Traditional Circumscription Research Articles

A phylogenetic analysis of Chamaemelum Mill. (Compositae: Anthemideae) and related genera based upon nrDNA ITS and cpDNA trnL/trnF IGS sequence variation

Sequences of the nrDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and the cpDNA trnL/trnF intergenic spacer (IGS) region were analysed for 11 species of Chamaemelum Mill. and its related genera Cladanthus Cass., Mecomischus Coss. ex Benth., Rhetinolepis Coss., and Santolina L. (Compositae, Anthemideae) to study the infrageneric taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships of Chamaemelum and clarify the proper taxonomic position of the enigmatic North African endemic Santolina africana Jord. & Fourr. The results suggest that Chamaemelum in its traditional circumscription is at best paraphyletic, with Cladanthus arabicus (L.) Cass. consistently nested within it. Additionally, the subdivision of Chamaemelum into two monophyletic entities [Ch. sect. Chamaemelum with Ch. fuscatum (Brot.) Vasc. and Ch. nobile (L.) All.; Ch. sect. Santolinopsis Benedí with Ch. eriolepis (Coss. ex Maire) Benedí, Ch. flahaultii (Emb.) Benedí, and Ch. scariosum (Ball) Benedí] based on floret and achene morphological features is corroborated by the phylogenetic analysis of molecular data. Finally, the correct classification of Santolina africana as a member of the genus Santolina is further demonstrated.

Phylogenetic relationships in Anthemis L. (Compositae, Anthemideae) based on nrDNA ITS sequence variation

SummaryOberprieler, C.: Phylogenetic relationships in Anthemis L. (Compositae, Anthemideae) based on nrDNA ITS sequence variation. Taxon 50: 745–762. 2001. ISSN 0040‐0262.Sequences of the nrDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region were analysed for 29 representatives of Anthemis L. and six outgroup taxa of Anthemideae (Compositae) to study the delimitation and the infrageneric taxonomy of this large and widespread Eurasian and African genus. Species of Anthemis included all subgenera and sections traditionally used in supraspecific classifications of the genus. Maximum parsimony (MP), maximum likelihood (ML), and distance (neighbor joining, NJ) analyses were carried out for phylogenetic reconstructions. The results suggest that the genus, in its traditional circumscription, is not monophyletic due to the consistent placement of a member of Tripleurospermum amidst the Anthemis representatives. Subdivision of Anthemis into two subgenera (A. subg. Anthemis, A. subg. Cota) is supported, with the exception of the placement of A. sect. Chiae and sect. Odontostephanae which fall outside A. subg. Anthemis. Within A. subg. Anthemis, life form dependent delimitation of A. sect. Anthemis (annuals) against A. sect. Hiorthia (perennials) is not supported, whereas the monophyly of other sections (A. sect. Maruta, A. sect. Rascheyanae) is confirmed including the placement of Ammanthus Boiss. & Heldr. into Anthemis subg. Anthemis.

Further evidence for paraphyly of the Celtidaceae from the chloroplast gene mat K

Based on the chloroplast matK gene sequence, a phylogenetic analysis of the Urticales in its traditional circumscription and its putative affinities produced three equally most parsimonious trees with tree length=1527 steps, CI=0.6863 and RI=0.6352, indicating that the Ulmaceae s. l. are polyphyletic while the Celtidaceae are paraphyletic, and particularly, Cannabis and Humulus in the Cannabaceae are consistently nested within the Celtidaceae. Therefore, the present data strongly suggest that the Cannabaceae should be merged with the Celtidaceae to form a monophyletic group. According to the present study, the Celtidaceae including Cannabaceae are more closely related to the Moraceae and Urticaceae than to the Ulmaceae s. str.. Gironniera and Aphananthe are both basal clades of the Celtidaceae rather than members of Ulmaceae s. str.. The Rhamnaceae and Rosaceae are the closest relatives of the traditional Urticales, which is very congruent with the newest system of flowering plants put forward by APG.

Evolution of Stilbocarpa, a megaherb from New Zealand's sub‐antarctic islands

Challenges to the traditional circumscription of Apiaceae and Araliaceae are emerging as a result of phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequences. Traditionally classified as Araliaceae, Stilbocarpa emerges with Schizeilema and Azorella, both members of the Apiaceae. In our analyses of nuclear ITS sequences, these three genera comprise a distinct Southern Hemisphere lineage. The humid climate, cool equable temperatures, locally abundant nutrients, and absence of herbivores are ecological features of the sub‐antarctic islands that may have contributed to the evolution of the unusual megaherb, Stilbocarpa, from these diminutive apiaceous ancestors.

Phylogenetic affinities of Monimiaceae based on cpDNA gene and spacer sequences

Abstract Nucleotide sequence data from the chloroplast rbcL gene and the trnL-trnF intergenic spacer of 58 species in 38 genera were used to infer the phylogenetic affinities of Monimiaceae to other Laurales, and to assess whether the family in the traditional wide sense is monophyletic. Besides Monimiaceae, the Laurales comprise Calycanthaceae, Gomortegaceae, Hernandiaceae, and Lauraceae. Magnoliaceae and Myristicaceae were used as outgroups. Based on recent molecular data, Amborellaceae and Chloranthaceae, which have sometimes been included in the order, do not belong in the Laurales, and indeed trnL-trnF sequences of Amborella (Amborellaceae) and Hedyosmum (Chloranthaceae) were too different to be unambiguously aligned with the remaining sequences. Parsimony analyses of the trnL-trnF and trnL-trnF-rbcL data groups the genera into five major clades, Calycanthaceae, Atherospermataceae, Gomortega , Siparunaceae, and a weakly supported Monimiaceae s.str.-Lauraceae-Hernandiaceae clade. RbcL data alone provide no resolution at the family level. Many aspects of traditional intra-familiar classification of Monimiaceae are supported except that the sole perfect-flowered member of the family, the monotypic Sri Lankan Hortonia , is not basal (13 of 15–22 genera sampled). Instead, there are two major clades in Monimiaceae. One comprises the functionally dioecious monospecific Peumus from Chile plus the morphologically and functionally dioecious small genera Monimia from the Mascarenes and Palmeria from eastern Australia and New Guinea. The other consists of Hortonia and all remaining genera. The atherospermatoids are supported in their traditional circumscription (14 species, 7 genera, of which 10 and 6 were sampled). The neotropical genus Siparuna , different from recent classifications that have stressed its isolation, is genetically and morphologically very close to the West African species Glossocalyx longicuspis . Both taxa have unisexual flowers of the same general morphology, and both have unitegmic ovules. From the current data it seems that monoecy is basal in Siparuna , but more complete sampling of species with a faster evolving genetic marker is needed for a fuller understanding of the evolution of monoecy and dioecy in this genus.

Proposal for a New Hierarchic Classification System, Actinobacteria classis nov.

A new hierarchic classification structure for the taxa between the taxonomic levels of genus and class is Proposed for the actinomycete line of descent as defined by analysis of small subunit (16S) rRNA and genes coding for this molecule (rDNA). While the traditional circumscription of a genus of the actinomycete subphylum is by and large in accord with the 16S rRNA/rDNA-based phylogenetic clustering of these organisms. most of the higher taxa proposed in the past do not take into account the phylogenetic clustering of genera. The rich chemical, morphological and physiological diversity of phylogenetically closely related genera makes the description of families and higher taxa so broad that they become meaningless for the description of the enclosed taxa. Here we present a classification system in which phylogenetically neighboring taxa at the genus level are clustered into families, suborders, orders, subclasses, and a class irrespective of those phenotypec characteristics on which the delineation of taxa has been based in the past. Rather than being based on a listing of a wide array of chemotaxonomic, morphological, and physiological properties, the delineation is based solely on 16S rDNA/rRNA sequence-based phylogenetic clustering and the presence of taxon-specific 16S rDNA RNA signature nucleotides.

Systematic and evolutionary implications ofrbcL sequence variation in Rosaceae

The angiosperm family Rosaceae poses a number of noteworthy systematic problems as well as many questions concerning morphological and chromosomal evolution. Phylogenetic analysis ofrbcL gene sequences was performed to address systematic and evolutionary problems of Rosaceae. BothrbcL sequence variation and the presence of duplicated sequences near the 3' end ofrbcL were useful in determining phylogenetic relationships in this family. Analyses ofrbcL sequences indicate that there are groups of genera within Rosaceae comparable to the subfamilies Maloideae, Amygdaloideae, and Rosoideae, although the composition of each group differs from traditional circumscriptions. According to analysis ofrbcL data, Maloideae and Amygdaloideae each include additional taxa not normally associated with them. All members of Rosoideae withx= 9 are phylogenetically well separated from thex= 8 and 7 members of the subfamily. In addition, Spiraeoideae are not monophyletic but appear to consist of several distinct evolutionary lineages. TherbcL‐based phylogenies suggest that chromosome numbers are more reliable indicators of some generic alliances than the more commonly used fruit types. Sequence data are also useful in determining the alliances of several problematic genera, suggesting that the capsular and follicular‐fruited generaVauquelinia, Lindleya, andKageneckia(usually placed in Spiraeoideae) should be included in the pome‐fruited subfamily Maloideae, and thatQuillajais not a member of Rosaceae. Molecular data are consistent with several suggestions for the ancestral chromosome numbers and fruit types of Rosaceae, but do not support any one hypothesis for either. This study also suggests that the subfamily Maloideae may have descended from spiraeoid ancestors and that the pome is derived from follicular or capsular fruit types.

Systematic and Evolutionary Implications of rbcL Sequence Variation in Rosaceae

The angiosperm family Rosaceae poses a number of noteworthy systematic problems as well as many questions concerning morphological and chromosomal evolution. Phylogenetic analysis of rbcL gene sequences was performed to address systematic and evolutionary problems of Rosaceae. Both rbcL sequence variation and the presence of duplicated sequences near the 3' end of rbcL were useful in determining phylogenetic relationships in this family. Analyses of rbcL sequences indicate that there are groups of genera within Rosaceae comparable to the subfamilies Maloideae, Amygdaloideae, and Rosoideae, although the composition of each group differs from traditional circumscriptions. According to analysis of rbcL data, Maloideae and Amygdaloideae each include additional taxa not normally associated with them. All members of Rosoideae with x = 9 are phylogenetically well separated from the x = 8 and 7 members of the subfamily. In addition, Spiraeoideae are not monophyletic but appear to consist of several distinct evolutionary lineages. The rbcL-based phylogenies suggest that chromosome numbers are more reliable indicators of some generic alliances than the more commonly used fruit types. Sequence data are also useful in determining the alliances of several problematic genera, suggesting that the capsular and follicular-fruited genera Vauquelinia, Lindleya, and Kageneckia (usually placed in Spiraeoideae) should be included in the pome-fruited subfamily Maloideae, and that Quillaja is not a member of Rosaceae. Molecular data are consistent with several suggestions for the ancestral chromosome numbers and fruit types of Rosaceae, but do not support any one hypothesis for either. This study also suggests that the subfamily Maloideae may have descended from spiraeoid ancestors and that the pome is derived from follicular or capsular fruit types.

Disassembling Papaver: a restriction site analysis of chloroplast DNA

The results from a chloroplast DNA restriction site analysis of the genera Papaver and Roemeria of subf. Papaveroideae (Papaveraceae) and five outgroup taxa are presented. Papaver is represented by 14 species of eight of the 11 sections recognized, Roemeria by two of its three species. Hunnemannia fumariifolia (subf. Eschscholzioideae), Chelidonium majus (subf. Chelidonioideae), Romneya coulteri, Argemone munita and Stylomecon heterophyllum (all subf. Papaveroideae) were chosen as outgroups. DNAs were digested with 24 restriction enzymes. The major results from this analysis are: 1. Papaver, Roemeria and Stylomecon form a monophyletic group supported by at least 17 restriction site mutations and a 150 to 300 base pair deletion in the inverted repeat of the chloroplast genome. 2. Both Stylomecon and Roemeria are nested within Papaver in its traditional circumscription. 3. Of these, Roemeria is nested within P. sect. Argemonidium and is the sister group to P. pavoninum. 4. Dependent on the mode of character weighting chosen, P. sect. Meconella either is the sister group to P. sect. Argemonidium + Roemeria or of P. sect. Argemonidium + Roemeria + Stylomecon+ the remainder of Papaver (Papaver s. str.). 5. Stylomecon is the sister group to Papaver s. str. (excluding sects Meconella and Argemonidium). These results are discussed on the background of other available systematic evidence.

Two New Combinations in the Endemic Hawaiian Genus Cyanea (Campanulaceae: Lobelioideae)

Examination of types for 74 names published in Delissea by the late Harold St. John showed that most represent previously described species that are currently treated as members of the related genus Cyanea. Two of the types, however, represent morphologically distinctive species, which are referable to Cyanea sect. Hirtellae. New combinations in Cyanea are proposed, the two species are described in greater detail, and a key to the species of the section is provided. Cyanea Gaudich. (Campanulaceae: Lobelioideae) is a genus of trees and shrubs endemic to the Hawaiian Islands. St. John (1987a) merged the genus with its close relative Delissea Gaudich. and described 74 new taxa under the latter name (St. John, 1987b, 1988). Altogether, St. John recognized 166 species and 50 nonautonymic varieties and forms within his concept of Delissea. In the treatment of Campanulaceae (Lammers, 1990) for the Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawai'i, I argued for the retention of the traditional circumscription of these two genera, recognizing 52 species plus nine nonautonymic subspecies in Cyanea and just nine species plus three nonautonymic subspecies in Delissea. Publishing deadlines did not permit me to examine types and account for all the new names proposed by St. John in Delissea. However, it was suggested that most would fall within my concept of Cyanea and prove to be referable to previously described species, particularly C. coriacea (A. Gray) Hillebrand, C. fissa (H. Mann) Hillebrand, and C. sylvestris A. Heller. In May and June 1991, I visited BISH in order to examine the relevant types and determine the best disposition for each of these names. This examination confirmed the original suggestion that most of St. John's names should be treated as synonyms of various previously described species. Two of the types, however, did represent morphologically distinctive species that were new to science and referable to Cyanea as circumscribed in the Manual. These two species are here transferred to that genus and described more fully. The remaining names will be accounted for in detail in a forthcoming monograph of the genus (Lammers, in prep.). Cyanea eleeleensis (H. St. John) Lammers, comb. nov. Basionym: Delissea eleeleensis H. St. John, Phytologia 63: 341. 1987. TYPE: Hawaiian Islands. Kaua'i: Wainiha Valley, on side of intermittent stream below Pali 'Ele'ele, shaded gulch in wet forest, 700 ft., 19 July 1977, Christensen 261 (holotype, BISH; isotype, BISH). [The holotype consists of a standard herbarium sheet bearing two detached leaves plus a jar of liquid-preserved floral material.] Shrub, 1.8 m tall; stem glabrous. Lamina oblanceolate, 38.5-40.5 cm long, 11.5 cm wide, glabrous; upper surface green; lower surface pale green; margin minutely denticulate; apex acute; base cuneate. Petiole 7.8-8.5 cm long, 4 mm diam., glabrous. Inflorescence 11-20-flowered, densely shortpubescent; peduncle deflexed, 8-9 cm long, 5-7 mm diam.; rachis 2.5-4 cm long; bracts linear or narrowly triangular, 3 mm long, 1 mm wide, the apex acute; pedicels 10-17 mm long, bibracteolate in the lower 1/3; bracteoles linear or narrowly triangular, 2 mm long. Hypanthium obovoid, deeply 10-sulcate, 10-11 mm long, 11-12 mm diam., densely short-pubescent. Calyx lobes triangular, 45 mm long, 3 mm wide; apex acute. Corolla bilabiate, 46-47 mm long, purple with lighter longitudinal stripes, short-pubescent; tube curved, 19 mm long, 7 mm diam., cleft dorsally for 2/3 its length; dorsal lobes linear, 32 mm long, 3 mm wide, spreading horizontally; ventral lip 19 mm long, cut to its middle into three linear lobes 3-4 mm wide (the middle one a little wider than the others) and acute at apex. Staminal column slightly exserted, glabrous; filaments 35 mm long; anther tube 9 mm long, 3 mm diam., the lower 2 anthers with tufts of white hairs at apex. Berry (immature) subglobose, 12 mm long, 14 mm diam., purple, deeply 10-sulcate, crowned by the persistent calyx lobes. Seeds unknown. Known only from the type locality in Wainiha Valley, Kaua'i, where it was found growing in wet forest at an elevation of 213 m. NOVON 2: 129-131. 1992. This content downloaded from 207.46.13.175 on Wed, 13 Apr 2016 15:50:32 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms

A taxonomic revision of Phyllactis and Valeriana sect. Bracteata (Valerianaceae)

Seven species belonging to the high Andean genus Phyllactis (Valerianaceae) in its traditional circumscription are revised. Cladistic analysis involving characters of inflorescence morphology, leaf arrangement, flowers and fruits indicates that the 7 species represent two monophyletic lines. These are treated here as belonging to 2 genera, Phyllactis Pers. (3 species) and Valeriana L. (4 species). The 4 species belonging to Valeriana are placed in a new section, V. sect. Bracteata. Valeriana spiroflora is described as new. Valeriana convallarioides and Phyllactis rigida var. tenuifolia are new combinations.

Morphology and infrageneric position of three British species of Laurencia (Ceramiales, Rhodophyta)

Abstract The morphology of three British species of the red algal genus Laurencia (Ceramiales, Rhodophyta) has been studied. Laurencia obtusa (Hudson) Lamouroux, the type species of the genus, fits well into the traditional circumscription of subgenus Laurencia. Laurencia hybrida (De Candolle) Lenormand ex Duby and L. pinnatifida (Hudson) Lamouroux show many similar characters, and both are intermediate between the western Pacific species (subgenera Laurencia and Chondrophycus) and the eastern Pacific species (Spectabilis group) of the genus.