Traditional Construction Materials Research Articles

Strength, porosity and life cycle analysis of geopolymer and hybrid cement mortars for sustainable construction

Owing to the application of industrial wastes, geopolymers are generally regarded as a sustainable alternative to traditional construction materials. However, their lack of adoption on the industrial scale demands detailed investigations. This study conducts a comparative analysis of the compressive strength of different geopolymer and hybrid cement mortars with varying proportions of sodium hydroxide (from 5 to 25 wt%) and ordinary Portland cement (OPC) (from 15 to 35 wt%), respectively. The porosity of all designed mixtures was also analyzed using X-ray computed tomography (XCT) and water absorption tests. ReCiPe 2016 Midpoint (H) method was used for the Life cycle analysis of the geopolymer and hybrid cement mortars. Multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) approach was used to assess the sustainability potential of the designed mixtures based on compressive strength, porosity and overall environmental impact. Experimental results revealed that the increase in sodium hydroxide in geopolymer mortars up to 15 wt% offered its maximum compressive strength. Superior compressive strength was obtained at 35 wt% of OPC in hybrid cement mortars due to the formation of more C-S-H, C-A-S-H and N-A-S-H gels which fill up the voids and pores. Analysis of the macro and micro-porosity revealed that hybrid cement mortars yield denser structure than geopolymer mortars. Life cycle analysis based on 8 distinct impact categories showed that hybrid cement mortars outperform the geopolymers in all impact categories except ‘mineral resource scarcity’. However, the overall environmental impact assessment using the ‘coefficient of performance’ depicts that hybrid cement mortars offer a significantly lower environmental burden than geopolymers. MCDM analysis shows that hybrid cement mortar with 5 wt% of sodium hydroxide and 35 wt% of OPC is the best choice for construction applications. This idea of sustainable hybrid cement mortar will be helpful for the construction industry to limit the environmental impact without compromising their structural performance.

Research on the fiber reinforced polymer in new construction and in strengthening of steel structures

Due to their distinct advantages, fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites gained popularity during the past 200 years in civil engineering area, including high durability, corrosion resistance, light weight, high modulus strength, and high quality of corrosion resistance. These ranges of features led FRP composites find their application in mechanical, structure, civil engineering, and other industries areas. Traditional construction materials such as steel cannot feed the desirable expectation, and these high-tech materials are becoming more and more popular to replace the traditional materials. By analyzing experiments conducted by other scholars, the following essay will provide a critical review of FRP’s use in strengthening steel structures, not only for its advantages but also for its disadvantages and material properties. After the research, more experiments and theoretical research should be done to let FRP strengthen-materials be accepted and widely used in industries, as FRP materials still have some drawbacks.

Seismic rehabilitation of URM heritage-listed Namazi school building using multiple retrofitting techniques

When dealing with retrofitting historical URM buildings, two prime aspects of their weakness against seismic action should be considered. These include: (i) the capacity of structural elements, such as foundations, masonry walls and floors, to resist earthquake forces and (ii) the integrity of the building as a whole under ground shaking. In this paper, different retrofitting techniques adopted to counter the above weaknesses in rehabilitation of the heritage-listed Namazi high school buildings are discussed. Extensive field investigations were first carried out to determine the detailed architectural and structural forms of the buildings, as well as, their material types and properties. It was found that in constructing the historic school buildings, traditional Iranian construction techniques and materials were used alongside some more modern elements such as reinforced concrete and masonry jack arch slab systems. This made the buildings unique in form, hence more challenging to retrofit. Seismic vulnerability studies were then carried out to evaluate the weaknesses of structural elements and the buildings as a whole. Different retrofitting techniques were then selected and applied to overcome the weaknesses. Effectiveness, cost and architectural constraints were the main considerations in selecting the retrofitting techniques for different parts of the historical buildings from a pool of different available methods. The techniques used in enhancing the seismic capacity of structural elements included: reinforced shotcrete overlay for masonry walls, FRP overlay for RC floors and beams, steel confinement and bracing of masonry jack arch floor systems and RC ground-beam confinement of brick and stone masonry foundations. To enhance the overall integrity of the buildings through confinement, vertical and horizontal steel tie elements and reinforced concrete tie elements were used.

Comparative Studies of GFRP Composites Using Pulsed Thermography and Transmission Terahertz Non-Destructive Testing Methods

Composites are materials that have replaced traditional construction materials in numerous applications in various fields. Due to the possibility of creating the required material properties, fiber-reinforced composites are most often used. Despite competition from carbon and aramid fibers, the earliest glass fibers produced are used in many applications. One of the areas where glass fiber reinforced composites (GFRP) make a significant contribution to structural applications is aviation. Because both during production and operation, composites are exposed to damage, which often occurs in the internal structure of the composite, works are being carried out to develop the most effective method of non-destructive testing to detect such damage. The article presents a comparison of the results of non-destructive testing of glass fiber-reinforced composite samples. A comparison of the results of the possibility of detecting defects in the form of milled holes of different diameters and depths inside the samples was made. These damages are not optically visible on both surfaces of the samples. In non-destructive testing, infrared thermography and transmission terahertz methods were used. The obtained results indicate a great possibility of using terahertz radiation, especially in thicker structures of the GFRP composite, where thermographic methods are not as effective as in thin ones.

Determination of optimum blast furnace slag ash and hemp fiber ratio in cement mortars

This study aims to investigate the effect of incorporating hemp fibers into cement mortars to enhance their mechanical properties. Additionally, the study examines the use of blast furnace slag (YFC) as a substitute for cement to reduce costs. The findings demonstrate that adding 1%, 2%, and 4% hemp fibers to cement mortars yields the best results in terms of density, water absorption, compressive strength, bending strength, compressive strength after bending, and flexural strength. In conclusion, the study reveals that incorporating hemp fibers enhances the workability of YFC-blended mixtures while reducing the spreading diameter as the hemp fiber content increases. Additionally, an increase in YFC substitution leads to a decrease in compressive strength; however, the addition of 1% hemp fiber to the Y15 mixture results in a approximately 12% increase in compressive strength, indicating improved matrix strength and reduced crack formation. Moreover, the study shows that the flexural strength increases with the addition of hemp fibers, with the highest flexural strength observed in the mixture containing 4% hemp fiber and 10% YFC substitution. The results highlight that the combination of YFC and hemp fibers can produce strong, durable, and environmentally friendly composite materials. These materials offer a lower environmental impact and cost-effectiveness compared to traditional construction materials.

Building Blocks: Sustainable Solution for Waste Management

This community service program focuses on overcoming the challenges of inorganic waste through the production of blocks. The program aims to provide sustainable solutions for waste management while encouraging community engagement and development. By collecting, processing, and utilizing inorganic waste. This program produces innovative and environmentally friendly blocks known as waste blocks. These blocks serve as a viable alternative to traditional construction materials, contributing to a circular economy. Active community participation in waste management is a core aspect of the program, where residents sort and donate inorganic waste materials for block production. This reduces waste and diverts materials from landfills, promoting sustainable waste management practices and circular economy principles. Moreover, the utilization of waste blocks in construction projects promotes sustainable building practices, leading to the reduced environmental impact associated with conventional construction materials. By working together, communities can achieve positive environmental and socio-economic impacts, including waste reduction, skills development, market opportunities, and the promotion of sustainable construction practices. Ultimately, this community service program empowers communities to contribute to a cleaner environment while enhancing their development and resilience

Innovative Control Strategies for Dynamic Load Management in Smart Grid Techniques Incorporating Renewable Energy Sources

The next lines are related to advanced control concepts for the dynamic management of loads in smart grid systems integrating renewable energies: the integration of renewable energy into smart grids is quite challenging because of variability and unpredictability, as different sources of renewable energy have their own variability and unpredictability. Based on the requisite for exposure resistance, durability, and improved mechanical performance, there exists a requirement to maintain the structural integrity and lifespan of constructions in civil engineering, which remains highly challenging due to environmental exposure, material degradation, and intrinsic shortcomings of traditional construction materials. The principal factors which impose a deteriorating effect on safety include exposures to weather, chemicals, and mechanical stresses of infrastructure. Against such a backdrop of issues, this paper will focus on composite materials, with their better performance properties, increased strength-to-weight ratios, improvements in their corrosion resistance, and durability of structures. It seeks to explore the balance between tradition and innovation in family businesses through strategic management practices. Objectives include assessing the possibility of high-performance composites in various construction projects, such as bridges and building constructions or infrastructure, with ohled to more durability and less maintenance expenditure. This paper gives a full understanding of the many benefits and probable applications connected with establishing how these innovative materials impact the structural integrity of civil engineering constructions. It helps add to the present body of knowledge about composite materials with the latest developments and their application in civil engineering. The identification made in this research shows that composite materials can strengthen structural integrity and longevity, thereby reducing maintenance costs while improving safety. With a number of case studies and implementations in real life, the paper portrays practical benefits and challenges that arise when trying to integrate composite materials into working practices of civil engineering. The results show that there will be a remarkable cost saving and durability enhancement if composite materials are used.

Strength, Ductility, and Collapse Response of UHPC Waffle Slabs

Waffle slabs made of ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) are now being widely used in bridge deck construction. However, to date, no research has been conducted to study their failure behavior. Two one-way waffle slab strips made of UHPC were load-tested under four-point bending to investigate their strength, ductility, and failure patterns. An identical set made of high strength concrete (HSC) was also tested to provide a comparison to specimens made with traditional construction materials. The UHPC specimens exhibited multiple fine cracks prior to rebar yielding and failed by steel rebar rupture after a single crack localized. In contrast, the HSC slab strips exhibited several large cracks and substantially larger ductility than the UHPC slab strips, although their strength was about 40% less than the corresponding UHPC specimens. The experimental results were used to validate a three-dimensional finite element model, which was then employed to investigate the two-way response of UHPC waffle slabs. The simulation study revealed that the yield line design method is applicable to UHPC waffle slabs despite their markedly different behavior compared to concrete slabs. Like the HSC slabs, the UHPC slabs also exhibited displacements and load carrying capacities well in excess of those predicted by flexural theories, due to formation of membrane action.

Use of Plastic Waste as Partial Replacement of Bitumen for Repairing Potholes in Bituminous Pavement

Abstract: The goal of this project is to see if plastic waste can be used to partially replace bitumen in the repair of potholes in bituminous pavement. The project's goal is to find out if using plastic waste improves bitumen's mechanical properties and whether it can be used as a sustainable alternative to traditional road construction materials. The review explores the mechanical properties of bitumen blended in with different rates of plastic waste, and the exhibition of the subsequent combination in fixing potholes. The findings indicate that plastic waste can be utilized as a partial substitute for bitumen, enhancing the bituminous pavement's durability, strength, and permeability. Bitumen made from plastic waste has the potential to cut down on pollution in the environment and make road construction and maintenance last longer. The project involves testing the performance of the bitumen-plastic waste mixture in repairing potholes and carrying out experiments to ascertain the mechanical properties of the mixture. The project is expected to shed light on the possibility of using plastic waste as a sustainable alternative to bitumen for road construction and maintenance to help the construction industry develop more environmentally friendly and sustainable practices.

Performance of ferrocement composites circular tanks as a new approach for RC tanks

Due to ferrocement high strength-to-weight ratio, flexibility, and adaptability to diverse forms and shapes, ferrocement had been seen as a possible alternative to traditional construction materials. In this research, the behavior of ferrocement composites tanks under static pressure loads was investigated experimentally and numerically. The investigational work includes testing twelve ferrocement composites circular tanks with dimensions 400 mm outer diameters, 500 mm height, and 25 mm thicknesses. The tanks are reinforced with welded and expanded steel meshes, as well as glass fiber mesh. According to the findings of the experiments, the ferrocement composites tanks have a higher failure load than traditional RC tanks, especially tanks reinforced with fiberglass polymer-mesh. The tank reinforced with three layers of Fiberglass polymers-mesh has the greatest first crack and ultimate load, as well as the highest ductility ratio and energy absorption. The non-corrosive fiberglass reinforcement mesh offers several advantages over structural steel meshes. In addition to its corrosion resistance, it boasts a significantly higher tensile strength (up to twice as high), is extremely lightweight, is non-conductive, and has very low thermal conductivity. The experimental results are compared to analytical models using (ANSYS ver. 16.2) software. The finite element simulations generated better results than the experimental data. The consistency ratio between the NLFEA and experimental results (Pu NLFEA/Pu exp.) was found to be outstanding, with an average of 0.902 and a standard deviation of 0.024. The correlation between the load-deflection curves of the NLFEA and experimental results was also found to be appropriate, with a mean correlation of 88 %. Furthermore, the matching ratio between the NLFEA and experimental results (∆u NLFEA/∆u exp.) was found to be high, with a mean matching ratio of 0.929 for all samples and a variation of 0.022. These results indicate that the NLFEA model accurately anticipates the performance of the investigated samples, making it a useful tool for predicting the behavior of similar structures. Ferrocement composite tanks have several advantages over traditional reinforced concrete (RC) tanks, including increased strength of up to 70 % when using ferrocement composites, resistance to cracking, cost-effectiveness, and resistance to corrosive substances. Finite element analysis (FEA) accurately predicts the behavior of ferrocement composite tanks, enabling engineers to design and optimize these tanks more efficiently. These advantages make ferrocement composite tanks a suitable option for various industrial and developing country applications, especially when cost and strength are crucial factors.

Innovative Composite Materials for Improving Structural Integrity and Longevity in Civil Engineering Applications

The following research is on substantial developments of composite materials to improve the structural integrity and durability of construction in civil engineering. Traditional materials—like steel and concrete—have a host of problems associated with them, such as being vulnerable to corrosion, requiring frequent maintenance, and having limited lifespan. This paper reviews such issues in relation to the application of composite materials that are known to have improved properties, such as high strength-to-weight ratios, improved corrosion resistance, and better durability. The challenge posed to civil engineering, however, remains to be the limited durability and high maintenance cost of traditional construction materials. Due to environmental and mechanical stresses, these materials degrade and have resulted in frequent repairs and replacements, eventually increasing lifecycle costs of infrastructure projects. Key objectives of this research include the investigation of the very latest developments in composite materials, the assessment of their impact on the structural integrity and longevity of civil engineering constructions, and the economic benefits of reduced maintenance and longer service life for structures due to these improved materials. These are some of the contributions of the study: it showed that composite materials have much better performance than traditional materials in load-carrying capacity, resistance, and life; comparative analyses establishing dramatic money saving by large order in maintenance cost and lifecycle cost using composites, as compared to traditional materials; and showing the versatility of composite materials for general civil engineering applications like bridges, tunnels, pipelines, and building structures. The results show that composite materials increase the life span of constructions and structures related to civil engineering by a tremendous amount: for example, the load-bearing capacity is improved by 20%, the life span of pavement and bridges increased by 200–400%, the maintenance frequency by 50%, and the maintenance cost by 60%, which justifies their economic benefits very clearly. It has improved thermal insulation, reduced weight for the structural components, and more resistance to degradation by environmental elements, which makes composites a better solution compared with conventional materials. Generally speaking, this paper tries to bring out the prospect of composite materials in application for civil works, providing an alternative that will address issues of durability, cost, and flexibility in infrastructure.

Evolution and Current State of Building Materials, Construction Methods, and Building Regulations in the U.K.: Implications for Sustainable Building Practices

This study presents a comprehensive review of building materials, construction methods, and building regulations on the U.K. mainland. This provides valuable insights into the historical progression and transformation of the construction industry through a comprehensive analysis of both traditional and modern building construction materials and methods and categorising their evolutionary trajectory. Current building regulations in England, Wales, and Scotland are compared, highlighting differences in fire safety, noise safety, energy conservation, and sustainability. For example, fire safety regulations are analysed in detail, including fire resistance duration, wall cladding combustibility, and limitations on unprotected areas. Advances in knowledge and technology have led to increasingly sophisticated and energy-dependent methods, materials, and regulations. This study showcases the vast array of building construction materials spanning centuries, each possessing unique properties and performances. The selected methods and materials represent those currently employed or widely utilised in the U.K. construction industry, affirming their relevance and applicability in modern construction practices. Limitations in construction practices primarily stem from a lack of knowledge and tools rather than material scarcity. Enhancing knowledge and access to advanced tools is crucial to overcoming these limitations and driving advancements in the field. This study provides insights into the evolution of building materials, construction methods, and building regulations that can inform future developments in sustainable building practices. The findings have significant implications for policymakers, building designers, and constructors, particularly in terms of adopting sustainable materials and construction methods that comply with building regulations while reducing the environmental impact of the built environment.

Design of an environmentally friendly concrete mix by partial replacement of fine aggregate with industrial waste glass in powdered form and cement with fly-ash

In today’s developing countries the arising problem of industrial waste management and pollution created in the use of traditional construction materials is severe. High usage of cementitious materials and other traditional construction materials aids with a high risk of air and soil pollution along with diseases caused to workers. Also, daily increment of industrial wastes and its lowering scope of disposal and very average efficiency of disposal techniques are still lagging in helping reduce the problem. If industrial wastes like glass waste, fly ash, silica fumes, steel slag, etc. can be used in the construction industry as a replacement to traditional remedies both problems can be tackled. This research work pivots on the use and fly ash and glass powder effect as a replacement of traditional Portland slack cement by 25 % and fine aggregate by 10%, 20% and, 30% respectively, of total weight and design of a concrete mix. Making environment-friendly concrete blend at a lower cost by substituting conventional concrete accoutrements with waste materials is important. Now for perfecting basic concrete properties of this concrete mix with a low water-cement ratio and inclusion of superplasticizer in addition to mineral admixtures are needful. In this work Portland slack cement (PSC) is used, which is replaced at a percentage of 25 of the total weight of cement requirement by fly ash and of fine aggregate, in this case, we have used sand, replaced by waste glass powder with the percentage of 10, 20, and 30 of the total weight of fine aggregate. It is then tested and noted that the quantum of strength and plasticity needed is achieved at an optimum percentage. Furthermore, an analysis of the concrete mix is done for compressive strength after 7, 14, and 28 days of curing and checked for its strength in this report further. The compressive strength test data have shown that the values of compressive strength for different percentages of waste glass powder does not vary significantly with respect to each other. Also the Slump test data indicates that High Workability have been received for all the specimens of concrete with 10%, 20% and 30% of waste glass powder. Finally, a comparison of cost analysis was made between normal concrete and the newly developed concrete with fly ash and glass powder which also shows the viability of using the newly developed product for our daily use. The cost analysis results have shown that incorporating glass powder which is generally a waste material and fly-ash which is also an industrial waste does not increase the total cost of the concrete mix compared to normal concrete. Also depending upon the usage percentage of waste glass powder the cost of the total mix also varies which can be very useful for practical implementation.

Mechanical characterization of bamboo pole for building engineering: A review

Bamboo is a sustainable and cost-effective alternative to traditional construction materials. Despite the fact that three species are well known for structural applications, namely Dendrocalamus asper, Gigantochloa scortechinii, and Gigantochloa levis, the scientific data for their mechanical characterization is scarcely available and widely dispersed. In addition, a systematic literature review appraising the study advancement of mechanical characterization of bamboo had been unavailable. This paper bridges this gap by conducting a systematic literature review (SLR) of the available literature of mechanical characterization of bamboo pole. A total of 54 relevant articles were retrieved from Scopus and snowballing and then put forward through bibliometric analysis using VOSviewer. The results showed that the distribution of data for physical and mechanical characterization of aforementioned species was scattered due to the different location (origin), age, and initial moisture content recorded during empirical work among the researchers. This review’s importance and distinctiveness lie in its synthesis of the existing literature on bamboo mechanical characterization. The findings provide a point of reference for both academia and industry by bridging the scarcity of current bamboo engineering data and outlining future possibilities for bamboo research in the building and construction domain.

A Novel Lap-Butt Joint Design for FSW of Aluminum to Steel in Tee-Configuration: Joining Mechanism, Intermetallic Formation, and Fracture Behavior

The development of new joint configurations suitable for dissimilar materials enables a wider range of applications and allows for an accelerated replacement of traditional structural construction materials by lightweight materials. The T-configuration is a joint configuration that has not been sufficiently studied for use with dissimilar materials, especially when created using the friction stir welding (FSW) process. In this study, a combined lap/butt design was introduced and implemented, seeking to create a T-joint between aluminum and steel. Characterization of the joints showed that FSW could be successfully used to join aluminum and steel in a T-configuration. The formation of intermetallic bonds and kissing bonds was carefully analyzed, and their contribution to the fracture behavior during loading in the skin and stringer directions was studied. Finite element simulation was used to determine the stress state at the interface during loading. The characterization results showed that the intermetallic, as an indicator of metallurgical bonding, is formed when special features are observed in the pattern of material flow. The fractography images showed that the stress state has a major impact on the fracture. The results of the present study can be effectively used to design and fabricate dissimilar joints, taking into account the loading condition.

Behaviour of hybrid cross laminated timber in compression perpendicular to grain in different layup structure, support conditions, and loading configurations

Cross laminated timber (CLT) is recognized as alternative to traditional construction materials. As a floor member, it causes the compressive deformation or even damage perpendicular to the grain of CLT due to vertical load imposed by the column or wall. The challenge is how to improve the compressive strength (fc,90) and elastic modulus (Ec,90) perpendicular to the grain under the high diversity of possible load configurations. Compared with normal CLT, hybrid CLT (HCLT) used structural composite materials (e.g. laminated strand lumber) instead of timber, which had more homogeneous mechanical properties. In this study, the spruce-pine-fir (SPF) and laminated strand lumber (LSL) were used to prepare HCLT. The full surface loading, point loading representing columns and line loading representing walls of HCLT in the perpendicular to grain direction were carried out. The results show that fc,90 increased with increasing thickness ratio of LSL in the total thickness of HCLT under full surface loading, the highest increase in strength of HCLT reached 35.71 %, data of Ec,90 had the opposite conclusion. In the case of point loading, the fc,90 and Ec,90 under discretely support was lower than those under successively support. Load configuration had significant influence on the fc,90 and Ec,90 including middle position (M), corner position (C), edge parallel (E) and edge vertical (V) to the grain of the outer layer. In the case of line loading, it was in good agreement with point loading results, and fc,90 and Ec,90 under line loading were lower than that under point loading. The failure modes were mainly the cracks along the wood ray direction of SPF material, while no obvious damage for LSL under full surface loading. In addition, the failure modes mainly of local loading included the shear failure for SPF material, fiber fracture failure of LSL material and the adhesive layer cracking in the non-directly compression zone.

A Review of Nanotechnology for Seismic Safety in Structures

Many earthquakes have occurred worldwide in recent decades, resulting in massive destruction and structure collapse due to poor seismic design. The goal is to design structures so that damage to them is minimized and to construct structures that are safe, sustainable, and durable for future generations. Nanotechnology is one of the most promising technologies of the twenty-first century, and it is gaining traction in the building industry. The main goals of this work are to provide a quick review of the possible benefits of nanotechnology before discussing nanotechnology innovation for structural seismic safety. Several studies and analyses have shown that using nanotechnology could improve traditional construction materials like concrete and steel performance and properties. During the review, it was discovered that nanotechnology has the potential to revolutionize the traditional engineering business and aid in meeting the demand for sustainable development.

Application of Composite Materials for Energy Generation Devices

Globally, electricity demand rises by 1.8% per year; according to the American Energy Information Administration, global energy demand will increase by 47% over the next 30 years, driven by demographic and economic growth. Global demand for electricity is growing faster than renewable energy sources. Electricity production from renewable sources (i.e., biomass energy, geothermal energy, hydro energy, solar energy, tidal energy, wind energy) is on its way to strong growth around the world over the next dozen years. With the increasing demand for energy, new technologies and materials are being developed to replace exhaustible traditional construction materials. This article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the research into the application of composite materials in mainstream power generation. The main energy generation technologies, i.e., photovoltaic panels, wind turbines, fuel cells, and biogas generators, were analysed and discussed. The review presented in this article also covers the latest achievements and prospects for the use of composite materials in energy generation devices.

Sustainable approach in the restoration of his approach in the restoration of historical monuments using geopolymer material

The restoration of historical monuments using eco-friendly materials such as geopolymer is a good aspect that is being developed for a more sustainable approach. It takes into account several factors such as cultural heritage preservation, durability, and environmental sustainability [1]. While providing excellent durability and strength properties when submerged in different environmental conditions, the use of geopolymer material in the restoration of old sandstone rocks can significantly reduce the carbon footprint associated with traditional construction materials. This approach can support the preservation of cultural heritage by maintaining the monument’s original aesthetics and offering a long-term solution for its restoration [2]. Overall, a sustainable restoration approach that incorporates geopolymer material can be environmentally friendly while assisting in the long-term preservation of cultural assets.

Assessment of properties of rubble masonry used in heritage structure

Preservation of Heritage structures is of utmost importance. Rubble masonry played a significant role in the conservation of structures. It is a traditional wall construction material used to build walls and standing structures in India since ancient times. Even now, heritage structures are being made to serve humanity for many years. Therefore, it is necessary to find a combination of rubble masonry and essential additives like lime mortar and surkhi to help build new heritage structures and also help reduce the deterioration of ancient architectural structures and monuments. This experimental study presents rubble masonry for repairing Heritage structures as an alternative to the conventional use of cement mortar. In addition to repairing work, rubble masonry, lime mortar, and surkhi are used to build new heritage structures for long-term sustainability. Rubble masonry, lime mortar, and surkhi can reduce the deterioration of old architectural structures and monuments. A case study on Global Vipassana Pagoda allocated in Mumbai, India, is considered. It is made up of Basalt stone with an interlocking system.