In their articles, Patenaude and Kupst (2005) and Kazak (2005) have aptly provided the next generation of pediatric psycho-oncologists with not only a thorough review of how far we have come but also a direction for future research in the field of pediatric psycho-oncology. Patenaude and Kupst highlight that although substantial progress has been made in a relatively short period, we are only beginning to understand what the psychosocial needs of patients and their families are and how to address them. In both articles, the authors comment that as methods of treatment for cancer have improved and as length of survival has increased, the needs of children and families have changed. For instance, Kazak points out that advances in pharmacological treatments for pain management have decreased the need among some patients for traditional cognitive behavioral therapy for pain management. Patenaude and Kupst point out that as length of survival increases, the need for management of late effects—for example, neurocognitive deficits, infertility, cardiotoxicity—is quickly becoming a burgeoning area of study. Other pertinent issues for children with cancer and their families are decision making regarding treatment options, patient–provider communication, end-of-life care, genetic counseling, and the need to reach out to racial and ethnic minority groups. There is also a need to develop innovative psychosocial interventions that can be feasibly disseminated in practice. An area of research that has yet to be explored in psycho-oncology is the concept of “burden” related to treatment and survivorship. As trends in pediatric oncology continue to emphasize outpatient care over inpatient care, home-based support services over clinic support services, and the growing potential for oral versus intravenous chemotherapy, patients and families are likely to experience an increase in their amount of burden, including that of care, psychological well-being, financial management, and compliance and adherence. Additionally, as the survivors of today transition through the stages of life, there will be a need to understand the extent and type of burden subsequent to disease and medical treatment that is placed on the survivors and their family members in regard to securing health insurance, education, employment, and social relationships. Such research has potential for informing health care (acute and follow-up) and for guiding survivors’ longterm planning. Attention to the transition into adulthood will likely need to include a focus on how best to promote optimal health and avert health behaviors that compromise the quality of survival—namely, smoking, poor diet, and physical inactivity. There may be “teachable” moments (e.g., as children end treatment) when the delivery of such health messages may have a more robust effect. Strategies to reach and communicate such messages with this growing cohort of survivors will need to be better developed and implemented. To address these emerging issues, young investigators will need to build on the foundation of extant research in pediatric psycho-oncology and develop new theories, improve methodology to obtain meaningful data, and continue efforts to develop evidence-based interventions. Young investigators in pediatric psycho-oncology will need to ask whether current theoretical frameworks are sufficient to guide research questions and hypotheses. For example, areas of research emphasis in long-term cancer survivorship are shifting to include long-term psychosocial effects, health behaviors, posttreatment surveillance, and health care utilization (Aziz & Rowland, 2003). What are needed are theoretical frameworks that address the trajectory from illness, to treatment, to long-term survivorship. Frameworks that address posttraumatic growth or maintenance of health behavior change may