Trade Knowledge Research Articles

Challenges and directions in knowledge asset trading

This paper addresses the area that is at the intersection of knowledge management and electronic commerce. This area refers to the exchange and trade of explicit and implicit knowledge at an inter-organizational level. Electronic knowledge marketplaces are currently emerging to address the opportunities and risks found in the purchase and selling of knowledge in the business-to-business (B2B) environment, the need for supporting long-lasting relationships of knowledge exchange and the requirement for facilitating virtual community contexts where knowledge seekers can find suitable knowledge providers and knowledge providers can advertise and sell their available knowledge. The paper describes the business challenges associated with the design of an Internet-based knowledge marketplace. INKASS, a European IST project, has stimulated this work and has provided real-life verification on the arguments raised and on the positions adopted herein. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Contractual implications of international trade in tacit knowledge

This article searches for evidence on the additional difficulty the parties have in contracting for the transfer of know-how relative to the transfer of patented technology. A sample of contracts for the acquisition of technology Spanish firms in 1991 is analysed to find a positive relationship between contract duration and the likelihood of transferring know-how in unaffiliated transfers. It is also found that technical assistance is bundled together with the transfer of know-how, suggesting that the parties try to mitigate opportunistic behaviour on the licensor's side.

Knowledge marketplaces: strategic issues and business models

An increasing number of enterprises are getting interested in exploiting their knowledge assets outside the organizational borders and in augmenting their knowledge network. A first generation of electronic knowledge marketplaces has been developed in order to provide the platforms for knowledge exchange and trading at inter‐organizational level. This paper develops a framework to evaluate the strategic issues, business models, roles, processes, and revenue models of knowledge trading platforms, and provides a detailed analysis of five existing knowledge marketplaces based on this framework. Finally, a set of conclusions is drawn on what issues should be addressed in a knowledge marketplace in order to eliminate the risks and gain the trust of its targeted customers.

Markets for technology and firms' strategies: the case of the semiconductor industry

This paper aims at developing an analytical framework in order to highlight the frontiers of the markets for technology. We examine the nature of the interrelations between market participants. The increasing segmentation of the value chain leads us to distinguish two forms of specialisation, absolute and relative. Moreover, we think that the semiconductor industry provides significant empirical grounds. Indeed, the evolution of the organisation of this industry clearly pinpoints the splitting of stages within the productive system and the emergence of specialised agents in the production and trade of technological knowledge. Knowledge exchanges essentially take place on quasi-markets for technology.

Network structure and the diffusion of knowledge

This paper models knowledge diffusion as a barter process in which agents exchange different types of knowledge. This is intended to capture the observed practice of informal knowledge trading. Agents are located on a network and are directly connected with a small number of other agents. Agents repeatedly meet those with whom direct connections exist and trade if mutually profitable trades exist. In this way knowledge diffuses throughout the economy. We examine the relationship between network architecture and diffusion performance. We consider the space of structures that fall between, at one extreme, a network in which every agent is connected to n nearest neighbours, and at the other extreme a network with each agent being connected to, on average, n randomly chosen agents. We find that the performance of the system exhibits clear ‘small world’ properties, in that the steady-state level of average knowledge is maximal when the structure is a small world (that is, when most connections are local, but roughly 10 percent of them are long distance). The variance of knowledge levels among agents is maximal in the small world region, whereas the coefficient of variation is minimal. We explain these results as reflecting the dynamics of knowledge transmission as affected by the architecture of connections among agents.

Relational Embeddedness and Learning: The Case of Bank Loan Managers and Their Clients

As a complement to the literature on learning in firms, we investigate learning in markets, a nascent area of study that focuses on how learning occurs between, rather than within, firms. The core idea behind our framework is that networks shape knowledge transfer and learning processes by creating channels for knowledge trade and reducing the risk of learning. In developing our framework, we elaborate on the knowledge transfer capabilities of different types of social ties, the informational properties of public and private knowledge, and how types of knowledge transfer and forms of learning follow from the networks within which firms embed their exchanges. We conducted fieldwork at Chicago-area banks to examine our framework's plausibility and application to learning in financial lending markets, a setting relevant to most firms. Findings indicate that learning is located not only in actors' cognitions or past experiences, but also in relations among actors, and that viewing learning as a social process helps solve problems regarding knowledge transfer and learning in markets.

Knowledge Moves to Center Stage

As knowledge becomes a more significant economic and geopolitical force (e.g., through increased trade in knowledge as a commodity), there is need to develop better understanding of the implications of this transformation for science and technology policy studies. What tools will be needed to analyze the role and flows of knowledge? The authors suggest a taxonomy of nine knowledge processes which might be combined with distinctive knowledge levels as a step toward building a theoretical model.

The distribution of computing: the knowledge markets of distributed technical support specialists

Distributed computing environments place more computer power in the hands of the end‐user, and often demand increased technical support. In response, organizations may choose to move technical support personnel close to end‐users. This can isolate them from each other, and may limit their ability to share knowledge. Thus, the growth of distributed computing calls for increased ability to share knowledge across organizational boundaries. This paper presents the results of a case study investigating how distributed technologists share knowledge through knowledge markets. We argue that knowledge markets are cultural entities shaped by the underlying work culture of their participants, and that the cultural forces that define knowledge markets are powerful, deeply held and difficult to change. Thus, improving the effectiveness of any given knowledge market will have less to do with the installation of information technology than with the ability to create a facilitating work culture. This study’s identification of clique knowledge markets, operating efficiently in parallel to the public knowledge market, may provide a hint of the type of culture that will create fewer knowledge trade barriers.

Blackboxes, Hostages and Prisoners

This paper uses empirical evidence drawn from a sample of IT-based innova tion projects to examine theoretical models of the organization of technical knowledge. It suggests that Williamson's transaction cost account is incom plete, in that it fails to take account of the role of social action in communicat ing technical knowledge and organizing transactions. As an alternative model, it describes the 'strategies of social closure' developed by IT experts to achieve effective knowledge trading and a mutually acceptable division of the eco nomic gains of innovation. Empirical data is used to describe three such strat egies : 'blackboxing', 'hostage' and 'prisoner' strategies.

Science and Culture in the American Middle West

Previous articleNext article No AccessScience and Culture in the American Middle WestWalter B. HendricksonWalter B. Hendrickson Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Isis Volume 64, Number 3Sep., 1973 Publication of the History of Science Society Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/351126 Views: 8Total views on this site Citations: 5Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 1973 History of Science Society, Inc.PDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Anahita Rouyan Reforming uncultivated minds: The species transmutation debate and American science of life in the antebellum agricultural press, 1820–1859, Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 76 (Aug 2019): 101170.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsc.2019.01.006 By Daniel Goldstein Outposts of Science: The Knowledge Trade and the Expansion of Scientific Community in Post–Civil War America Daniel Goldstein, Isis 99, no.33 (Jul 2015): 519–546.https://doi.org/10.1086/591711Howard Schweber Law and the Natural Sciences in Nineteenth-Century American Universities, Science in Context 12, no.11 (Sep 2008): 101–121.https://doi.org/10.1017/S026988970000332XHoward Schweber The “Science” of Legal Science: The Model of the Natural Sciences in Nineteenth-Century American Legal Education, Law and History Review 17, no.33 (Oct 2011): 421–466.https://doi.org/10.2307/744378D. J. Kevles, J. L. Sturchio, P. T. Carroll The Sciences in America, Circa 1880, Science 209, no.44524452 (Jul 1980): 27–32.https://doi.org/10.1126/science.209.4452.27

Symbiotic competition: future trends of the open know‐how market

AbstractThe question of whether or not to buy in scientific know‐how is an important one for many organizations. Japan has done so in many areas and to good effect. Japan is also willing and able to sell as well as buy. It is argued that there are considerable advantages to be gained from an increased level of trade in scientific and technological knowledge and it is suggested that the development of an open know‐how market is of value to many parties.

Esperanto—The International Language.

Sacramento, Cal., Feb. 11, 1907. To the Editor: —Kindly permit me to suggest and to urge the early establishment inThe Journalof a department of Esperanto, on the following grounds: 1. Esperanto is the one and only proposed international language which has successfully borne the scrutiny both of scholars and of men of affairs. 2. The adoption of Esperanto as the international language would be the most powerful promoter of universal peace imaginable—infinitely more effective than Dreadnaughts or any other kind of big stick and immeasurably less expensive. In blood and treasure what does armed peace cost the world? 3. The adoption of Esperanto as the international language would be the most powerful promoter of the diffusion of knowledge of which it is possible to conceive. Free trade in knowledge! The freedom of the vast realm of science and art and literature for a few days' study! That imagination