Traditional Law Research Articles

Assessment of Species-Based Ecosystem Services and Its Usefulness in Forest-Savanna Ecological Zone

Forest ecosystems are the main species rich ecosystem on earth, having a significant role in the provision of massive benefits to the populace who depended on them for sustenance. This study aimed at assessing the forest provisioning ecosystem service and use in Ihiala Local Government Area of Anambra State, Nigeria. The objectives of this study include the identification of forest provisioning ecosystem services and their uses, people’s dependence for livelihood and quantity of ecosystem services supplied by community forests. Stratified sampling technique was used to select 8 sampled communities while Nikolopoulou convenience sampling technique was adopted for selecting sampling size of 200 persons. Also, 31 key informants were interviewed across the study area. The responses from the entire sampled questionnaire and interview were analyzed using Microsoft excel and statistical package for social sciences. The study revealed that a good number of the forest resources such as Elaeis guineensis, Garcinia kola, Bambusa vulgaris, Azadirachta indica and Brophyllum pinnatum have multiple uses. The result also revealed that the nature of forest determines the quantity of ecosystem service benefits supplied. Hence, those community forests with weak policies supply less than 40% of resources because their traditional laws of entering and harvesting forest resources are no longer effective, while those with strong policies like restriction into their sacred groves, forest reserves and swampy forests supply above 40%. The chi-square value of 352.873 with 28 degrees of freedom (DF) proved that there is strong relationship between the nature of forest and the quantity of ecosystem services provided. This research concludes that forest ecosystem in Ihiala L.G.A, supplies a wide variety of plant and animal species to the populace, which they basically use for timber, firewood, food and medicine. Nonetheless, without alternative and diversified livelihood, the supply is becoming unsustainable. It recommends that since palm tree and its resources are averagely abundant in the study area, there is need to support the establishment of basket making training centre in various communities and as such, make it an attractive skill acquisition programme.

Ökumenisches Kirchenrecht im Zerrbild historiographischer Erzählung

Abstract The Quinisext Council, assembled in Constantinople shortly after 690 to issue a series of more than 100 canons on practical issues and on clerical discipline, was designed as an Ecumenical council, but failed to gain ‘universal’ acceptance in the West. Moving beyond traditional interpretations which saw the conflict over the Quinisext Council largely as one between Emperor Justinian II in Constantinople and the papacy in Rome, the article asks how issues related to the Quinisext Council were received in the churches of the Exarchate of Ravenna and the Lombard, Visigothic, Frankish and Anglo-Saxon kingdoms. Drawing on accounts in Paulus Diaconus’ ‘History of the Lombards’, the ‘Chronicle of Alfons III’ ( of Asturia ) and Agnellus’ ‘Book of Pontiffs of the Church of Ravenna’, it is argued that there must have been a much wider debate about the Quinisext canons on celibacy and on chastity of clerics. As is shown by the analysis of these sources, some of the Quinisext canons on these topics were accepted in the exarchate of Ravenna, the Lombard kingdom of Italy and the Visigothic kingdom in Spain and Southern Gaul around 700; only when attitudes changed profoundly after the mid-eighth century, the acceptance of the council’s decisions by rulers and bishops became subject to polemical narratives in later historiography. By contrast, a case can be made on the basis of synodal decisions, canon law, hagiographical texts, theological treatises and chronicles that in the Frankish and Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, the Quinisext canons on clerical marriage were refuted by bishops, who confirmed older positions on the debated issues as transmitted through canon law tradition. Asking what may have caused both the acceptance and rejection of the Council’s decisions and revisiting the development of the papacy’s attitude to the Quinisext canons, it is argued here that juxtapositions and a priori-statements on religious culture in ‘East’ and ‘West’ are not helpful to understand the wide-ranging connectivity and communication that becomes visible from this debate. A Mediterranean perspective that fully embraces the world of the post-Roman ‘West’ including Britain does more justice to the openness of historical processes around 700.

Enhanced MPPT in Permanent Magnet Direct-Drive Wind Power Systems via Improved Sliding Mode Control

Addressing the challenges of significant speed overshoot, stability issues, and system oscillations associated with the sliding mode control (SMC) strategy in maximum power point tracking (MPPT) for permanent magnet synchronous wind power systems, this paper introduces a fuzzy sliding mode control (FSMC) method employing an innovative exponential convergence law. By incorporating a velocity adjustment function into the traditional exponential convergence law, a novel convergence law was designed to mitigate oscillations during the sliding phase and expedite the convergence rate. Additionally, a fuzzy controller was developed to implement a fuzzy adaptive SMC strategy, optimizing the MPPT for permanent magnet synchronous wind power generation systems. Simulation results indicated that this approach offered a faster response and superior interference rejection capabilities, compared to conventional and modified SMC strategies. The improved FSMC strategy demonstrated a swift, dynamic response and excellent steady-state performance, improving the efficiency of MPPT, thus confirming the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Intersection of CBRN, military forensic science, and counterterrorism

The wars in Iraq and Afghanistan required that forensic science was used beyond the traditional law enforcement and criminal justice goals and applied to military operations. The 9/11 terror attacks in the United States (US) inspired further attacks in the Western World and highlighted the importance of national and international intelligence sharing for counterterrorism operations. Following the 9/11 attacks, anthrax was disseminated in the US mail system, demonstrating a successful modern use of biological agents. As a result, nations enhanced their Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear (CBRN) capabilities to prevent, prepare, respond, and recover from CBRN attacks but in the last decade, there has been a decrease in capabilities across military forensic science, counterterrorism, and CBRN. Recent changes in the global and strategic environment such as, the war in the Ukraine, the threat of grey zone conflicts (below the threshold of war) such as the conflict in the Middle East, and strategic competition, indicates international, national, state and local CBRN capabilities need to be reinvigorated in a world under digital transformations. There is a need for a harmonized approach to enhance the integration of military, law enforcement, and CBRN operations to support decision-making. In this paper, we look back to where we have come from and where we are now to make recommendations on where to from here for military forensic science and counterterrorism, including CBRN which intersects both of these systems.

A common law in space for public health

Beyond the gravitational pull of Earth, space travel poses substantial public health hazards pertaining to the physical and mental well-being of astronauts and passengers, in addition to a possible threat to the populace of Earth upon re-entry. Exposure to cosmic radiation, cranial pressure from microgravity, weakened immunity to contagion, and the potential for depression and psychosis are all risks. Public health crises of this nature are to be expected as the duration of missions extends, as is the case with Mars settlement. In contrast to national space programmes, which have regarded these obstacles as human factors effecting the mission, public health law in common law British nations approaches them from the perspective of social justice and the preservation of human life and societal welfare. Countries including Australia, Canada, the United States, and the United Kingdom continue to apply traditional common law principles of public health law, which provide a sensible and enduring method for reconciling competing public and private interests. Common law permits the violation of civil liberties through the use of force in public health restraint, forced medication, and quarantine, but only if necessary, reasonable, and equitable. While the understanding of the health challenges associated with long-duration spaceflight may be in its infancy for national space programmes and civilian space ventures, the application of common law public health principles could aid in the establishment of health and safety protocols in which human reactions to crises in space resemble those observed on Earth. This may, nevertheless, necessitate the enactment of a more comprehensive federal public health statute. Embedded in both public health common law and international space law, the pre-eminence of preserving and respecting human life and well-being continues to be a cornerstone of humane justice despite the perilous conditions of space.

Active Citizens and an Active State: Uncovering the ‘Positive’ Underpinnings of the Australian Constitution

The Australian Constitution was drafted, and the institutions of national government were established, during a period in which the atomism of laissez-faire liberalism was being rejected. Instead, progressive liberals of the era were searching for ways to encourage collective action and social ties, believing that this would, in turn, enhance personal wellbeing. This article contends that a clearer appreciation of the influence of the ‘social’ turn in liberalism upon Australia’s constitutional and institutional development might contribute to a fuller understanding of Australia’s distinctive constitutional and public law traditions.

Consequence of Cattaneo-Christov heat and mass flux models on bioconvective flow of dusty hybrid nanofluid over a Riga plate in the presence of gyrotactic microorganisms and Stephan blowing impacts

This study investigates the impact of the Stephan blowing and Cattaneo-Christov flux model on bioconvective flow of dusty hybrid nanofluid over a Riga plate in the presence of gyrotactic microorganisms and variable dust particles volume friction. Mass and heat phenomena are explored in the context of Stefan blowing impacts. The hybrid nanofluid consists of nanoparticles of MgO and Ag base fluid water. The Cattaneo-Christov mass and heat flux model has a significant impact on the bioconvective flow. The model predicts a slower temperature distribution and a higher concentration gradient than the traditional Fick's law and Fourier's law, respectively. The occurrence of gyrotactic microorganisms enhance the flow characteristics. This model is important for optimizing mass and heat transfer in a variety of engineering systems, including heating and cooling technologies, where effective thermal control is essential. It can be used by employing the regulated migration of microbes. By maximizing the removal of impurities, it helps with the design of sophisticated water purification systems in environmental engineering. The amalgamation of gyrotactic microorganisms and Stefan blowing effects augments the comprehension of intricate fluid dynamics, maybe resulting in advancements in microfluidic apparatuses and bio-inspired technologies. In order to transform the controlling PDEs into nonlinear ODEs, a new set of non-dimensional variables is used. The MATLAB (RKF-45th) technique is then used to resolve the ODEs numerically. As the Stephan blowing parameter (0.1≤Sb≤1.9) increases, the outcomes show that the flow distributions upsurge for both the dust and fluid phases, but the dust and fluid phase thermal distributions drop.

A Comparative Analysis of Remedies and Challenges in the Protection of Stakeholders Rights: OHADA vs. English Corporate Law

This article provides a comparative analysis of the remedies and challenges in the protection of stakeholder rights under OHADA (Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa) and English corporate law. The study focuses on key legal remedies available to stakeholders, including the derivative action model, the unfair prejudice remedy, personal right of action, remedies for breach of contract and torts, representative actions amongst other remedies. Under OHADA, the uniform legal framework aims to harmonize business laws across member states, promoting legal certainty and economic growth. In this context, the derivative action model allows minority shareholders to seek redress for wrongs committed against the company, while the unfair prejudice remedy protects stakeholders from actions that harm their interests. Personal right of action and remedies for breach of contract and torts provide additional avenues for stakeholders to seek justice. Representative actions further enable collective redress for affected parties. In contrast, English corporate law, rooted in a common law tradition, offers flexibility and judicial interpretation in protecting stakeholder rights. The derivative action model in English law allows shareholders to bring claims on behalf of the company, while the unfair prejudice remedy addresses situations where minority shareholders are treated unfairly. Personal right of action and remedies for breach of contract and torts are well-established, providing robust protection for stakeholders. Representative actions in English law facilitate collective litigation, enhancing access to justice. In tandem with the foregoing, this paper explores challenges in the practical enforcement of these remedies, including differences in legal culture, enforcement mechanisms, and jurisdictional issues. By comparing OHADA and English corporate law, the study provides insights into the effectiveness of various legal frameworks in protecting stakeholder rights and offers recommendations for enhancing stakeholder protection through legal reforms and policy initiatives. Through a content analysis of primary and secondary data, we uphold that this article contributes to the discourse on corporate governance and stakeholder theory, offering valuable perspectives for policymakers, legal practitioners, and scholars interested in the protection of stakeholder rights in diverse legal environments.

Whether Wrongful Death from Law and Economics View Could Satisfy Pareto Efficiency Criterion under US Law

The development of economics has had a significant impact on the research of legal scholars, as analyzing legal principles from an economic perspective has become increasingly prevalent. It also has particularly influenced the field of tort law. Supporters of the economic analysis of tort law argue that it should be as efficient as possible in balancing the rights and duties between tortfeasors and victims. This essay provides a brief discussion of wrongful death from a legal and economic perspective. It begins with an introduction to traditional tort law and its elements, followed by an examination of the economic theory regarding compensation for wrongful death. The essay then explores whether the wrongful death rule could satisfy the Pareto Efficiency Criterion, which is a fundamental concept in welfare economics that evaluates the desirability of a change in allocation based on the principle that no individual should be made worse off. By applying an economic lens to the analysis of wrongful death cases, this essay aims to contribute to the ongoing dialogue between law and economics and to shed light on how economic principles can inform and potentially enhance the understanding and application of tort law.

LEGAL STATUS AND CONSEQUENCES OF UNILATERAL DIVORCE: COMPARATIVE STUDIES BETWEEN EGYPT, JORDAN, TUNISIA AND INDONESIA

Unilateral divorce by the husband outside the court requires attention for the protection of affected women and children. This literature study was conducted to find out how the development of traditional family law implementation into modern family law in four countries, namely Egypt, Jordan, Tunisia, and Indonesia. This article is classified as literature research with a qualitative approach. The methodology used is normative and comparative legal studies. The results of this study showed that there are differences in laws and regulations in the Islamic family law environment in those countries. Divorce that is imposed by the husband is unilaterally recognized as valid in Egypt, Jordan, and Tunisia, while in Indonesia the wife can appeal or cassation against the divorce. Egypt and Tunisia impose criminal sanctions on husbands who do not meet the obligation to pay their living and home to their ex-wives, while Indonesia and Jordan do not impose any criminal sanctions. Criminal sanctions imposed in Egypt and Tunisia are the payment of a certain number of fines or confinement during a certain time. However, divorce proceedings without reporting to relevant officials in Jordan can be charged with criminal law. Therefore, the best implementation of family law related to unilateral divorce is in Tunisia. The scholarly contribution of this research to family law globally is that it offers the most ideal concept in protecting the often neglected rights of wives and children.

Innovative strategies and forward thinking on China’s digital maritime law enforcement

In the digital era, the limitations of traditional maritime law enforcement models have become apparent. China actively promotes digital maritime law enforcement and has conducted thorough exploration across policy, technology, and legal domains. The primary legal foundation is the Coast Guard Law, bolstered by policy initiatives like the “21st Century Maritime Silk Road”, the “Maritime Community with a Shared Future” strategy, and the “Technology Empowers the Marine” plan. By coupling law and technology, China’s digital maritime law enforcement has innovatively established a three-dimensional enforcement model of “online + offline” at sea. It utilizes artificial intelligence to assist in maritime law enforcement decision-making, employs big data sharing for collaborative maritime law enforcement, and advances maritime compliance enforcement by digital technology. Through case analysis and effectiveness assessment, China’s digital maritime law enforcement has yielded significant results. Nonetheless, it also encounters various challenges, including data privacy infringement, cybersecurity attacks, the legitimacy of digital evidence collection, and data sharing barriers. Therefore, at the institutional level, standardizing digital maritime law enforcement procedures and establishing both horizontal and vertical coordination mechanisms are imperative. At the technical level, introducing privacy protection technologies and increasing investment in network security technologies are necessary. At the conceptual level, China should adhere to data ethics principles and strengthen awareness of open data sharing. The future of the oceans is digital, and China should advance the modernization of national maritime governance through digital maritime law enforcement.

Moving Beyond Referrals: Addressing Multilevel Barriers to Substance Use Treatment Engagement Through Police-Led Recovery Management Check-Ups.

The opioid epidemic in the United States (US) has prompted innovative responses from law enforcement agencies including specialized units to refer overdose survivors to substance use treatment following an overdose. However, traditional law enforcement outreach does not address the multilevel barriers to treatment engagement that lead to repeat overdose-related calls for service. The current evaluation explored the process components and outcomes of a Comprehensive Opioid Abuse Program (COAP) initiative within a local law enforcement agency in the Southeast US. COAP funding supported a police-led recovery management team (RMT) to connect overdose survivors to substance use treatment. The RMT also utilized recovery management check-ups (RMCs) to provide sustained support to enhance substance use treatment engagement beyond the initial treatment referral. A mixed-methods approach was employed to examine participant demographic, substance use, mental health, treatment, and criminal justice characteristics (N = 65) and explore perceptions of programmatic strengths and potential areas for improvement (N = 15). The quantitative and qualitative analyses were informed by the Recovery Capital Model. Quantitative analysis revealed that the RMT connected many participants with various support services, notably including housing assistance and health insurance. Qualitative findings highlight program effectiveness in improving social, community, and personal recovery capital. These findings contribute to expanding research on police-led post-overdose initiatives and suggest that police-led RMCs can address multilevel barriers to treatment engagement and minimize law enforcement stigma.

Is it really better to "die" than "live"? Reflections on the practice of "death with dignity" in China.

To analyze the causes of the controversy caused by "death with dignity" in China, and to provide some useful thoughts for the practical exploration of "death with dignity." By combing the periodical literature, legal texts and practice, we find that the Medical Regulations of Shenzhen Special Economic Zone, which was revised and passed by China in 2022, recognized the legal effect of "living will" for the first time in legislation, which triggered a wide-ranging social discussion on "death with dignity" and brought many controversies. Due to the influence of traditional culture, policies and laws, medical service supply capacity and other factors, death with dignity suffers from great practical resistance. The exploration of "death with dignity" system needs to start with the problems encountered in practice, focusing on cultivating a good system implementation environment, strengthening the top-level design of "death with dignity" system, and improving the national social security system for hospice care.

Gross Negligence as an Element of Involuntary Manslaughter

Introduction: legislation holding parents criminally responsible for the delinquent acts of their children faces with the difficulty of meeting the requisite legal thresholds, such as proving willful intent or gross negligence on the part of the parent. Typically, a person who contributes to the neglect or delinquency of a minor is guilty only of a misdemeanor. Purpose: address important questions about the negligence of the parents and their potential criminal liability for manslaughter. Results: James and Jennifer Crumbley’s conviction doesn’t fit into any of the categories of traditional parental responsibility laws and is instead a first-of-its-kind extension of the manslaughter statute. The liability for the lethal acts of others involves proof of the existence of felonious intent plus a causal relationship between the felony and the death. Under the current common law, the core of complicity lies in intentionally encouraging or assisting the principal offender. Conclusions: the Crumbley verdict may forge a precedent for being gradually applied as a tool for prosecutors to pressure suspects into plea bargains. They “lessen the mens rea needed to establish guilt,” and thus parents are held responsible despite not intending to allow the child to commit the crime.

Between Authority and Usurpation? Common Good and Constitutional Government

Abstract The classical tradition of law and government supports lawful authority and condemns usurpation. But the common good sometimes provides a reason to sweep aside existing constitutional arrangements. This article considers the way in which authority and usurpation feature in Adrian Vermeule’s recent book, Common Good Constitutionalism, and thus reflects on the nature of constitutional government. Vermeule’s work combines a commendable philosophy of government with a questionable philosophy of legal reasoning, which weakens the force of Vermeule’s account of American constitutional law and practice. Reflection on the scope of the common good—on whose common good counts—has important implications for how, and for whom, authority should be exercised. Collective agency is important in securing the common good and representative democracy is an important means to unite a people in common action for their good. Constitutional government should aim to command popular support. Forms of constitutional government are contingent, but usurpation of lawful public authority is an evil that should be avoided.

Transhumanism within the Natural Law: Transforming Creation with Nature as Guide

Transhumanism is an unsettling prospect for proponents of a natural law ethic. The goal of transhumanism is to fundamentally alter our human nature, while the natural law tradition relies on this nature for producing normative claims. The tension seems clear. But beyond the need to explore this underdeveloped relationship, it may be that natural law provides precisely the sort of ethical framework—a framework centered on human nature—for best evaluating transhumanism and bioenhancement technologies. Building on the work of Jason T. Eberl and Brian Patrick Green, I articulate how a Thomistic theory of natural law can guide us in a brave new world. Along the way, I note ways in which both Eberl and Green are too limiting in their interpretations of natural law, but in offering these critiques, I hope to bring out how natural law proves an invaluable guide for navigating life in creation—even a creation that has been tampered with.

Legal Challenges and Countermeasures for Data Privacy Protection

In the digital age, data privacy protection is facing legal challenges and countermeasures. Traditional privacy protection laws have limitations and cannot fully adapt to the era of big data. The illegal collection and utilization of personal information, the failure to meet ethical standards for privacy protection under new technologies, and the lagging legislative practice of personal information protection are all issues that need to be addressed. This article adopts a series of measures and advocates public awareness to enhance citizens' awareness and participation in personal information protection. From an international perspective, the experience of the EU's "data protection" system is worth learning from, while personal information protection involves basic human rights and should be ensured by legislation. In the future, it is necessary to design a path that balances information freedom and privacy protection, explore technology and incentive paths, industry self-discipline and rights building paths, in order to ensure effective protection of data privacy.

Digitalization of Law and formation of Digital Law

Digital law is a new form of implementation of legal relations in the field of cyber regulation in various areas: digital rights in digital circulation, cyber security, protection of personal data, regulation of cross-border digital transactions, implementation of social rights based on technological platforms, formation of electronic government, electronic state. Currently, the process of digitalization of law is taking place, that is, the use of new digital technologies to optimize legal relations, as well as procedures for creating a new digital reality, which also requires legal regulation. Digital reality shapes human behavior, norms of social relations, creates digital law and digital legal awareness. In the conditions of the digital economy and virtual space, the need for a new look at legal institutions in the era of information society and digital technologies, consistent adaptation of traditional legal mechanisms to new realities is obvious. Further development of legal regulation of digital rights and digital civil turnover is possible according to the conceptual model of “digitalization” of traditional law. The new paradigm of the development of law consists in the “digitalization” of law, that is, the use of digital technologies to optimize legal regulation, as well as the formation of civil digital turnover. Therefore, digital law is a system of legal norms regarding the use of digital technologies, which regulates legal relations that arise in connection with the use of digital data and the use of digital technologies. Digital law is a complex interdisciplinary institution of law that unites legal norms that regulate legal relations arising in connection with the acquisition, exercise, alienation and protection of digital rights, as well as with the use of digital technologies by subjects of digital law. The mechanism of legal regulation of relations in the digital environment is based on the fact that they have an informational nature, since they arise in connection with the implementation of certain actions with information in digital form (digital data).

Intellectual Property Rights in the Era of Artificial Intelligence

Purpose: The general objective of this study was to explore Intellectual Property Rights in the era of Artificial Intelligence. Methodology: The study adopted a desktop research methodology. Desk research refers to secondary data or that which can be collected without fieldwork. Desk research is basically involved in collecting data from existing resources hence it is often considered a low cost technique as compared to field research, as the main cost is involved in executive’s time, telephone charges and directories. Thus, the study relied on already published studies, reports and statistics. This secondary data was easily accessed through the online journals and library. Findings: The findings reveal that there exists a contextual and methodological gap relating to Intellectual Property Rights in the era of Artificial Intelligence. Preliminary empirical review revealed that the era of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has significantly transformed the landscape of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR), presenting both opportunities and challenges. It highlighted that traditional IP laws are increasingly inadequate to address the complexities introduced by AI-generated content, necessitating a rethinking of existing frameworks. The study emphasized the need for recognizing AI's role in the creation of new works and inventions and the importance of developing balanced approaches to protect both human and AI contributions. Ethical considerations, such as accountability, transparency, and fairness, were also deemed crucial in ensuring responsible AI use. Overall, the study called for a comprehensive and proactive approach to integrate AI into IPR, ensuring robust protections while fostering innovation. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The Technological Determinism Theory, Innovation Diffusion Theory and Legal Realism Theory may be used to anchor future studies on Intellectual Property Rights in the era of Artificial Intelligence. The study recommended revising existing IP laws to explicitly include AI-generated content and inventions, clarifying criteria for authorship and inventorship. It suggested expanding theoretical frameworks to accommodate AI contributions, emphasizing the collaborative nature of human and AI creativity. Practical measures, such as enhanced cybersecurity and legal safeguards for AI-generated trade secrets, were advised. Policy-wise, the study advocated for international cooperation to harmonize IP laws concerning AI. Developing ethical guidelines for responsible AI use and implementing education programs to inform stakeholders about AI and IP implications were also recommended. These measures aimed to create a balanced IP framework supporting innovation while protecting the rights of all stakeholders.

The Evolution of Employment Law in the Gig Economy

Purpose: The general objective of the study was to explore the evolution of employment law in the gig economy. Methodology: The study adopted a desktop research methodology. Desk research refers to secondary data or that which can be collected without fieldwork. Desk research is basically involved in collecting data from existing resources hence it is often considered a low cost technique as compared to field research, as the main cost is involved in executive’s time, telephone charges and directories. Thus, the study relied on already published studies, reports and statistics. This secondary data was easily accessed through the online journals and library. Findings: The findings reveal that there exists a contextual and methodological gap relating to the evolution of employment law in the gig economy. Preliminary empirical review revealed that traditional employment laws were insufficient for addressing the unique needs of gig workers, who face significant gaps in legal protections and benefits. The rise of gig work exposed flaws in existing legal frameworks, which were designed for permanent, full-time employment and fail to accommodate the flexible and often precarious nature of gig jobs. It was determined that existing laws needed substantial reform to better protect gig workers while maintaining the flexibility that defines gig work, emphasizing the need for updated legal frameworks that reflect the realities of modern employment. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The Theory of Precarious Work, Flexicurity Theory and the Labor Market Segmentation Theory may be used to anchor future studies on the evolution of employment law. The study recommended several key reforms to address the shortcomings in the legal framework for gig workers. It suggested developing hybrid employment models that combine traditional benefits with the flexibility of gig work, reforming legal classifications to better fit gig work patterns, and enhancing regulatory frameworks to be more adaptive to technological and market changes. The study also advocated for promoting worker representation, implementing monitoring and evaluation mechanisms to assess the impact of reforms, encouraging international collaboration for harmonized regulations, and launching education and awareness initiatives to inform gig workers and employers about their rights and responsibilities. These recommendations aimed to create a more equitable and effective labor market for gig workers.