Trade Ban Research Articles

The Last Slave Ships: New York and the End of the Middle Passage

The Last Slave Ships: New York and the End of the Middle Passage

The dynamic impacts of disease outbreak on vertical and spatial markets: the case of African Swine Fever in China

ABSTRACT This paper investigates the dynamic effects of a disease outbreak on vertical and spatial markets, with an application to the African Swine Fever (ASF) and its impact on Chinese hog markets. Relying on a flexible representation of vertical and spatial price dynamics, we investigate how ASF affected the pork cycle and price transmission across markets. We find that the ASF outbreak had larger long-term effects on spatial prices than on vertical prices, likely reflecting inter-regional trade bans imposed by the government. Our analysis indicates that ASF contributed to shortening the period of the pork cycle. We also provide evidence that the ASF outbreak affected cointegration relations across markets, especially among regional markets.

The impact of margin trading and short selling on the investment-to-price sensitivity. Evidence from China

Employing a database of seven successive short-selling and margin trading ban lifts in the Chinese stock markets during the period 2010–2020, I investigate the impact of leveraged trading transactions on the investment-to-price sensitivity. I also examine whether stock liquidity and institutional shareholdings affect the investment sensitivity subsequent to the lift of short-selling and margin trading constraints. The results from the panel data regression analysis show that lifting bans lead to less corporate investment and a decrease of the investment-to-price sensitivity between 0.29% and 0.44%. Moreover, the regression results reveal that the investment-to-price sensitivity is stronger for more liquid stocks, while the proportion of institutional shareholdings does not affect significantly the corporate investment sensitivity.

Climate change and Rift Valley fever disease outbreak: implications for the food environment of pastoralists

BackgroundRift Valley fever disease affects both livestock and humans. Variations in rainfall patterns have contributed to more frequent intense floods which favour the vector mosquito and associated Rift Valley fever outbreaks. Pastoralists living on poor rangelands depend on livestock for food and livelihood. Rift Valley fever outbreak control and management measures such as quarantine and trade bans of livestock and associated products disrupt the food systems in pastoralist settings. This contributes to poor food availability, access, and affordability leading to poor food choice and consumption, and potential negative nutrition, especially in women of reproductive age (WRA) and children younger than 5 years. Evidence on the effects of Rift Valley fever outbreaks on the food environment and nutrition security is scarce. This study analysed the effect of Rift Valley fever outbreak on various domains of the food environment to inform future Rift Valley fever outbreak response, to be comprehensive, and to consider nutrition. MethodsThis was a mixed-methods study done in pastoralist Isiolo County, Kenya, purposively selected owing to a Rift Valley fever outbreak in 2020. A cross-sectional household survey (n=767), focus group discussions, and in-depth interviews were done. Data on 24-h dietary recall and dietary practices was collected and analysed by means of the NutriSurvey tool and NVivo software for qualitative data. FindingsMortality in sheep, goat, and cattle was 40·2%; 52·8%, and 19·6% respectively; about 70–92% households depended on income from livestock sales. Livestock sales reduced; food prices increased; flesh-meat consumption declined from 19·7% to 14·2% before and during Rift Valley fever outbreak. Only 23·6% of the WRA achieved the minimum dietary diversity score; about 55% of the children consumed insufficient energy, protein, and vitamin A. InterpretationFuture Rift Valley fever responses need to consider nutrition because the disease and mortality reduce livestock productivity and associated foods, while Rift Valley fever control measures reduce food access and income, and raise food prices, which contribute to purchase and consumption of inadequate, cheap, and less nutritious foods with potentially negative nutrition outcomes. FundingThe United States Agency for International Development and the Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance.

Ecological niche modeling based on ensemble algorithms to predicting current and future potential distribution of African swine fever virus in China

African swine fever (ASF) is a tick-borne infectious disease initially described in Shenyang province China in 2018 but is now currently present nationwide. ASF has high infectivity and mortality rates, which often results in transportation and trade bans, and high expenses to prevent and control the, hence causing huge economic losses and a huge negative impact on the Chinese pig farming industry. Ecological niche modeling has long been adopted in the epidemiology of infectious diseases, in particular vector-borne diseases. This study aimed to establish an ecological niche model combined with data from ASF incidence rates in China from August 2018 to December 2021 in order to predict areas for African swine fever virus (ASFV) distribution in China. The model was developed in R software using the biomod2 package and ensemble modeling techniques. Environmental and topographic variables included were mean diurnal range (°C), isothermality, mean temperature of wettest quarter (°C), precipitation seasonality (cv), mean precipitation of warmest quarter(mm), mean precipitation of coldest quarter (mm), normalized difference vegetation index, wind speed (m/s), solar radiation (kJ /day), and elevation/altitude (m). Contribution rates of the variables normalized difference vegetation index, mean temperature of wettest quarter, mean precipitation of coldest quarter, and mean precipitation of warmest quarter were, respectively, 47.61%, 28.85%, 10.85%, and 7.27% (according to CA), which accounted for over 80% of contribution rates related to variables. According to model prediction, most of areas revealed as suitable for ASF distribution are located in the southeast coast or central region of China, wherein environmental conditions are suitable for soft ticks’ survival. In contrast, areas unsuitable for ASFV distribution in China are associated with arid climate and poor vegetation, which are less conducive to soft ticks’ survival, hence to ASFV transmission. In addition, prediction spatial suitability for future ASFV distribution suggests narrower areas for ASFV spread. Thus, the ensemble model designed herein could be used to conceive more efficient prevention and control measure against ASF according to different geographical locations in China.

The Impact of US-China Trade War and Protectionism--In Terms of China

This paper focuses on the consequence of the trade war between China and the US on China's economy under trade protectionism policies. This paper first introduces the history of trade wars, the motives of trade protectionism and the status of the trade war. Based on the above background information, this paper explains that trade deficit is the core reason for the outbreak of sino-US trade war, and introduces in detail a series of economic and technological sanctions adopted by the United States against China. Based on the above information, the paper concludes the impact of the Sino-US trade war on China's economy. The trade war between China and the US has slowed down the development of China's economy, technology industry and financial market through a series of measures, including high tariffs, trade bans and technology monopolies, while also bringing high unemployment to China.

Animal Oil, Animal Blood: Energy, Metabolism, and Protecting the Seal Hunt in the North American Arctic as an Act of Colonial Resistance

Interrogating dominant conceptions of energy is an important practice in diversifying the field of the energy humanities. By including various understandings and definitions of energy in the field’s discussions, we can strive to reach a more culturally inclusive understanding of energy. This article proposes that emphasizing a singular conception of energy (petroleum) is socially harmful and leads to inconsistent policies surrounding the trade of energy sources. Specifically, the essay examines the 2009 European Union trade ban on seal products, which continues to adversely affect Inuit communities in the Canadian Arctic by limiting the financial viability of the subsistence seal hunt. The ban occurs while the potential of oil development in the waters surrounding Nunavut is consistently reviewed and examined by the Canadian government, demonstrating bias in which voices are amplified in discussions of energy-related policy during the early twenty-first century. To fully demonstrate the connection between subsistence sealing and oil development, the essay interrogates dominant conceptions of energy and reframes energy narratives. This reframing is compared to historical formations of energetic sources that proved more fluid and less centered on a single source. The discussion identifies Alethea Arnaquq-Baril’s 2016 film Angry Inuk as a central activist text that supports a reinsertion of Inuit perspectives into policy decisions regarding the seal hunt. Furthermore, the film aids in understanding the impact of unilateral energy formations by contesting the 2009 seal trade ban and discussing the subsequent cultural harm. Throughout the essay, the reader is asked to consider in what forms energy appears, as well as the importance of acknowledging the many forms through which energy arises. This leads us to understand that energy formations are reflective of the culture in which they are built, and that restricting the trade of energy is harmful to cultures and communities.

Identifikasi Potensi Bahaya dan Analisis Risiko Penyebaran Virus Covid-19 pada Proses Pembelajaran Tatap Muka (PTM) Terbatas di SMK XYZ

<p><strong>The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the coronavirus has caused most human activities to be hampered, ranging from trade bans and office closures to students who have to do online learning activities. However, over time, the rate of positive coronavirus cases began to decline so that governments in various countries began to open schools and allow limited face-to-face learning processes. This research was carried out as a step to prevent the spread of the COVID-19 virus in the school environment and was carried out at one of the vocational high schools in Jakarta using Job Safety Analysis (JSA) to identify activities and risks that could potentially cause the spread of the coronavirus in the school environment. Then, the activity with the highest average fuzzy risk level is determined using the fuzzy approach. Activities with very high risk are analyzed for their causes using the domino theory and given recommendations for their control. From the results of this study, it is known that the level of compliance of XYZ Vocational School residents in implementing health protocols, especially when outside the home, is good. It is also known that there are 6 types of activities that are categorized as very high, with 10 direct causes that can cause incidents. Therefore, the most dominant risk control suggestion is administrative steps to minimize the spread of the virus due to weak control, which is the root cause of the basic cause and immediate cause, according to the domino theory sequence.</strong></p><p><strong><strong><em>Keywords </em></strong>- </strong><em>Covid-19, Domino theory, Fis mamdani, FTA, JSA, The Limited face-to-face learning process</em></p>

PENGETAHUAN DAN SIKAP MASYARAKAT TERHADAP KONSERVASI BURUNG PARUH BENGKOK DI KECAMATAN KEPULAUAN JORONGA

One type of wildlife in Indonesia that is threatened with extinction is the parrot. There are approximately 403 species of parrots in the world, and as many as 81 species are found in Indonesia. One of the areas rich in this bird species is the Maluku Islands, where 32 species of parrots are recorded and 12 of them are endemic to Maluku. Of the 12 bird species, 6 of them are protected. The results showed that the community had known the parrot because 69% had seen it in the forest and 31% had seen it because it was kept. In addition, the knowledge of people who have ever caught and sold parrots has a percentage index value of 23% and 35% or can be categorized as less. Meanwhile, the public knowledge index on the prohibition of catching parrots has an index value of 28% or less agree, 53% implementation of conservation (good enough), conservation participation 47% (high enough), habitat conservation with an index value of 59% (good enough), 24% of the community's knowledge of illegal logging is categorized as poor and the index value of the application of the protection law is 49% (quite agree). The current attitude of the community towards hunting has an index value of 16% or it can be categorized as bad, fishing is also classified as poor or the percentage index is 20%, illegal logging is 26% or the category is not good, and trade bans are in the disagree category (11%), while the lack of logging wild, has a percentage index value of 53% (good enough). The implementation of the Law (village rules) with an index value range of 50% or can be categorized as quite agree, and attitudes towards violators have a percentage index value of 38% or in the less high category, then the implementation of sanctions has an index value of 39% or can be categorized as less good.

Operation Soft Gold – Integration of cyber intelligence in curbing illegal Shahtoosh trade in India

The fine wool Shahtoosh obtained from the Tibetan Antelope (Pantholops hodgsonii Abel, 1826) which is endemic to Tibetan Plateau, is highly valued for its rarity, warmth and lightness. The illegal trade in Shahtoosh may lead to extinction of this species. The Tibetan Antelope is protected from commercial trade throughout its range, both nationally and internationally thereby prohibiting any commercial use or trade of any product in India and in the international market. Though globally banned the illegal trade of Shahtoosh driven by international demand has continued to be actively operational undercover in India. In order to bypass this trade ban, the traffickers mis-declare Shahtoosh consignments as Pashmina, Cashmere or conceal by mixed them in shipments between look-alike woolen products. In the present study the illegal Shahtoosh trade was analysed from 2009 to 2020. The Wildlife Crime Control Bureau has envisaged Operation Soft Gold to curb this. A total of 62 confirmed Shahtoosh cases were detected in India from 2009 to 2020. Most of them were detected at exit points and intended for international smuggling. The Indri Gandhi International airport New Delhi in India was the most preferred airport, while Air Cargo and Air Courier were often used by the traffickers. Our analysis shows that the illegal Shahtoosh trade network is going on between the Western Asian countries, Oman, China, Japan, Pakistan, UK, Spain, Hong Kong and Switzerland are either destination or transit countries for illegal Shahtoosh products.

Ecological niche modeling predicting the potential distribution of African horse sickness virus from 2020 to 2060

African horse sickness is a vector-borne, non-contagious and highly infectious disease of equines caused by African horse sickness viruses (AHSv) that mainly affect horses. The occurrence of the disease causes huge economic impacts because of its high fatality rate, trade ban and disease control costs. In the planning of vectors and vector-borne diseases like AHS, the application of Ecological niche models (ENM) used an enormous contribution in precisely delineating the suitable habitats of the vector. We developed an ENM to delineate the global suitability of AHSv based on retrospective outbreak data records from 2005 to 2019. The model was developed in an R software program using the Biomod2 package with an Ensemble modeling technique. Predictive environmental variables like mean diurnal range, mean precipitation of driest month(mm), precipitation seasonality (cv), mean annual maximum temperature (oc), mean annual minimum temperature (oc), mean precipitation of warmest quarter(mm), mean precipitation of coldest quarter (mm), mean annual precipitation (mm), solar radiation (kj /day), elevation/altitude (m), wind speed (m/s) were used to develop the model. From these variables, solar radiation, mean maximum temperature, average annual precipitation, altitude and precipitation seasonality contributed 36.83%, 17.1%, 14.34%, 7.61%, and 6.4%, respectively. The model depicted the sub-Sahara African continent as the most suitable area for the virus. Mainly Senegal, Burkina Faso, Niger, Nigeria, Ethiopia, Sudan, Somalia, South Africa, Zimbabwe, Madagascar and Malawi are African countries identified as highly suitable countries for the virus. Besides, OIE-listed disease-free countries like India, Australia, Brazil, Paraguay and Bolivia have been found suitable for the virus. This model can be used as an epidemiological tool in planning control and surveillance of diseases nationally or internationally.

The Dynamics of the Illegal Ivory Trade and the Need for Stronger Global Governance

The illegal ivory trade is the main driver of elephant poaching in Africa. In recent years, China—long regarded as the main destination of illegal ivory trade—has undertaken a series of policy interventions to curtail ivory imports, such as the closure of ivory carving enterprises. In this article we explore the impact of these recent interventions on the price of ivory and poaching and the wider drivers connected to the illegal trade, such as China’s macro-economic performance. The research demonstrates that the price of illegal ivory in China has dropped significantly, mainly due to measures taken under China’s “Ecological Civilization” (EC) programme and ivory trade ban to curb demand and supply. The number of illegal ivory seizures decreased over time but remains active, with a high proportion of seizures categorized as minor infringements (ivory pieces under 2.4 kg) often imported by tourists as souvenirs. We also find that the price of ivory is recovering in other destinations such as Vietnam, and it is becoming clear that all countries should make more political commitments on the existing basis to elephant conservation and curtailing illegal ivory trade.

Mislabelling may explain why some prohibited invasive aquatic plants are still being sold in Belgium

In Belgium, a voluntary code of conduct intended to prevent introduction of invasive plants through the horticultural trade has been implemented since 2009. European Regulation 1143/2014 that imposes legal bans on a number of plant taxa entered into force in 2015. However, studies regarding the presence of invasive plants in the Belgian horticultural trade remained scarce. In 2016–2017 and in 2020, we surveyed a total of 11 garden centres specialized in water gardening and compiled a list of 285 aquatic plant taxa that were being traded. In 2020, four Belgian Consensus List species and one Communication List species were still offered for sale. Also, three species of Union Concern were still being sold in 2020. The plants of the Belgian Lists that were still being sold in 2020 and all except one of the European Union List plants were mislabelled, either because of misidentification or because a taxonomic synonym was used. Mislabelling may explain why some prohibited plants were still in trade. Therefore, retailers and plant producers should be encouraged to correctly identify the plants that are being traded. Our study illustrates that regular surveys are essential to assess the effectiveness of voluntary codes of conduct and legal trade bans.

The impact of a legal trade in farmed tigers on consumer preferences for tiger bone glue – Evidence from a choice experiment in Vietnam

Demand for tiger parts and products has fuelled the poaching of wild tigers. As the supply of wild tigers has become scarce, tiger farming has emerged as an alternative source and proliferated in several Asian countries with unclear implications of a legalized trade in farmed tigers on wild tiger demand. We conducted a choice experiment with 228 Vietnamese tiger bone glue consumers investigating their preferences and trade-offs for different attributes of their purchase choice, including legality, source, purity, and price. We calculated consumers' willingness to pay for each attribute level under the current trade ban and in a hypothetical legal trade. Consumers preferred and were willing to pay more for wild than farmed tiger glue and a higher proportion of tiger bone in the glue. Consumers also preferred legal over illegal sufficiently for most to switch from illegal wild to legal farmed tiger. Hence, a legal trade will shift preferences significantly towards farmed tiger glue from legal sources but will not eradicate demand for wild tigers, likely leading to the parallel operation of legal and illegal markets. We discuss the implications of the results for conserving wild tigers through efforts to manage demand in Vietnam.

The financial burden of African Horse Sickness: a case of the European Union trade ban on South Africa’s horse industry

ABSTRACT Globalisation and the increased movement of goods such as live animals and animal products across national borders can exacerbate the introduction and spread of diseases. This risk can be mitigated through adherence to trade control measures such as the Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS) of the World Trade Organization (WTO). However, compliance with SPS measures usually results in additional production and trade costs. This paper applied cost–benefit analysis, using stochastic scenario analysis, to estimate the financial burden of SPS measures on exporting horses from South Africa to the European Union (EU). These measures were instituted following a ban on the direct export of horses from South Africa to the EU, triggered by outbreaks of African Horse Sickness (AHS) in the AHS Controlled Area in the Western Cape Province. Analysis revealed that compliance to existing SPS measures by exporting a horse via a third country is 1.67 times more costly than exporting directly to the EU. A strengthened public-private sector partnership is recommended to jointly identify the most efficient and effective ways to develop capacity for collaborative judicious investment in order to build a resilient horse industry thereby enabling employment creation and economic growth.

A survey of traditional Chinese medicine consumers to investigate the impact of China's legalization of rhino horn trade on stigmatization and likelihood of use

AbstractRhino poaching continues to threaten species survival despite decades‐long trade bans, with rhino horn use in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) contributing to global demand. Conservationists have debated over policy alternatives like trade legalization, and insight into TCM stakeholders is needed to support policymaking. The need for more research became made more urgent with China's 2018 decision to initiate the process of legalizing domestic trade. In this study, we conducted a large‐scale online survey of TCM consumers in Guangdong province, China. We found that while stigmatization of rhino horn use is limited at present, it is likely to drop further with trade legalization. Prescription usage will be the most likely source of increased rhino horn demand if trade is legalized. Given the terms established in China's 2018 policy document, we stress the importance of engaging constructively with policymakers and TCM stakeholders to influence the process of establishing medical standards and regulatory mechanisms such that clinical access in a future legal trade is stringently controlled.

How effective is China's cryptocurrency trading ban?

Cryptocurrency trading is subject to strict government-imposed restrictions in China since September 2017, when trading platforms were shut down. Using a VAR-GARCH-BEKK model, we investigate the effectiveness of this trading ban by examining its consequences on the relationship between Chinese investors’ attention and Bitcoin. Our results demonstrate that Chinese investors played a dominant role in the Bitcoin price formation before the ban, and that their influence has not significantly decreased after the shutdown of Chinese trading platforms. Aiming to explain our findings, we provide strong evidence that the crackdown on Bitcoin trading has not been effective as Chinese investors continue to purchase Bitcoin using the stablecoin Tether instead of Chinese yuan.

Sunday Trading Ban in Poland: Reflection After Three Years

Purpose: The paper examines two perspectives of shopping hours regulations, the theoretical background, and experiences from selected European countries. Particular focus is on the Sunday trading ban that took effect in Poland in 2018. It was implemented gradually over three years. However, determining the impact of the introduction of the restriction on the economy is a tough challenge, both for science and the business community. This is mainly due to dynamic economic challenges, innovations implemented in retailing, which significantly change the way services are delivered. The paper aims to provide an overview of international experience, which may help understand the possible impact of Sunday trading regulations. The theoretical discussion and international empirical evidence show that the dynamics involved in changing Sunday trading rules can work in different directions. Design/Methodology/Approach: The paper presents international experiences of shopping hours regulations and focuses on the Polish market's case study. Findings: The analysis showed that regulations on opening hours and Sunday trading ban on the economy and retail sector are mixed and uncertain. In Poland, the effects of the Sunday trading ban are not possible due to the consequences of the COVID pandemic (20202021) and additional restrictions in economic activity that were introduced. Practical Implications: Two years after introducing restrictions on Sunday trade in Poland, structural and qualitative changes in retailing are observed. The author argues that these changes will result from the COVID pandemic and the implications of innovative retail processes are to be expected soon. They will be mainly targeted at the use of online commerce, the development of unattended sales forms, and possibly reducing the importance of large-scale retail outlets. Originality/Value: The author points out that the relationship between these regulations and innovations in trade should be added to the traditional approach to the analysis of trade working hours regulation. In this sense, the article has the value of a new, original analysis..

Wild meat trade over the last 45 years in the Peruvian Amazon.

The trade in wild meat is an important economic component of rural people's livelihoods, but it has been perceived to be among the main causes of the decline of wildlife species. Recently, the COVID-19 pandemic has brought to light an additional concern of wildlife markets as a major human-health challenge. We analyzed data from the largest longitudinal monitoring (1973-2018) of the most important urban wild-meat markets in Iquitos, Peru, to examine the trends in and impacts of these markets on people's livelihoods. Over the last 45 years, wild meat sales increased at a rate of 6.4 t/year (SD 2.17), paralleling urban population growth. Wild meat sales were highest in 2018 (442 t), contributing US$2.6 million (0.76%) to the regional gross domestic product. Five species of ungulates and rodents accounted for 88.5% of the amount of biomass traded. Vulnerable and Endangered species represented 7.0% and 0.4% of individuals sold, respectively. Despite growth in sales, the contribution of wild meat to overall urban diet was constant: 1-2%/year of total meat consumed. This result was due to greater availability and higher consumption of cheaper meats (e.g., in 2018, poultry was 45.8% cheaper and was the most consumed meat) coupled with the lack of economic incentives to harvest wild meat species in rural areas. Most wild meat was sold salted or smoked, reducing the likelihood of foodborne diseases. Community-based wildlife management plans and the continued trade bans on primates and threatened taxa may avoid biodiversity loss. Considering the recent COVID-19 pandemic, future management plans should include potential viral hosts and regulation and enforcement of hygiene practices in wild-meat markets.

An assessment of the impact of the 2014 US elephant trophy importation ban on the hunting patterns in Matetsi Hunting Complex, north-west Zimbabwe

This study assessed the influence of a 2014 United States of America (USA) imposed ban on the importation of elephant (Loxodonta africana) hunted trophies from Zimbabwe on the hunting patterns (i.e., elephant quota allocation, utilisation and hunter’s or client country of origin dynamics) in Matetsi Hunting Complex. The study was divided into two period, i.e., pre- ban (2008–2013) and post-ban (2014–2017). Although the study results showed a non-significant quota allocation variation difference between the pre-ban and post-ban periods, there was however, a significant decline in quota utilisation in post-ban period compared to the pre-ban period. Accordingly, a significant decline in US hunters or clients was recorded in the post-ban period. It is concluded that trophy hunting and trade bans by some global north countries without an alternative global conservation framework that provides conservation incentives will likely reverse the gains in wildlife conservation and rural development in some global south countries where sustainable utilisation is an integral part of the wildlife conservation practice.