Traditional Casting Method Research Articles

The accuracy of custom-made metal posts manufactured using selective laser sintering versus conventional casting techniques: a laboratory study

BackgroundThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of selective laser sintering (SLS) against the traditional casting method in fabricating customized Co-Cr dental posts, employing 3D coordinate metrology for analysis.MethodsA 10 mm post space was prepared in a transparent acrylic block using a red ParaPost XP drill (1.25 mm diameter). An impression of this cavity was taken with a 1.143 mm diameter ParaPost impression post and auto-polymerizing acrylic resin. The resin patterns obtained were digitized with a Straumann Cares scanner, generating STL files, which were forwarded to Renishaw for the production of 10 Co-Cr posts through SLS. Simultaneously, the original resin patterns underwent investment and casting in Co-Cr alloy. The dimensional accuracy of the posts produced by both methods was evaluated using the triple scan method.ResultsThe mean discrepancy was − 0.048 mm when comparing the dimensions of scanned resin posts to those of the conventionally cast posts, and − 0.067 mm between the scanned SLS-produced posts and the original resin patterns. Statistical analysis indicated no significant difference between the two sets of mean values (P = 0.107).ConclusionSLS technology is a viable alternative to the conventional casting technique for the manufacture of customized Co-Cr posts. Furthermore, SLS offers advantages in terms of cost and time efficiency without compromising the accuracy of the end product.

Additive manufacturing of oriented steel fiber-reinforced mullite refractories for enhanced mechanical properties

In this study, oriented steel fiber-reinforced mullite refractories were successfully manufactured using 3D printing technology. The rheological behavior of the refractory paste, as well as the service performance of the resulting refractories, was investigated. A thickening agent, bentonite, was added to optimize the rheology and printability of the paste. Results showed that, at a bentonite concentration of 1.5 wt%, the paste exhibited a yield stress of 459 Pa and displayed notable thixotropic behavior, significantly enhancing its printability. Comparative studies between refractories produced via traditional casting methods and those manufactured through 3D printing demonstrated that the latter achieved a steel fiber orientation index of 0.91, enabling directional alignment of fibers within the refractory matrix. This fiber orientation led to improved mechanical properties and greater fracture toughness in the 3D-printed refractories. Notably, the bottom of the printed refractory exhibited even superior resistance to corrosion. These findings indicate that additive manufacturing is a highly promising method for producing oriented steel fiber-reinforced refractories.

An Improved Process for Solving the Sintering Problem of Al-Si Alloy Powder Metallurgy

The Al-Si alloy prepared by the traditional powder metallurgy method has the problems of difficult sintering and low mechanical properties. In this paper, rotary extrusion combined with rapid solidification/powder metallurgy technology (RS/PM) is proposed and designed to produce an Al-10Si alloy. In subsequent sintering at different temperatures, better metallurgical bonding between particles can be achieved to fulfil the aim of improving the mechanical properties of the material. Additionally, the continuous preparation of materials can be achieved. Finally, it is verified that the density of the Al-10Si alloy sintered at 525 °C is 2.61 g/cm3, reaching 97.0% of the theoretical density, and the tensile strength reaches 336 MPa, which is much higher than that of the alloy prepared by the traditional casting method and powder metallurgy method.

Enhancing the Mechanical Properties of Co-Cr Dental Alloys Fabricated by Laser Powder Bed Fusion: Evaluation of Quenching and Annealing as Heat Treatment Methods.

Residual stresses and anisotropic structures characterize laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) products due to rapid thermal changes during fabrication, potentially leading to microcracking and lower strength. Post-heat treatments are crucial for enhancing mechanical properties. Numerous dental technology laboratories worldwide are adopting the new technologies but must invest considerable time and resources to refine them for specific requirements. Our research can assist researchers in identifying thermal processes that enhance the mechanical properties of dental Co-Cr alloys. In this study, high cooling rates (quenching) and annealing after quenching were evaluated for L-PBF Co-Cr dental alloys. Cast samples (standard manufacturing method) were tested as a second reference material. Tensile strength, Vickers hardness, microstructure characterization, and phase identification were performed. Significant differences were found among the L-PBF groups and the cast samples. The lowest tensile strength (707 MPa) and hardness (345 HV) were observed for cast Starbond COS. The highest mechanical properties (1389 MPa, 535 HV) were observed for the samples subjected to the water quenching and reheating methods. XRD analysis revealed that the face-centered cubic (FCC) and hexagonal close-packed (HCP) phases are influenced by the composition and heat treatment. Annealing after quenching improved the microstructure homogeneity and increased the HCP content. L-PBF techniques yielded superior mechanical properties compared to traditional casting methods, offering efficiency and precision. Future research should focus on fatigue properties.

One-shot manufacturable soft-robotic pump inspired by embryonic tubular heart.

Soft peristaltic pumps, which use soft ring actuators instead of mechanical pistons or rollers, offer advantages in transporting liquids with non-uniform solids, such as slurry, food, and sewage. Recent advances in 3D printing with flexible thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) present the potential for single-step fabrication of these pumps, distinguished from handcrafted, multistep traditional silicone casting methods. However, because of the relatively high hardness of TPU, TPU-based soft peristaltic pumps contract insufficiently and thus cannot perform as well as silicone-based ones. Improving the performance is crucial for fully automated, one-step manufactured soft pumps to lead to industrial use. This study aims to enhance TPU-based soft pumps through bioinspired design. Specifically, it proposed a design inspired by embryonic tubular hearts, in contrast to previous studies that mimicked digestive tracts. The new design facilitated long-axis stretching of an elliptical lumen during non-concentric contractile motion, akin to embryonic tubular hearts. The design was optimized for ring actuators and pumps 3D-printed with shore hardness 85 A TPU filament. The ring actuator achieved over 99% lumen closure with the best designs. The soft pumps transported water at flow rates of up to 218 ml min-1and generated a maximum discharge pressure of 355 mm Hg, comparable to the performance of blood pumps used in continuous renal replacement therapy.

Comparison of high-temperature friction and wear behaviours of Ti6Al4V produced by additive manufacturing and casting

Additive manufacturing (AM) methods, especially selective laser melting (SLM), have recently attracted attention because they enable the quick and easy production of complex parts that cannot be produced with traditional manufacturing methods. However, residual stresses in the fabricated components impact their mechanical characteristics and may necessitate additional heat treatments. In this study, SLM-produced Ti6Al4V parts were subjected to a stress relief treatment under argon gas at 790°C for 2 h. The microstructure, microhardness and high-temperature tribological properties were examined comparatively with the traditional casting method. Dry sliding tribological experiments were carried out at different temperatures up to 600°C to compare high-temperature performance. It has been determined that the microstructure of samples produced by casting and SLM comprised β and α phases. The casting sample had 66.02% α grains, whereas the SLM sample had 59.02% α grains. The average microhardness in the SLM sample was marginally higher than that in the casting due to the formation of martensitic α. The results showed that wear rates increased with temperature for each sample. SLM samples exhibited slightly higher wear rates at each test temperature compared to the casting sample, which is attributed to the oxidative wear mechanism. The higher percentage of oxygen in the triboxide layers in the casting sample increased the wear resistance. When examining friction coefficients, an increase in average friction coefficients was observed at a test temperature of 300°C, while a decrease was observed at a test temperature of 600°C.

The Formation of a Low-Carbon Steel/Ni-Cr-W Alloy Bimetallic Material via Liquid–Solid Compound Casting with a Laser Assisted Solid Surface

The aim of this study was to develop a new manufacturing process for bimetallic materials by combining laser treatment with traditional casting methods. This process involves laser-treating nickel alloy-grade UNS 6230 plates to create a regular macro-relief on their surface. These treated plates are then placed in a sand mold, and molten non-alloy steel (S235JRG2) is poured into the mold to create bimetallic layered castings. The experimental procedure focuses on optimizing the melt-to-solid phase ratios and pouring temperatures to achieve a uniform microstructure and strong mechanical properties in the bimetals. The produced bimetallic castings are suitable for applications in the oil refining and chemical industries and heavy machinery sector. The quantitative results indicate that the optimized process parameters lead to a high-quality transition zone with minimal defects, characterized by the diffusion of alloying elements from the nickel alloy to the steel. The microstructure, chemical, and phase compositions were evaluated using XRD and SEM with EDS, confirming the formation of a robust metallurgical bond. Key findings include a significant improvement in the hardness and strength of the transition layer, with the optimal pouring temperature being 1600 °C. The resulting bimetallic materials demonstrate an improved performance in demanding industrial environments.

Investigation of the factors affecting the heat transfer mechanism of the centrifugal material casting

Abstract The material casting by centrifugal technique has several potential advantages over the traditional casting methods such as; time saving, accurate dimensions, good surface finishing, purities, faster solidification, and porosity. The heat transfer mechanisms of the centrifugal material casting technique is presently investigated because of its great influences in the productivity, facilities life and production energy of that technique. Consequently, the current study provides a semi-comprehensive analytical and experimental investigation for the heat transfer mechanisms of the centrifugal material casting. The present work shows that the thermophysical properties of the casting material, the rotational speeds of the centrifugal mold and the types of the centrifugal technique have deeply affected the centrifugal heat transfer mechanism. Eventually, the developing and improving the cooling systems of the centrifugal molds are indeed needs due to modify the material casting by centrifugal techniques.

Fabrication and Analysis of the Wear Properties of High‐Vanadium High‐Speed Steel through Spark Plasma Sintering

High‐vanadium high‐speed steel (HVHSS), known for its exceptional wear resistance, is widely used in industries such as steel production, bearing manufacturing, and the manufacture of cutting tools and high‐end components. To address the need for improved performance under challenging service conditions, the fabrication of HVHSS is investigated using spark plasma sintering (SPS) as an alternative to traditional casting methods. The research focuses on analyzing the microstructural changes in HVHSS samples produced by SPS under various sintering temperatures. These samples are then compared with those of cast HVHSS in terms of their microstructures, mechanical properties, and wear resistance. The study found that at a sintering temperature of 900 °C, the SPS‐fabricated HVHSS achieved a relative density of 98.1%. The fine and evenly dispersed carbides (mainly M7C3 and VC) in the matrix increased the microscopic hardness to 654.1 HV, which is higher than that of the cast sample. Notably, the wear resistance is significantly enhanced, showing increases of 15.48 cm−3 and ≈18% in absolute and relative terms, respectively. These results show that SPS fabrication is a major technique for enhancing the wear resistance and optimizing the microstructure of HVHSS.

Composite polymer electrolyte based on poly(vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP) for solid-state batteries

Using solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) with excellent thermal and electrical stability to replace liquid electrolytes, and assembling solid-state lithium-ion batteries (SSLIBs) is considered the best solution to these safety issues. However, it is difficult for a single electrolyte to have the characteristics of high ionic conductivity, low interface resistance, and high stability of the counter electrode at the same time. In this work, the composite polymer electrolyte membrane (CPE) of inorganic Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3 (LATP) and organic poly(vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP) polymer was successfully prepared by traditional casting method. The addition of LATP (10 wt %) ceramic powder makes CPE membrane (CPE-10) exhibit excellent electrochemical performance: the lithium-ion transference number and electrochemical window are as high as 0.60 and 4.94 V, respectively. Moreover, the CPE-10 showed excellent Li-metal stability, thereby enabling the Li–Li symmetric cells to stably run for over 300 h at 0.1 mA/cm2 with effective lithium dendrite inhibition. When paired with a high-voltage LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 (NCM622) cathode, the Li/CPE-10/NCM622 cell exhibited excellent electrochemical performance: the highest specific discharge capacity of 152 mAh/g could be conducted at 0.2C after 50 cycles corresponding to 100% Coulombic efficiencies. The prepared CPE-10 demonstrates excellent electrochemical performance, providing an effective design strategy for SSLMBs.

Study on the effect of stretching behavior on the properties of PVDF films and mechanism

In this paper, the PVDF film prepared by the traditional casting method has good mechanical properties and breaking strength up to 73.51 MPa. Meanwhile, the crystal structure, thermodynamic behavior, electrochemical behavior and morphological characteristics of the stretched PVDF film are studied based on the molecular level deformation mechanism. The results show that the stretched PVDF film has undergone α→β and γ→β crystal transformation. The parameters of %χc and F(β) in the stretched PVDF film can increase 243.52% and 205.35%, and ΔHm increases 5.06 J/g. However, the melting and decomposition temperatures of stretched film are reduced in different degrees, indicating that stretching makes the thermal stability of PVDF film become worse. The morphological characteristics, electrochemical parameters and CV parameters of PVDF film indicate that the stretched PVDF film have obvious orientation and anisotropy, which generates much more stable self-polarizability. Additionally, based on the experimental results, a new model is proposed to explain the mechanism of stretching effect on PVDF crystal transformation at both macroscopic and microscopic scale, which can reveal the reasons for excellent spontaneous polarization in the stretched PVDF films.

The influence of microalloying and preparation process on phase transformation, mechanical properties, and friction/corrosion behavior of Cu–Ni–Sn alloys: A review

This review provides an overview of Cu–Ni–Sn alloys, which have great advantages as a potential substitute for beryllium bronze. The characteristics of spinodal decomposition in Cu–Ni–Sn alloys are thoroughly discussed by conducting a comprehensive analysis of thermodynamics and the phase diagram. The traditional casting process for Cu–Ni–Sn alloys is subject to several limitations, including segregation during solidification as a primary constraint. Another significant limitation is the occurrence of discontinuous precipitation during aging. Thus, the strategies to overcome these limitations are further elaborated. Commonly used methods include thermal-mechanical processing and composition design. Finally, the application of Cu–Ni–Sn alloys in friction and corrosion is discussed. The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive summary of the research progress and significant limitations encountered in Cu–Ni–Sn spinodal alloys. This includes a discussion of traditional casting methods as well as novel preparation techniques. The aim is to serve as a valuable reference for the development of new manufacturing methods and the future advancement of Cu–Ni–Sn spinodal alloys.

Characteristics and mechanism of time on sand powder 3D printing rock analogue: a new method for fractured rock mechanics

Laboratory tests are one of the most fundamental and crucial methods in rock mechanics and engineering research. Natural rock specimens are challenging to acquire, and traditional casting methods involve prolonged curing times and cannot produce rock-like specimens with complex internal fractures. Furthermore, 3D printing technologies such as SLA, SLS, and FDM possess inherent limitations. In this study, high-silica sand was used as the printing material, and sand powder 3D printing technology was harnessed to fabricate rock-like specimens. Uniaxial compression tests were performed on specimens with varying placement times, aimed at investigating the impact of placement time on the mechanical properties of sand 3D-printed rock-like specimens. Acoustic emission technology was used to explore the internal state changes during deformation and failure of specimens with different placement times. The findings indicate that the mechanical properties of sand powder 3DP rock-like specimens exhibited no deterioration over time after approximately 7 days of placement. The internal structure remained unchanged across different placement times. This study's outcomes underscore the superiority of sand powder 3D printing technology within the realm of rock mechanics and establish the groundwork for the accurate and efficient fabrication of rock-like specimens through sand powder 3D printing technology in the future.

Fabrication of phenolic resin membrane with polyvinyl alcohol fiber skeleton by electrospinning for organic solvent nanofiltration

As an emerging separation technology, organic solvent nanofiltration (OSN) has shown great potential in the chemical, food, and pharmaceutical industries. Considering the excellent solvent resistance of phenolic resin (PR), it has great potential to be employed for the fabrication of OSN membrane. However, the extremely low permeance due to the highly cross-linked network and limited fabrication strategies still hold back the further application of PR. Herein, we develop a novel method to fabricate PR membrane with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fiber skeleton for OSN. This is accomplished through the electrospinning of PVA-resol solution, followed by heating to initiate the cross-linking of resol to form PR. After the further reaction with glutaraldehyde (GA), the PR OSN membrane is finally acquired. Benefiting from the homogeneous mixing of PVA with resol in the electrospinning solution, the formed PVA fibers are uniformly embedded in the PR matrix. The space between PVA fiber skeleton with PR matrix could provide additional channels for the transportation of solvent molecules. Compared with those membranes fabricated by traditional casting methods, the permeance of PR/PVA/GA reported here is significantly improved. The molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) of PR/PVA/GA is about 803 Da based on the rejection curve. Meanwhile, the permeance of acetonitrile about 1.3 Lm-2h-1bar−1 is the highest among the studied solvents, while the values are very low for nonpolar solvents, such as hexane and toluene. Additionally, the obtained membrane exhibits excellent anti-compaction ability and long-term stability. As an alternative to phase inversion and interfacial polymerization, the strategy reported here may provide a new way for the assembly of polymers into nanofiltration membranes for diverse separation applications.

A comparative study on the microstructure, mechanical properties, wear and corrosion behaviors of SS 316 austenitic stainless steels manufactured by casting and WAAM technologies

Replacing the traditional casting method with wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) to produce complex shaped parts will lead to using cost-effective technology even for challenging engineering applications depending on their geometry and number of the parts to be produced. This work performed a comparative study on the stainless steel 316 parts manufactured by WAAM and sand casting to reveal the microstructural, mechanical, wear, and corrosion behaviors. The WAAM components were manufactured using three different cooling dwell times and compared in terms of microstructures with the as-cast and heat-treated cast parts to reveal the properties of the WAAM parts. It was concluded that WAAM is a viable engineering alternative to the casting technology. Results showed that the WAAM and cast parts revealed similar microstructures, including delta ferrite and austenite phases, but the cast parts had a coarser grain and lower amount of delta ferrite due to slower cooling during the solidification. The yield and tensile strength of WAAM parts showed an increasing trend with the increase in dwell time, and on average, their yield strength was ∼1.5 times higher than in cast parts due to the smaller grains and more elevated δ-ferrite content resulting from rapid cooling. Furthermore, the greatest wear resistance was obtained in the cast parts after solution annealing heat treatment followed by water quenching. In contrast the highest corrosion resistance was obtained from WAAM parts produced using a dwell time of 120 sec. In conclusion, WAAM technology can be an excellent alternative to casting technology for producing stainless-steel parts with optimized process parameters.

High‐Loaded Electrode Filaments for Additive Manufacturing of Structural Batteries

AbstractThe unique capability of 3D printing to create geometric complex structures presents a promising avenue for producing 3D electrodes aimed at enhancing power and energy densities within constrained spaces, which is challenging to achieve through traditional slurry casting methods. However, despite advancements over the years, 3D‐printed batteries have faced limitations in terms of mechanical robustness to endure significant volume changes during cycling and restricted electrochemical performance due to the lack of adequate electrode feedstock development or post‐processing treatments. Herein, a high‐loaded electrode filament with ≈65 wt.% fillers, enabling the fabrication of structural electrodes with improved electrochemical performance and superior mechanical properties, is developed. Through a combination of 3D printing and post‐processing techniques, interdigitated structures with high areal‐loading density, resulting in a full cell with an enhanced areal capacity of ≈12.28 mAh cm−2 at ≈0.92 mA cm−2 is fabricated. Moreover, the structural batteries, treated through the carbonizing process, are integrated by the carbon coating generated during carbonization, exhibiting remarkable compressive properties (with a modulus of 18.5 MPa and a strength of 1.09 MPa). Overall, the findings demonstrate the promising potential of 3D printed batteries for practical applications, while showcasing the scalability and design flexibility offered by 3D printing technology.

PHARMACOKINETIC STUDY IN HUMANS AND IN VITRO EVALUATION OF BIOENHANCED BILAYER SUBLINGUAL FILMS FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF ACUTE MIGRAINE

Objective: Long-lasting migraine pain is one of the most disabling neurological disorders and requires a quick onset of action from the administered dosage form. This study aimed to provide sublingual administration of the frequently used combination of NSAID and triptan in order to trigger their action immediately by escaping the first-pass metabolism, simultaneously improving patient compliance. Methods: In the present research, sublingual bilayer films were developed by joining the two loaded layers with zolmitriptan and piroxicam, respectively. Each layer was prepared and loaded separately using the traditional solvent casting method. Mechanical support was provided by the 1:1 combination of HPMC E-15 and pullulan, which were used as water-soluble film-forming polymers with polyethylene glycol 400 as a plasticizer. Films were evaluated for various physicochemical and mechanical properties. Finally, a pharmacokinetic study was performed on six healthy human volunteers to compare the PK parameters of the best formulation, BSTF-3, with those of a commercially available formulation. Sepitrap 80 and Sepitrap 4000 were used as bio-enhancers to achieve faster systemic delivery. Results: The thin, flexible bilayer films were observed to provide quick action alone with increase patient compliance by preventing the first-pass metabolism and dysphagia. Sepitrap 80 successfully increased the permeation of both drugs. Approximately 92 percent of zolmitriptan was released from the formed bilayer sublingual thin films within 3 min, whereas 92 percent of piroxicam was released within 4.5 min from the best formulation. Within 30 min of the commencement of the pharmacokinetic investigation, plasma concentrations of the active component began to rise rapidly. Conclusion: When compared to commercial formulations, the developed films had a greater AUC and Cmax with a shorter Tmax, indicating a faster trigger of action and higher bioavailability.

Influence of characteristic parameters of SiC reinforcements on mechanical properties of AlSi10Mg matrix composites by powder metallurgy

The bottleneck problems of SiC particles reinforced AlSi10Mg composites (SiC/AlSi10Mg) prepared by traditional casting method, such as composition segregation, interface reaction and coarse microstructure, can be effectively improved by powder metallurgy with lower processing temperature. In this study, the influence of SiC particle size and content on the properties of SiC/AlSi10Mg was systematically analyzed. SiC/AlSi10Mg composites were prepared by planetary ball milling, spark plasma sintering (SPS) and hot extrusion composite preparation process. The obtained composites presents dense microstructure without the formation of interfacial reaction phase. The distribution of micron SiC particles (μm-SiC) in the matrix is relatively uniform, and nano SiC particles (nm-SiC) slightly agglomerates with the increase of the content. The strength of SiC/AlSi10Mg increases with the increase of nm-SiC content, which is mainly attributed to dispersion strengthening, dislocation strengthening and grain refinement strengthening. The strength of SiC/AlSi10Mg hardly changes with the increase of μm-SiC content, but the elongation decreases gradually. The deformation between μm-SiC and AlSi10Mg matrix is not coordinated and μm-SiC cleave the AlSi10Mg matrix. The irregular boundaries of μm-SiC are easy to produce stress concentration during loading, leading to interface cracking or μm-SiC fracture. Therefore, μm-SiC are difficult to play a significant strengthening effect to composites. With the increase of SiC content, the fracture mechanism of composites gradually changes from ductile fracture to brittle fracture in SiC agglomeration region. This study lays a theoretical and experimental foundation for the controllable preparation and performance optimization of high strength and toughness AMCs reinforced by SiC particles.

Uncertainty quantification for computational modelling of laser powder bed fusion

Additive manufacturing (AM) may have many advantages over traditional casting and wrought methods, but our understanding of the various processes is still limited. Computational models are useful to study and isolate underlying physics and improve our understanding of the AM process-microstructure-property relations. However, these models necessarily rely on simplifications and parameters of uncertain value. These assumptions reduce the overall reliability of the predictive capabilities of these models, so it is important to estimate the uncertainty in model output. In doing so, we quantify the effect of model limitations and identify potential areas of improvement, a procedure made possible by uncertainty quantification (UQ). Here we highlight recent work which coupled and propagated statistical and systematic uncertainties from a melt pool transport model based in OpenFOAM, through a grain scale cellular automaton code. We demonstrate how a UQ framework can identify model parameters which most significantly impact the reliability of model predictions through both models and thus provide insight for future improvements in the models and suggest measurements to reduce output uncertainty.

Comparison of mechanical properties and structure of Haynes 282 consolidated via two different powder metallurgy methods: laser powder bed fusion and hot pressing

The development of powder metallurgy methods in recent years has caused traditional casting methods to be replaced in many industrial applications. Using such methods, it is possible to obtain parts having the required geometry after a process that saves both manufacturing costs and time. However, there are many material issues that decrease the functionality of these methods, including mechanical properties anisotropy and greater susceptibility to cracking due to chemical segregation. The main aim of the current article is to analyze these issues in depth for two powder metallurgy manufacturing processes: laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) and hot-pressing (HP) methods—selected for the experiment because they are in widespread use. Microstructure and mechanical tests were performed in the main manufacturing directions, X and Z. The results show that in both powder metallurgy methods, anisotropy was an issue, although it seems that the problem was more significant for the samples produced via LPBF SLM technique, which displayed only half the elongation in the building direction (18%) compared with the perpendicular direction (almost 38%). However, it should be noted that the fracture toughness of LPBF shows high values in the main directions, higher even than those of the HP and wrought samples. Additionally, the highest level of homogeneity even in comparison with wrought sample, was observed for the HP sintered samples with equiaxed grains with visible twin boundaries. The tensile properties, mainly strength and elongation, were the highest for HP material. Overall, from a practical standpoint, the results showed that HP sintering is the best method in terms of homogeneity based on microstructural and mechanical properties.