Traditional Architectural Style Research Articles

Low Carbon Exploration in Urban Revitalization in Yangzhou Old City Project

Low-carbon and ecological city and sustainable conservation of historic urban areas are issues that need to be addressed in current urban development in China. Based on the principles of community participation, local adaptive technology and cost-benefit balance, Nanhexia Low-carbon Community Project in Yangzhou proposed holistic strategies and solutions to achieve low-carbon community by means of low-carbon planning, low-carbon transportation, energy efficiency of building, low-carbon behavior, and greening in open space. The project innovatively integrated low carbon concepts into regeneration of old city, combined traditional architectural styles with modern green technologies, and won the first platinum award of LEED Homes in China. The experience of the project may provide reference for the regeneration of other communities or other similar projects in old cities.

A Comparative Study of Minarets of Contemporary Jamia Mosques and Mughal Historical Mosques of Lahore

Jamia mosque retains the status of a major landmark in any Muslim neighborhood since ages and remains one of the most important institutions of the Muslim world. A minaret, with its typical shape, has always been a significant architectural element of a mosque. However scientific, technological and industrial developments gave birth to new structural forms and shapes of the minaret, as well as changes in its positioning with respect to its design. It was observed that contemporary features and styles of minarets in Lahore were found to be different from the historic mosques of the Mughal era in terms of their form, construction methodology, structure support system, material finishes and positioning. Therefore, it was considered necessary to study the current developments. Thus, the objective of the current paper was set to compare the architectural features and styles of minarets of the Mughal era historical mosques with those of contemporary mosques built in the newly established housing colonies of Lahore. The research was also focused on the evaluation of changes in the stylistic features of the new minarets. Another objective was the identification of factors responsible for new developments and contemporary trends in the construction of these minarets. The results proved that some elements had been used continuously in the construction of minarets throughout the course of history; however, certain changes in trends were also observed. The study concluded that architectural features and styles of minarets constructed in contemporary mosques were different due to changes in materials, technological development and also due to the lack of skilled labor and time. Recommendations were given to ensure that architectural features and styles of contemporary minarets should continue to incorporate traditional Mughal architectural features and styles. There should be a properly developed statutory body of experts responsible for the preparation of sound legislation and appropriate guidelines for the systematic development of contemporary mosques.

A collaborative image of energy efficient housing via a photo-based approach

Purpose Regarding the contribution of Australian small-size housing in the enhancement of total energy consumption of the country and the roles of the occupants’ preferences in successful implementation of action plans, the purpose of this study is to identify the Australian occupants’ collaborative image of housing energy efficiency. The two main objectives are, therefore, to address the main energy-related housing physical factors that have the potential in representing the housing image of Australian occupants and to explain the causal factors that make the physical factors critical to their energy efficiency perception. Design/methodology/approach This study has been developed through a qualitative approach. Given that the images encompass a wide range of information expressing human perceptions, an online photo-based qualitative survey was developed based on previous research works. The survey includes respondents’ demographic profiles and the evaluation of images, asking for their perception of overall housing energy efficiency, the impacts of building envelope physical attributes on the energy efficiency of the houses and the reasons behind the selection of different attributes. Findings This study has developed a set of attribute-based factors, explaining occupants’ collective perception of energy efficient small-size housing of Brisbane in the area of exterior aspects of the buildings. Specifically, the collaborative image of small-size housing of Brisbane is about the thermal performance of the buildings provided through passive climatic principles by using more efficient envelope features, e.g. material, colour, transparency, texture, openings, balconies and shadowing devices, while ignoring the impacts of architectural composition principles along neighbourhood quality. The key attributes in assessing the small-housing energy efficiency are ventilation, thermal performance and shadowing. The housing images in old traditional architectural style with rural face, built by stone, brick and concrete in high dense vegetation were evaluated to be more energy efficient than those with modern architecture, built by large glass panel and metal cladding with light or no vegetation. Research limitations/implications The main limitation of the paper is related to the nature of an image-based survey, which leads to ignoring some aspects of real spaces such as odour, temperature and noise. Practical implications This research has the potential for developing a practical methodology for assessing housing-resident fit using computer-based methodology and neural networks. Social implications This research has the potential for developing a methodology, assisting the end users in meeting their desires and motivations by helping them in assessing how a housing unit fits with their expectations and preferences. Originality/value This research provides a reliable conceptual platform for dealing with the complexity of occupants’ housing perceptions. This is achieved by establishing a collective conceptual picture of these environmental perceptions, namely, housing image, which is a platform for transferring abstract data related to human perception into measurable and quantitative scales.

ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES AND CONCEPTION OF OVERALL CONSTRUCTION MODE OF YI SETTLEMENTS

Yi is an ancient and brilliant nation, with its ancestors rooted in Panxi rift, forming a large number of unique and dazzling national cultures in the long national development path with the nutriment of the Jinsha River and the An’ning River. With the development of times, science and technology promote the integration of national culture. The remote, poor and backward traditional Yi settlements are facing constant impacts of modernization on material and spirit. The renovation of traditional Yi dwellings and the construction of small towns blindly copy the construction model of large and medium-sized cities. The destruction of the living environment is caused by economic development and natural disasters. The destruction of the traditional architectural style of Yi dwellings has changed the living environment of Yi, and the dwellings have gradually lost their long-standing architectural features and advantages. Therefore, it is urgent to improve the income and living standards of the residents in Yi region, build a livable living environment, and protect and inherit the Yi culture. The work analyzed the characteristics of Yi villages in Panzhihua, and proposed the overall construction mode of Yi settlement environment in modernization.

Sustainable development strategy of rural built-up landscapes in Northeast China based on ANP approach

With village revitalization and new rural construction, the landscape of Chinese villages is undergoing fundamental changes. Due to delayed construction, ecological degradation, and backward in management, rural settlements have many problems in the planning and construction process in Northeast China, such as lacking local characteristics, and natural environment destruction. Rural built-up landscapes are a complex combination of buildings, settlements, natural landscapes, and cultural landscapes. How to improve rural built-up landscapes is an important issue in village planning, which can provide a beautiful and livable countryside for farmers. The purpose of this paper is to structure a multiple-criteria decision-making (MCDM) analysis for the sustainable development of rural built-up landscapes. Analytic Network Process (ANP) approach is employed in the research to find out the key factors of sustainable rural built-up landscapes in the decision-making procedure of rural planning. The ANP model is structured with 3 criteria (settlement forms and structures, regional cultural characteristics, ecological and natural resources) and 16 sub-criteria. The results show that the settlement layout complying with the terrain is the most important factor, followed by the continuation of traditional architectural style, natural landscape restoration, and village vitality. Decision makers and planners should dedicate more attention to these aspects in the rural construction and landscape planning. This paper also presents the ranking of important sub-criteria and several sustainable development strategies are proposed.

Exploring the relationship between visual preferences for tiny and small houses and land use policy in the southeastern United States

There is increased interest in accommodating tiny and small houses into urban communities. However, in many jurisdictions, current land use policy is prohibitive of very small homes. This research examines peoples’ perceptions of tiny and small homes at two case site locations that are crafting policy to accommodate small dwellings, in order to better understand preferences and community concerns related to the integration of these homes. Peoples’ perceptions are explored through the use of a visual preference survey (VPS). The VPS examines perceptions and preferences for the various ways tiny and small houses can be integrated into urban areas, and for several design aspects, such as architectural style. The results find preferences for how tiny and small houses might be sited and for specific design elements. For example, respondents at both case site locations indicated high preferences for tiny-house-specific developments, and for tiny and small homes built in a traditional architectural style. The results also find concerns towards tiny and small house integration efforts. For example, stakeholders expressed apprehension about how tiny and small homes may impact surrounding property values. The article examines how such preferences and concerns might be addressed in order to craft “best practices” in the development of tiny and small house land use policy.

The study of activated re-utilization of Hakka-enclosed houses under the urbanization: XiPuXinJu as an example

ABSTRACTThis paper studies XiPuXinJu, a Hakka-enclosed house that is located in the Longgang District, Shenzhen, China. By analysing the building’s development history and transformation process, it is proven that XiPuXinJu has both the characteristics of traditional Hakka-enclosed houses and is obviously influenced by Guangfu architecture from the Han culture from ancient central China. XiPuXinJu is typical of western Canton with important historical value; its development is a microcosm of the destiny of numerous unlisted historical buildings that have survived the torrent of urbanization. The main problems faced by XiPuXinJu are (1) stripped environmental elements; (2) weakened traditional architectural style, with the need to improve quality and living comfort; and (3) high vacancy rate. This paper suggests solutions for the activated re-utilization of XiPuXinJu with regard to three aspects: environmental reconstruction, building renovation and the implementation of new functions.

The Impact of Western Culture on the Transformation of Residential Patterns in One of the Heritage Areas in Baghdad (Neighborhood CREMAT / Salhiya - Baghdad Model)

The traditional housing of Baghdadi has undergone many transformations in the past century. This is noticed in many districts of traditional Baghdad and its heritage. In this period, architectural styles with Western influences were observed as a result of the political conditions and foreign colonization that swept the country. German architecture, English and French and other models in our old heritage stores, especially in the neighborhood of CREMAT in Salhia - Baghdad. With this level of complexity of the models, we have to disclose and study during the research process to reach the mechanisms and adaptation of Western models designed for an environment of a different nature adapted to our environment and the local Baghdad and take advantage of these global experiences in the design process. Therefore, the research highlighted the influence of Western culture on our Baghdadi architectural culture to preserve the landmarks of the past so that future children can see it. Ever since man's historical awareness of the past, the present and the future, he tried to record his present and preserve his past for the future. The urban heritage reflects the cultural identity of man: his past, his present and his future. Our Baghdad Municipality has been characterized by functional organization of the elements of the house, relying on the internal courtyard to provide the necessary privacy to the population and the use of local construction materials such as bricks, plaster, stone and palms and the use of the sheds in the internal atmosphere of the rooms. All examples of Baghdadi heritage architecture share a distinctive architectural character that belongs to the region and reflects all of its cultural, environmental and social conditions. Therefore, the research will try to reach the impact of these civilizations on the Baghdadi style, especially in the residential architecture of Baghdad. The objective of the research was to describe the effects of Western culture on the architectural style of the Salhia area and its adaptation to the local style of the region while attempting to come up with new and traditional indicators of transformation in residential patterns. In order to address the research problem, which is the phenomenon of divergence in the decisions of the traditional residential patterns in the locality of the CREMAT - Salhia, and to verify the goal of the desired research, the research plan is to analyze the chronological sequence of the ancient models in the region and identifying the identity of each model and then how to diagnose changes in traditional architectural styles through its holistic calendar and the appearance of the architectural style of the Salhia in this architectural form. The results showed the impact of Western cultures on the identity of the Baghdad residential area.

지부티 SOS 어린이 마을의 건축특성 연구

Purpose: This study was conducted to analyze the architectural characteristics of the SOS children’s village in the Republic of Djibouti in Africa designed by Urko Sanchez. That is, the methods of composition of the village and its unit planes that have the territoriality of the African region, which is unfamiliar to us, were figured out. In addition, in particular, using space syntax, an analysis of the spatial characteristics of the Djibouti SOS children’s village was attempted paying attention to essential spaces rather than shapes. Method: To this end, various media and literature data were searched and drawings were secured through email exchanges with Urko Sanchez Architecture to investigate and analyze the data. Thereafter, VGA was derived through the space syntax program Depth map based on the outline and drawings of the SOS children’s village in the Republic of Djibouti to visually understand the spaces in the village and individual spatial structures were analyzed based on J-graphs. Result: Based on the results of analysis of the spatial structures and architectural characteristics of the SOS children’s village in the Republic of Djibouti, it could be seen that the children’s village was organized by reinterpreting diverse traditional architectural styles of Arabian countries and Africa such as asabiya, Medina, and Mochirabiye to fit modern times. In addition, solar energy and concrete from an African company were used and nature was considered such as planning self-sufficiency through plants while reducing costs. Therefore, the world of architecture unique to Urko, who maximally reflects and highly regards the tradition of the relevant region along with nature in architecture, could be seen.

A shape grammar approach to contextual design: A case study of the Pol houses of Ahmedabad, India

In architecture, context refers to the surrounding area or setting in which the building is placed. In architectural theory and practice, context plays an important role in proposing architectural vocabulary. Since the mid-20th-century, creating harmony with traditional context amidst growing development has been a major concern and interest of designers. Contextualism theory in architecture refers to the relationship between new buildings and the existing surroundings while addressing the issue of fitting new to old structures together to achieve congruence and continuity. The analysis of traditional architectural style significantly influences a designer’s decision-making process when adopting contextual design approach. In this study, a shape grammar approach is proposed to create a harmonious environment through the generation of new designs based on the grammar of existing architectural style without curbing the designer’s creativity. This paper demonstrates the pattern-generating quality of traditional Pol row houses of Ahmedabad, India. The grammar of the traditional Pol house forms the architectural context for the new in-fill development in the area. The shape grammar approach to architectural design is examined as a process of interpreting the context as socio-cultural experience through rule schema when addressing the issue of contemporary demands and needs. Here, shape grammar is explored as a tool to analyse the existing design through the generation of new designs. The grammar differs from the previous work in terms of the derivation method and identification of the clues for rule schema in the Indian context. This method has been examined in the process of resolving the issue of unsympathetic development by providing design variations within the grammar for in-fill development to derive spatial clues for generation of new designs, which would be argued as the first step towards achieving aesthetic congruence.

Matsu Cultural Heritage and Its Conservation in Bohai Rim – Case Study on the Hall of Fujian in Yantai

Abstract. Since the Yuan Dynasty, the belief of Matsu had started to spread from the birthplace to the northern coastal areas in China. Matsu worship developed to the pinnacle with the official promotion on account of the government’s dependence on grain transported by sea since the mid-Qing Dynasty. A large amount of Matsu temples emerged in coastal cities of Bohai Rim where it still keeps a large number of them until now. It has much relationship between the spread of Matsu culture and the flow of Fujian population. It was one of the main building way that the Matsu temples attached to the local hall of Fujian in Bohai Rim. The Hall of Fujian in Yantai, Which was built with materials taken from Fujian, in the feature of traditional architectural style from QuanZhou, is very different from the local building style of Yantai. This case indicates that maritime culture of the south area had spread and developed in the north areas under the promotion of the population flow and the economic transaction. The essay introduces briefly about the development of Matsu culture in Bohai Rim and takes the case study of the Hall of Fujian in Yantai analyzing its causes and features, and the value as Matsu heritage. Then the paper will discuss the conservation of Matsu culture mere include the tangible and the intangible culture heritage around the origin area, the heritages of the spread area also have the same importance significance. With the evolution of the society, it calls urgent attention and protection of Matsu culture in Bohai Rim.

Spatiotemporal changes of land use patterns in high mountain areas of Northeast Turkey: a case study in Maçka.

High mountain forests (HMFs) have an important significance in forest ecosystems, but the benefits from such ecosystems have been compromised in recent years. In Turkey, HMFs constitute significant portions of Turkish forests because they cover 4% of Turkey; 15% of all Turkish forest areas are HMFs. The Eastern Black Sea region has a particular importance for HMFs due to its biological diversity and the rich presence of endemic species. This study analyzes the changes in spatial and temporal patterns of forest cover in HMF from 1973 to 2008 in the town of Maçka, which is located at the center of the Eastern Black Sea region of Turkey. The spatial and temporal change patterns of land use are quantified by interpreting spatial data. Remote sensing (RS), geographical information system (GIS), and a spatial pattern analysis program for categorical maps (FRAGSTATS) have been used for data collection, analysis, and presentation. The results showed that the HMF areas had biphasic growth from 1973 to 2008. Despite a net increase of 200.6 ha in forested areas between 1984 and 2008, there was an overall decrease from 1973 to 2008. The annual percentage of forestation for the forest areas within the study period was 0.04% in Maçka. The amount of aggregated forest area fragments rose from 388 in 1973 to 711 in 2008. The increase in the HMF of Maçka can be explained to some extent by the change in the demographic structure of Maçka and its plateaus, which contributed to changes in the daily life of the population of Maçka and its villages, such as changes in annual incomes, their lifestyles, decrease in transhumance and stockbreeding, decrease in the time of dwelling on the plateaus, and changes in the traditional architectural style.

The Influence of French Colonial Rule on Lao Architecture with a Focus on Residential Buildings

During the French colonial period in Lao PDR (from 1893-1953), France integrated its architectural elements into traditional Lao architecture and modified them to suit the climate. The French colonial style continues to make a modest impact in most major towns and cities. The harmonious combination of traditional Lao architecture and French colonial influences shows the true values and wealth of a city′s characteristics. These unique architectural styles and motifs are valuable to the area′s heritage; many of these styles are still conserved today, especially in Luang Prabang, which was designated as a World Heritage city in 1995. Some historical buildings have been adapted according to social and economic factors. However, as elsewhere in Indochinese countries, the provincial French design was modified to suit the hot and humid tropical climate. The design of colonial villas, in turn, began to influence subtle changes in the design of Lao urban dwellings. This paper discusses the development of traditional Lao architectural styles that have been experienced in Lao PDR, analyzes the process of change, emphasizes the importance of compatibility between traditional house form and the French colonial house, and studies the factors influencing the transformations of traditional housing.

The Extent of Sunlight Penetration Performance on Traditional Style’s Apartment Façade in Putrajaya, Malaysia

In this study the analysis is to measure the performance on the extent of sunlight penetration on front apartment facades. The apartments are located in Putrajaya, Malaysia. Putrajaya is the administrative city for the federal government, and it is considered the latest new city in Malaysia with postmodern style buildings which exhibit a range of complex geometric elements blending with colonial, modern and traditional architectural style. The scope of this study is to measure the extent of sunlight penetration on the apartment facades. Two front facades of the apartments were selected in the case studies using computer simulation for the analysis. The selected case studies are sixteen stories apartment located in Precinct 17 and seventeen stories apartment located in Precinct 18. SunTool software is used in the survey to calculate the extent of sunlight penetration. The survey will be conducted at a position when the sun path is perpendicular to the house façade. This analysis will compare results of the computer simulations of these two apartments in relation to the facade design of the architectural elements for shading devices. This study finds that the more the application is the traditional shading elements, the more is the shading performance on the façade walls. However this study also finds that traditional shading elements are designed only to block sunlight from horizontal angle of the sun position. They are not designed to obstruct sunlight from vertical angle of the sun position.

Modern Representation of Traditional Architectural Style

Based on the architectural design practice of Peach Blossom Valley Traffic Control and Training Center, this paper probes into several key points of modern architecture creation from the aspects of local cultural context, adaptation to local conditions, traditional signs and architectural style, etc., emphasizing that traditional local architectural culture should be inherited and developed in the modern architecture design.

Improvement in Quality of Software Architecture via Enhanced-Pattern Driven Architecture (EPDA)

No doubt software plays an important role in improvement of our lives. Great demand of software makes software architecture more complex. Flaws in any software have direct impact on diverse fields of life (such as business, science, engineering etc). The main reason of any software failure is due to poor software architecture or quality attributes. This paper focuses on factors that affect the quality of software architectures and highlighted the major reason of the defects through questionnaire and survey. In the light of this survey a technique is proposed to improve the quality of any software architecture. The proposed architecture is Enhanced-Pattern driven architecture (EPDA). This architecture focuses on the improvement of design phase in any architecture. This will also help in resolving lots of problems which arise due to usage of different traditional architectural styles.

English

In the preservation of local culture, local government policy is required to make local regulation (Perda) which can be used as a handbook for architects and building owners, when making a plan for development in public areas but do not forget to give a typical sign of Makassar or 'raises 'traditional architectural style of South Sulawesi in building offices or public buildings. South Sulawesi Provincial Government's efforts to pioneer the construction of buildings or new buildings that still emphasizes architectural Bugis-Makassar, as exemplified in 1978 by building the Office of the Parliament of South Sulawesi and South Sulawesi Governor's Office, is an effort to respond positively. But these efforts did not last long. The architects, in for some time, still seems to apply the model Timpalaja (timpanon) as a prominent feature of traditional roof Bugis-Makassar on the buildings, also seemed to have started to disappear from the presence of buildings or new buildings that would be a new icon for the city of Makassar.

Analysis of the Traditional Regional Architecture Energy

The global integration process accelerated the traditional architectural style of the same tendency in China. New building materials, such as concrete, steel and glass are used, the regional architecture that suitable environment and climate characteristics were rebuilt or demolished. The energy saving mechanism and the indoor thermal and humidity environment has undergone tremendous changes, thus to some extent affected the people's way of life and life experience. Regional architecture in Henan is also faced with the same problem. Regional architecture energy saving based on the profound understanding of regional environmental and climate condition, how to make full use of local technical conditions and natural factors and taking energy-saving measures, make its accord with the local history, social and cultural characteristics, the low carbon environmental protection “Regional energy-saving mechanisms” is the right way .

인도네시아 또라자 전통주거의 역사적 특성과 현대적 양상에 관한 연구

The purpose of this study is to investigate the basic historical characteristics and its modern trend of Torajan traditional housing architecture in Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. The Toraja culture belongs to the cosmological culture with Cosmos centric characteristics. A traditional house, being called `tongkonan` in Toraja region, is more than just a structure, representing the symbol of family identity and tradition. The Torajan architecture is a combination of the myth and cosmos, also regional conditions. With a short description of the general conditions and spiritual values of the Toraja, this paper explains the space-composition, the stylistic characteristics, the ornamental elements, construction, and its modern trend, etc. In general, it is raised on stilts several metres high, with a dramatically boat-shaped roof. Village layout varies according to size. The houses are arranged in a row, side by side, with their front gables facing north. Each house stands opposite its own rice-barn. The houses with their oblong ground-plans, built on piles set on stones. The interior is divided into three or four rooms, having few window. The houses are embellished with carving and paintings, and the facades display engraved and painted geometric and figural designs. The most frequent motif is the buffalo head, ranging from the realistic to the highly stylized. The Torajan traditional housing have experienced radical changes during the Modern period. In spite of the popularity of new modern house-styles, the traditional architectural style is often now constructed as an icon of Toraja identity. This paper will be helpful for understanding regional diversity of the traditional housing in Southeast Asia.

Applications of Appropriate Renewable Energy Technologies in Chinese Rural Houses Located in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

This paper presents a demonstration project concerning the rebuilding design idea for a rural dwelling located in Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR), Qinghai-Tibetan plateau. It develops0-impact approaches to improve the energy diversity, efficiency and to reduce the CO2 emission for rural dwellings. Renewable energy technologies are integrated and applied including solar chamber, solar kang (bed) with cobblestones as heat storage, heat storage by phase change material (PCM) and solar air heater. All the approaches and technologies adapt well to the local climate while following the principles for developing in this region and integrating with local traditional architectural style. Via the application of these technologies, the level of renewable energy utilization is largely improved and the local people's dream of having a safer, warmer and larger house comes true.