists on replacing the linear permutation of ShiftRows step of the AES encryption algorithm by a nonlinear and random permutation, this permutation is calculated by a chaotic sequel.

Routing Methodology for Secure Transmission of data in Physical Layer

The difficulties of privacy and security in WANETs have taken on a step by step more vital responsibility as those networks persist to increase their role globally. Historically, physical layer is regarded as biased function addressed below the security, and all broadly used cryptographic protocols like Rivest-Shamir–adlemen, Advanced encryption standard and Data Encryption standard are developed and applied assuming an error-free physical layer already exists . Contrasting the traditional cryptography hwhich neglects distinction among the communication channels, the current physical layer safety accomplish data protection using well designing channel code consistent with the channel capacities assuming that the authentic data can never be recovered. The standard system protection makes use of encryption and deciphering activities inside the application layer. Under any circumstances, this won't just construct the computational overhead of system. There's no actual way to avoid eavesdropper listening in and assault from the physical layer. Addressing this problem, this paper proposes a basic system model in which the cooperative relay broadcast channel with the user cooperation is introduced and the overall performance metrics based on the physical layer safety can viably enhance the system protection limit.

Energy-Efficient and Secure Data Networking Using Chaotic Pulse Position Coded PDUs

This paper presents the concept of a novel chaotic pulse position coded protocol data unit (CPPCP) for secure networking with very thin energy budgets. The core idea of CPPCP is to encode a protocol data unit (PDU) with a wideband pulse train with chaotically-varied inter-pulse intervals. The architecture ensures communication security by introducing randomness between data symbols, noise-like frequency spectrum, and significant energy savings by using a smaller number of pulse transmissions compared to existing secure coding schemes such as Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE). Compared with the traditional key-based cryptographic techniques, CPPCP suppresses decipherable information by eliminating symbol periodicity. The mechanism can also be piggy-backed on traditional cryptography solutions to achieve higher levels of security. The paper presents a detailed analysis of the CPPCP implementation in the presence of pulse shape and position fluctuations caused by hardware and channel variabilities. It also presents a detailed analysis of CPPCP’s abilities to detect errors without a traditional link layer. Finally, the paper reports a prototype sensor platform and a wideband pulse transmission channel simulator for demonstrating the efficacy of CPPCP in terms of energy-savings, communication security, and increased data transmission rates.

Cryptography in Qajar Period Passing Through the Traditional Cryptography to the Modern One

از زمان‌‌های دور برای ارسال پیغام‌‌های محرمانه بین جوامع بشری، ارتباطات رمزی وجود داشته است. در تاریخ ایران نیز رمزنویسان از اقلام رمزی زیادی استفاده کرده‌اند. بعد از پدیدآمدن تلگراف، اقلام رمزی قدیمی کنار گذاشته و اقلام جدیدی اختراع شد و در مکاتبات و گزارش‌‌های محرمانه به کار رفت. در این پژوهش با بهره‌‌گیری از منابع کتابخانه‌‌ای و به‌خصوص کتاب‌‌های چاپ سنگی و نیز اسناد تاریخی سعی می‌‌شود به سؤال محوری چرایی از بین رفتن اقلام و خطوط سابق و چگونگی اختراع اقلام جدید از سوی رمزنگاران ایرانی و نیز تلاش آنان برای یافتن راه حلی به منظور رفع مشکلات ارتباطات رمزی از طریق کانالی امن در دورۀ قاجار، پاسخ داده شود. نتیجۀ این پژوهش نشان می‌‌دهد که در دورۀ قاجار به‌دلیل آغاز ارتباطات سیاسی و اقتصادی گسترده با دنیای غرب، آشنایی با رمزنگاری مدرن غربی‌‌ها و نیز پی‌بردن به سادگی و مشکلات استفاده از رمزنویسی سنتی، نیاز به استفاده از رمزنگاری پیشرفته در ارتباطات رمزی و به‌خصوص در تلگراف‌‌ها احساس شد. بنابراین عده‌‌ای از رمزشناسان ایرانی در این راستا اقلام رمزی جدیدی پدید آوردند که برای ارسال پیغام‌‌های رمزی داخلی و خارجی از اطمینان لازم برخوردار بود.

Physical Layer Security for Ultra-Reliable and Low-Latency Communications

URLLC is one category of service to be provided by next-generation wireless networks. Motivated by increasing security concerns in such networks, this article focuses on physical layer security in the context of URLLC. The physical layer security technique mainly uses transmission designs based on the intrinsic randomness of the wireless medium to achieve secrecy. As such, physical layer security is of a lower complexity and incurs less latency than traditional cryptography. In this article, we first introduce appropriate performance metrics for evaluating physical layer security in URLLC and investigate the trade-off between latency, reliability, and security. We then identify the key challenging problems for achieving physical layer security in URLLC, and discuss the role that channel state information can have in providing potential solutions to these problems. Finally, we present our recommendations on future research directions in this emerging area.

Bio Key Generation for Integrity Checking Using Elliptic Curves in Fingerprint Verification System

This paper proposes a Bio-key generation method for integrity checking in fingerprint verification system. A major drawback in traditional cryptography is random key generation and those keys need to be remembered by the user. To overcome such drawback the crypto-Bio-key generation system is introduced. In this system, there are three process to follow. Initially, a revocable transformation of the compressed fingerprint feature data using transformation key for security enhancement. Secondly, the key exchange technique using Elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) to generate secret key. Finally SHA256 hash function generates the Bio-key for high level integrity checking.

Design and implementation of secure ATM system using machine learning and crypto–stego methodology

The crucial prerequisite in these days is to get rid of various forms of attacks. Nowadays, for financial transaction, automated teller machines (ATMs) are the mostly used gadgets in which personal identification numbers (PINs) are generally used for transaction. But personal identification numbers (PINs) are not secured from many types of threats (spoofing, eavesdropping, man-in-the middle attack etc.), which can affect the security of the confidential and private information. Due to this reason, different biometric systems gain popularity worldwide for their behavioral and physiological features. However, the current biometric systems, for example, iris, palm, faces fingerprints or voice are extremely complex to use and have different disadvantages. In order to overcome these disadvantages a new concept has been introduced in this paper, for authentication in ATM a finger vein authentication method and for information (finger vein image) transfer a combined approach of steganography and cryptography scheme is used. Finger vein authentication system is implemented by the combination of machine learning and image processing procedure. For the purpose of information (finger vein image) transfer, a combined approach of light-weight cryptography and steganography (variable MSB–LSB algorithm) has been proposed. For finger-vein authentication system, the experiment shows that in proposed classification procedure (one-versus-one and one-versus-all) the average recognition accuracy is 98.75% and 97.92% and the execution time is 0.168 s and 0.187 s respectively. For transferring finger vein image, light-weight cryptography and variable MSB–LSB algorithm are proposed, because light weight cryptography is superior to traditional cryptography in terms of time consumption and variable MSB–LSB algorithm is superior to simple LSB in different aspects such as randomness, security and amount of space consumed.

Chained Compressed Sensing: A Blockchain-Inspired Approach for Low-Cost Security in IoT Sensing

Chaining, i.e., the mode of operation in which each message is encrypted considering a digital summary of previous ones, is here applied to block-cipher stages based on compressed sensing. We show that this simple and parsimonious technique may significantly harden the resulting system with respect to common threats such that ciphertext-only, known-plaintext, and man-in-the-middle attacks. Non-negligible robustness comes at the price of not more than a 2% of energy overhead with respect to the pure compression stage which represents a $24 {\times }$ reduction with respect to straightforward implementation of a traditional cryptography primitive like Advanced Encryption Standard.

Enhanced DNA Cryptographic Solution for Secured Data Transmission

An enhanced technique to generate unique code using DNA sequences that encrypt and decrypt plaintext of characters, text file(.txt,.doc,.docx),image (jpg, jpeg), audio(.mp3) and video(.mp4) using a dynamic DNA key-based cryptography. Cryptography is always considered as secured way for transferring information over insecure channel by achieving confidentiality, privacy and integrity. Since last 10 years traditional cryptography approaches are been replaced with more efficient and effective cryptographic systems like DNA Cryptography. This system takes the DNA sequence as the input and generates a key randomly and is used to decrypt the data without non-integrity of data. This system provides two stages of data security using DNA sequences.

New Authentication Method for Vector Geographic Data Based on Perceptual Hash

Abstract. In the Internet era, vector data can conveniently be stored, distributed and disseminated. This make it convenience for people to use them, and also make it easier for people to edit or modify them, which can reduce the credibility of Geo-information. Traditionally, authentication is done by using a hash function to generate a digital signature for data authentication. However, this method is very sensitive for change even one bit and it is appropriate for accurate authentication such as text. For geographic data, it may experience lossy compression, filtering distortion, geometric transformation, noise pollution, etc. during transmission and application, but it is consistent with the original data perception. Therefore, the traditional cryptography authentication method is not applicable to the robust authentication of geographic data.Among various authentication techniques, perceptual hashing is a promising solution. Perceptual hashing is a type of unidirectional mapping of multimedia data sets to perceptual digest sets, that is, a multimedia digital representation with the same perceptual content is uniquely mapped into a piece of digital digest, and satisfies perceptual robustness and security. Since a perceptual hash value is a compact representation of the original content, it can be used for robust content authentication of vector geographic data. The advantage of perceptual hashing algorithms over traditional cryptographic hashing algorithms is that they can tolerate differences in quality and format. The same content is always mapped to the same hash value. This is very effective for robust authentication of geographic data.In this work, we focus on vector geographic data content authentication by perceptual hash algorithms. In the research of vector geographic data authentication, there are usually some authentication methods based on statistics, rough representation of images and extraction of mutation points based on wavelet transform. However, these methods are more or less sensitive to geometric transformation, poor anti-aggression, high complexity, and poor robustness. In order to avoid the shortcomings of traditional authentication algorithms, this paper proposes a vector geographic data authentication algorithm combining DCT and perceptual hashing. The algorithm has high robustness and security against attack, translation, rotation and two types of collusion attacks.

Improving Net Banking Security with Face Recognition Based Bio-Metric Verification

Internet banking services must be more responsive towards security requirements. Now a days with the network world, the way for cybercrime is become easier for hacking purpose. Because of this reason, network security has become one of the biggest concerns of today security environment. While there is no doubt that Internet banking transaction must have layered safety towards protection threats, the vendors should technique protection issues as part of their provider services. And heard a lot about hackers and crackers ways to steal any logical password or pincode number character, crimes of ID cards or credit cards fraud or security breaches. In existing work, Identification can be processed to a username and is used to authorize access to a system. As usernames can be lost or stolen, it is necessary to validate that the intended user is really the person he or she claims to be – the authentication process. Biometric based totally authentication and identification structures are the new answers to deal with the issues of safety and privacy. The Face Recognition is the examine of physical or behavioral traits of individual used for the identification of individual. These biometric characteristics of a person include the various features like fingerprints, face, hand geometry, voice, and iris biometric device. Here implement real time secure authentication system using face biometrics for authorized the person for online banking system. The general objective of our project is to develop fully functional face recognition, verification system provide and understand the key aspects of these major technologies, social environmental system and performance aspects. And also provide multiparty access system to allow the multiple persons to access the same accounts by providing access privileges to original account holders. Experimental results show that the proposed system provide high level security in online transaction system than the existing traditional cryptography approach

A NEW AND ADAPTIVE SECURITY MODEL FOR PUBLIC COMMUNICATION BASED ON CORRELATION OF DATA FRAMES

Recent developments in communication and information technologies, plus the emerging of the Internet of Things (IoT) and machine to machine (M2M) principles, create the need to protect data from multiple types of attacks. In this paper, a secure and high capacity data communication model is proposed to protect the transmitted data based on identical frames between a secret and cover data. In this model, the cover data does not convey any embedded data (as in normal steganography system) or modify the secret message (as in traditional cryptography techniques). Alternatively, the proposed model sends the positions of the cover frames that are identical with the secret frames to the receiver side in order to recover the secret message. One of the significant advantages of the proposed model is the size of the secret key message which is considerably larger than the cover size, it may be even hundred times larger. Accordingly, the experimental results demonstrate a superior performance in terms of the capacity rate as compared to the traditional steganography techniques. Moreover, it has an advantage in terms of the required bandwidth to send the data or the required memory for saving when compared to the steganography methods, which need a bandwidth or memory up to 3-5 times of the original secret message. Where the length of the secret key (positions of the identical frames) that should be sent to the receiver increases by only 25% from the original secret message. This model is suitable for applications with a high level of security, high capacity rate and less bandwidth of communication or low storage devices.