Trade Operations Research Articles

The Impact of AI on International Trade: Opportunities and Challenges

This study aims to explore the transformative potential of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in international trade, focusing on its key roles in optimizing trade operations, enhancing trade finance, and expanding market access. In trade optimization, AI leverages advanced machine learning and predictive analytics to enhance demand forecasting, route optimization, and customs procedures, leading to more efficient logistics and inventory management. In trade finance, AI can automate document processing and risk assessment, increasing access to finance and enhancing transactional transparency, particularly through integration with blockchain technology. In terms of market access, AI-driven analytics can identify consumer trends and competitive dynamics, enabling personalized marketing and overcoming linguistic and cultural barriers. Due to the lack of quantitative data, this study employed qualitative research methods, specifically a multiple-case-study approach. The case studies of leading companies such as Alibaba, DHL, and Maersk showcase how they leverage AI to optimize their trade operations, improve customer service, and achieve greater efficiency. These real-world examples demonstrate AI’s practical applications and significant benefits in the global trade landscape. However, the adoption of AI in international trade is not without challenges. These include issues around data quality, ethical concerns, technological complexity, and public perception. Policy recommendations highlight the need for a robust data infrastructure, establishing ethical AI guidelines, and fostering international cooperation to align data protection regulations.

Leveraging data mining and cybersecurity techniques to enhance algorithmic trading performance and forensic investigations in financial markets

In the evolving landscape of financial markets, the convergence of data mining, cybersecurity, and algorithmic trading plays a pivotal role in enhancing trading performance and forensic investigations. This study investigates how data mining techniques are leveraged to extract meaningful patterns and trends from vast financial datasets, improving the accuracy and profitability of algorithmic trading strategies. By identifying historical trends, price movements, and trade margins, data mining enables traders to optimize decision-making processes and manage risks more effectively. Cybersecurity emerges as a critical factor in safeguarding both trading algorithms and sensitive financial data from cyber threats. The integration of advanced cybersecurity measures ensures the integrity, confidentiality, and availability of trading systems, reducing vulnerabilities that could be exploited by malicious actors. Additionally, forensic investigation techniques are employed to detect fraudulent trading activities, such as insider trading and market manipulation, thereby protecting market participants and maintaining regulatory compliance. This research highlights the importance of combining secure data mining practices with robust cybersecurity measures to enhance the overall performance of algorithmic trading systems. Furthermore, it explores how forensic methodologies can help detect anomalies and ensure the transparency and fairness of financial markets. Through an integrated approach, this study emphasizes the potential of data mining and cybersecurity in transforming trading operations while mitigating risks associated with cyber threats and financial fraud.

THE MODERATION ROLE OF E-INVOICING IN NATIONAL TRADE: THE IMPACT OF IT AUDITING ON E-ACCOUNTING INFORMATION SYSTEMS AT JORDANIAN CUSTOMS POINTS

This study investigates the moderation role of e-invoicing in national trade, specifically examining how IT auditing impacts electronic accounting information systems (EAIS) at Jordanian customs points. The primary aim is to analyze how effective IT auditing enhances EAIS effectiveness and explores the implications for operational efficiency and compliance within Jordan’s customs operations. A survey methodology was employed, gathering primary data from 322 employees across various customs points through distributed questionnaires. We utilized partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) to ensure methodological rigor in our analysis. The findings indicate that effective IT auditing significantly enhances EAIS effectiveness, with e-invoicing acting as a moderator that amplifies this effect. This underscores the critical role of auditing practices in improving operational dynamics at customs points, facilitating smoother national trade processes. The study offers actionable insights for industry professionals and policymakers, emphasizing the importance of integrating robust IT auditing practices with e-invoicing systems. By doing so, stakeholders can promote greater efficiency and compliance in national trade operations at Jordanian customs points, ultimately contributing to the optimization of trade processes and regulatory adherence. This research highlights the significance of strengthening auditing frameworks and leveraging technological advancements like e-invoicing to enhance operational effectiveness within Jordan’s customs environment.

«УЧРЕДИТЬ НА ЮЖНОМ БЕРЕГУ КРЫМСКОГО ПОЛУОСТРОВА В СЕЛЕНИИ ЯЛТАХ ТАМОЖЕННУЮ ЗАСТАВУ…»: К ИСТОРИИ СОЗДАНИЯ И ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ ЯЛТИНСКОЙ ТАМОЖНИ И ЮЖНОГО ОТРЯДА ТАВРИЧЕСКОЙ БРИГАДЫ ПОГРАНИЧНОЙ СТРАЖИ

The article examines the history of the creation and activities of the Yalta customs outpost (later the Yalta customs), which celebrated its 200th anniversary in 2024. Based on archival documents, some of which are being introduced into scientific circulation for the first time, as well as previously published statistical materials, collections of the customs department and other official publications of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Empire, the main stages of interaction between customs institutions, border and quarantine guard units operating in the Taurida province are determined in the 19th century. The work of these authorities in peacetime and the features of their functioning during the Crimean (Eastern) War of 1853–1856 and the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878 had been analyzed. Measures aimed at optimizing the work of these units in difficult conditions of combat operations and occupation of the Crimean Peninsula by the enemy had been studied. The specifics and sources of formation of personnel of the Yalta customs outpost, units of the Taurida border guard brigade, and quarantine guard units stationed in the province had been identified. It is concluded that the organization of customs, quarantine and border services on the territory of the Taurida province, namely, on the southern coast of Crimea in the 19th century was well thought out and fully consistent with local specifics, since the peninsula was not only the center of external and internal trade operations in the Northern Black Sea region, but also the most important region in geopolitical and strategic terms. Russia, which has repeatedly faced the need to eliminate external threats while simultaneously increasing its economic potential, has taken the necessary steps to ensure the normalization of the activities of customs institutions in the region.

Provisional Attachment on the Documentary Letters of Credit: A Comparative Study Saudi and Emirati Law

The study aims to study the provisional attachment of documentary letters of credit to prevent the beneficiary from liquidating the value of the credit as the beneficiary used fraudulent methods without which he would not have been able to obtain the value of the credit. The study follows the descriptive analytical comparative approach. It will discuss the legislative and judicial efforts related to the provisional attachment of documentary letters of credit. This will lead us to the comparative approach to comparing what is stated in Emirati and Saudi law and the judgments. The study concludes several findings, including that documentary letters of credit are an unquestionable means of success in international trade operations, especially since they discuss the problems of geographical distance between the seller and the buyer. However, fraudulent behaviors by sellers (beneficiaries of the documentary letters of credit) disrupt the dominance of documentary letters of credit as the most important means of payment in international trade transactions. The study concludes with several recommendations, namely: the necessity of adopting the Uniform Customs and Practice (UCP) for Documentary Letters of Credit as a rule to eliminate instances of fraud in its transactions.

Stochastic optimal allocation of grid-side independent energy storage considering energy storage participating in multi-market trading operation

The integration of large-scale intermittent renewable energy generation into the power grid imposes challenges to the secure and economic operation of the system, and energy storage (ES) can effectively mitigate this problem as a flexible resource. However, the conventional ES allocation is mostly planned to meet the regulation demands of individual entities, which is likely to result in low utilization of ES and difficult to recover the investment cost. Therefore, a two-stage stochastic optimal allocation model for grid-side independent ES (IES) considering ES participating in the operation of multi-market trading, such as peak-valley arbitrage, frequency regulation, and leasing, is proposed in this paper to improve the comprehensive benefits and utilization rate of ES. The first stage aims to allocate IES and develop a systematic scheduling plan based on the forecast of wind power output and load demand, while the second stage responds to the uncertainty of wind power output by re-dispatching generating units and invoking ES power leased by wind farms. Then, a two-layer loop iterative solution algorithm based on the Benders decomposition is formed to effectively solve the proposed model. Finally, the approach developed in this paper is applied to a modified IEEE RTS-79 test system, and the results verify that it is both feasible and effective.

Issues Relating to the Identification and Customs Examination of Internationally Traded Goods in Uzbekistan

The process of organising customs control of foreign trade operations in the context of an ongoing global pandemic and the urgent need to provide food is an important one. Here, we analyse the methodology of non-tariff regulation of foreign economic activity and the interaction between the authorised bodies of Uzbekistan state administrations in this process. The role and place of customs examination in the process of certification of foreign trade goods is explored, including the participation of customs experts from the Central Customs Laboratory. This paper outlines the issues involved in the overall customs clearance process as it relates to the identification of controlled goods, and identifies areas for improvement.

JUSTIFICATION OF THE FEASIBILITY OF COOPERATION BETWEEN FREIGHT FORWARDING ENTERPRISES AND CUSTOMS-LOGISTICS INFRASTRUCTURE OBJECTS

The purpose of the paper is to plan the activities of freight forwarding enterprises when organizing cooperation with customs-logistics infrastructure objects to meet customer needs. The efficiency indicators of cargo customs complexes, customs warehouses, and temporary storage warehouses were analyzed. The process of selecting customs-logistics infrastructure objects with varying levels of organizational, technical, and technological support was investigated. The proposed development will enable specialists of freight forwarding enterprises to form recommendations for cooperation with customs-logistics infrastructure objects in accordance with individual customer needs. Methodology. The determination of technical and operational performance indicators of customs-logistics infrastructure objects was implemented based on a simulation model developed in the GPSS software environment. This approach allows for the identification of deviations of generalized performance indicators of infrastructure objects from benchmark levels, which are formed taking into account customer requirements. Findings. To ensure a high level of competitiveness of the freight forwarding enterprise, it is necessary to use modern software systems capable of implementing management decisions regarding the formation of partnerships with customs-logistics infrastructure objects. Based on the assessment of technical and operational performance indicators of cargo customs complexes, customs warehouses, and temporary storage warehouses, and considering the main requirements of service customers, it becomes possible to select the most efficient business entity for cooperation. A significant advantage of the proposed development is the ability to perform a comparative analysis of the efficiency indicators of all studied enterprises in relation to the benchmark infrastructure object. Originality. The proposed simulation model for selecting customs-logistics infrastructure objects will allow specialists of freight forwarding enterprises to make a choice of intermediary organizations based on a comparative analysis of the technical and operational performance of the studied objects. Practical value. The practical significance of this work lies in the fact that the proposed model enables the selection of the customs-logistics infrastructure object that most effectively meets the individual needs of the customer. This will make it possible to plan the work of the freight forwarding enterprise based on the implementation of organizational and management measures that will positively impact the internal processes of the organization and contribute to forming its competitive advantages in the market of freight forwarding services. This implementation will reduce the duration of freight forwarding and customs-logistics services and minimize commercial risks at all stages of foreign trade operations by establishing cooperation with the most efficient intermediary organizations.

Annual Update on SDR Trading Operations

Annual Update on SDR Trading Operations

Contemporary Challenges in the Digitization of Companies' Foreign Trade Activities

Digitalisation enables companies to significantly reduce costs associated with their foreign trade activities. The implementation of digital technologies simplifies the organization and execution of foreign trade operations, thereby enhancing the competitiveness of exported goods. Furthermore, the widespread adoption of digital technologies within companies' foreign trade activities is driving the emergence of new trends in both the supply and demand of goods. This shift allows for the substitution of expensive resources with more cost-effective alternatives, reduces labour costs, and uncovers previously untapped resources in the production process. The article explores and substantiates the potential benefits of digitalization in the foreign trade activities of companies.

Методичні аспекти формування облікової політики товарів у системі управління підприємством

The article studies methodological aspects of accounting and controlling goods in enterprises to form an informational foundation for managerial decision-making. The study’s relevance is associated with the widespread nature of trade operations in enterprises across various sectors of economic activity. The statistical data analysis has proven that the volume of trade operations is increasing, and such operations are conducted across different economic sectors. The development of trade activities enhances the importance of goods in enterprise operations, thus underscoring the need to develop theoretical and methodological provisions for accounting and controlling goods. The purpose of the article is to systematize the theoretical and methodological foundations of goods accounting and control and to determine the role of these processes in an enterprise’s operations and overall management system. The role of accounting and control of goods in the management system of an enterprise’s activities is substantiated. It is determined that the quality development of such a system will facilitate the collection of timely and accurate information on inventory and serve as a tool for ensuring the enterprise’s financial stability. The existing methodological foundations of this process have been systematized to enable the development of a goods accounting system for enterprises. Regulatory acts governing the accounting and control of goods operations are summarized in two directions: external and internal. The main aspects of goods accounting regulated by the examined documents are characterized. The main elements of goods accounting policy, which serve as the foundation for forming information support for managerial decisions, are highlighted; thus, enterprise management must develop and coordinate them. The system of accounts for recording transactions involving enterprise goods is specified, along with the correspondence of accounts for reflecting such operations, including the documentary support for their representation. The necessity of goods control is substantiated, and the primary methods for its implementation are specified. The research results can be applied in the practical activities of enterprises to organize a system of accounting and control of goods. Keywords: information support, control, accounting, regulation, goods, managerial decisions.

Navigating the shadows: exports and money laundering dynamics in Bangladesh

Purpose This study aims to analyze the complex dynamics of money laundering (ML) in the export sector of developing countries, with a special focus on Bangladesh. It aims to uncover the strategies and tactics money launderers use to exploit export transactions and understand the vulnerabilities that exist in economies where enforcement agencies neglect the export industry. Design/methodology/approach This study examines Bangladesh’s export sector ML using qualitative methods. Customs officers, central bank officers, port authorities and selected exporters were interviewed semi-structured. Document analysis of Bangladesh Bank orders, media and Customs Intelligence and Investigation Directorate reports was also done. Qualitative data patterns were identified using theme analysis. Findings The study identifies the most vulnerable export commodities – readymade garments, agricultural items and processed foods – as prime targets for ML. Key methods of laundering include under-invoicing, over-invoicing, misdeclaration and fake documentation. The research highlights the significant risk posed by the improper use of government financial incentives and introduces the “sample shipment” method as a novel laundering tactic. The findings underscore the need for stronger oversight and controls to mitigate these risks. Research limitations/implications This research is limited by single-point data because ML is a continual activity. The reliance on case studies from newspaper reports and online platforms introduces a degree of selection bias and the chosen instances may not comprehensively represent the broader landscape of trade-based ML. Practical implications The study provides several practical recommendations for policymakers and law enforcement agencies to fortify the export sector against exploitation by money launderers, ensuring greater transparency and accountability in international trade operations. Social implications By closing loopholes in the export sector, the research supports the Sustainable Development Goals, particularly Goal 16.4, which aims to reduce illicit financial flows, thereby contributing to poverty eradication and economic stability in developing countries. Originality/value Original research results supported by technical analysis are presented in this work. It contributes to the body of knowledge by detailing the adaptive strategies of money launderers and proposing targeted recommendations for enhancing the integrity of the export sector.

The issue of interconnections and mutual influence of digital transformation in international trade: How digitization affects customer satisfaction?

This research aims to investigate the relationships and mutual influence between the digitalization of international trade and customer satisfaction in the context of the post-COVID-19 economy. To achieve this objective, a comprehensive research project has been developed, involving a quantitative approach that combines the advantages of experiments and surveys. Customer satisfaction was assessed based on key service quality parameters in the SERVQUAL model. The study involved 4 stores operating on the AliExpress international trading platform. The sample included a total of 3796 customers. The research findings confirmed the impact of digitalization on customer satisfaction in international trading operations across nearly all dimensions of the SERVQUAL model. The implementation of basic digital innovations substantially enhanced reliability, order processing and delivery speed, product packaging, and the process of selecting and ordering goods, as well as the regularity of notifications and data security. However, the introduction of a chatbot significantly reduced customer satisfaction with the provision of additional information, leading to a decrease in customer empathy. The academic contribution of this study lies in its ability to complement and expand the scientific understanding of the impact of digitalization on customer satisfaction in international trade in the post-COVID-19 era. The study demonstrated that not all digital innovations are perceived equally positively by customers and do not necessarily lead to increased satisfaction. Accordingly, the practical outcome of this research is the empirical confirmation of the need to test customer satisfaction when implementing digital innovations.

An ensemble approach for enhanced Day-Ahead price forecasting in electricity markets

Electricity price forecasting (EPF) is a crucial aspect of daily trading operations, enabling market participants to make informed decisions regarding their bidding strategies. This paper explores a day-ahead price forecasting system that harnesses the potential of multiple machine learning (ML) models and their synergistic integration. This approach is designed to capitalize on the strengths of these models while also accounting for the unique characteristics of energy markets. For this purpose, several aggregation models were developed combining the predictions from ML models based on historical evaluations of their performance. The main objective of this approach is to enhance prediction accuracy by shifting the focus away from rigid model selection and instead prioritizing a data-centric approach, by focusing on data quality rather than rigid model selection. As a case study, the German energy market was examined due to its pivotal role within the EU system. The experimental results from this study provide valuable insights into the proposed system’s effectiveness and functionality.

Deep learning in high-frequency trading: Conceptual challenges and solutions for real-time fraud detection

High-frequency trading (HFT) has transformed financial markets by enabling rapid execution of trades, exploiting market inefficiencies, and optimizing trading strategies. However, this speed and complexity also present significant challenges for real-time fraud detection. Deep learning, a subset of machine learning, offers promising solutions to these challenges through its ability to analyze large volumes of data and uncover intricate patterns. This review explores the conceptual challenges and solutions associated with deploying deep learning for fraud detection in HFT environments. One of the primary challenges in implementing deep learning for HFT fraud detection is the sheer volume and velocity of data. HFT systems generate vast amounts of transactional data in milliseconds, necessitating highly efficient and scalable deep learning models. Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and recurrent neural networks (RNNs) are particularly suited for this task due to their ability to process and analyze sequential data efficiently. However, these models require substantial computational resources and sophisticated infrastructure to operate in real time. Another significant challenge is the need for high accuracy and low latency in fraud detection. False positives can lead to unnecessary interventions, while false negatives can result in undetected fraudulent activities. Deep learning models must be fine-tuned to balance these risks, employing techniques such as hyperparameter optimization and ensemble learning to enhance their predictive capabilities. Additionally, integrating real-time anomaly detection methods can help identify suspicious activities promptly, reducing the window of opportunity for fraudsters. Data quality and integrity also pose substantial challenges. HFT environments are susceptible to noise and outliers, which can distort model predictions. Ensuring high-quality data through rigorous preprocessing and anomaly filtering is crucial for the accuracy of deep learning models. Techniques such as data augmentation and normalization can further improve model robustness. To address these challenges, a hybrid approach combining deep learning with traditional statistical methods and rule-based systems can be effective. This approach leverages the strengths of each method, providing a comprehensive fraud detection framework that is both accurate and responsive. Additionally, ongoing model retraining and adaptation to evolving fraud patterns are essential to maintain the effectiveness of the system. In conclusion, while deep learning presents significant opportunities for enhancing real-time fraud detection in high-frequency trading, it also requires addressing challenges related to data volume, computational demands, accuracy, and data quality. By employing a hybrid approach and continually refining models, financial institutions can effectively mitigate fraud risks and safeguard their trading operations.

The current state of foreign trade relations of the Republic of Azerbaijan

Nowadays, various trade operations are carried out in the international economic relations and economic relations between the world’s countries. Trade is one of the leading sectors of the world economy. Trade plays a vital role in shaping the world economy, increasing its efficiency based on historical stages of development, and regulating international relations. Specialisation, globalisation, and integration principles are taken as a basis in this case. Trade efficiency is achieved through a pricing policy that optimises international trade. It is also based on supply and demand. From this point of view, the article extensively studies the foreign trade relations of the Republic of Azerbaijan, along with its positive trends, and explores the areas hindering its development. Thus, the geography of foreign trade relations of the Republic of Azerbaijan has significantly expanded in recent years, has become a member of international trade organisations, and has achieved positive trends in trade. The Republic of Azerbaijan has established foreign economic and trade relations with several countries worldwide and constantly develops these relations.

Enhancing sustainability in electric mobility: Exploring blockchain applications for secure EV charging and energy management

The global shift towards reducing carbon emissions has spurred a growing interest in electric vehicles (EVs) over traditional fossil fuel-based internal combustion engines. Concurrently, blockchain technology has emerged as a transformative solution across various sectors, characterized by its decentralized database and distributed ledger. Its notable attributes, including transparency, immutability, traceability, security, auditability, and authenticity, have led major companies to recognize its potential integration into the EV sector. As a result, there has been a steady increase in case studies and research initiatives exploring blockchain applications in EVs. This article provides a detailed overview of the use of blockchain in the EV domain, focusing on the challenges and applications in four key areas: EV charging infrastructure, energy trading, supply chain management, and energy management. Initially, the basic concepts of blockchain technology are briefly explained, followed by its applications in different fields. The study presents the opportunities and crucial requirements for implementing blockchain technology for secure energy trading, charging, energy management, and supply chain operations. While blockchain can improve security and efficiency in the EV domain, it remains vulnerable to various attacks. This article explores these attacks and other potential challenges in integrating blockchain technology in the EV sector. The main findings of this rEView provide insights into the importance of blockchain in the EV sector and underscore the need to overcome existing challenges for the widespread adoption of this technology in the near future.

Challenges and Opportunities in International Trade Policy Implementation: Insights from the Cameroonian Ministry of Trade

This study meticulously explores the intricate dynamics of Cameroon's trade policies, aiming to elucidate their current state, identify significant challenges, and propose strategic enhancements for more robust economic integration and growth. Against the backdrop of a globalized economy, Cameroon's trade policies play a crucial role in shaping its economic landscape. The research employed qualitative methodologies, including an extensive literature review of works published by various authors on the topic, to garner a comprehensive understanding of the policy environment. The findings reveal critical barriers such as infrastructural deficits, regulatory inefficiencies, and policy implementation challenges that impede effective trade operations. These obstacles not only hinder trade efficiency but also limit Cameroon's potential to capitalize on global market opportunities. The study concludes with several strategic recommendations: prioritizing infrastructure investment to alleviate logistical bottlenecks, streamlining regulatory frameworks to enhance transparency and reduce bureaucratic hurdles, and improving policy-making processes. These measures are designed to fortify Cameroon's trade policy framework, thereby enhancing its economic prospects and global trade integration. The research underscores the importance of a holistic, strategic approach to trade policy development, advocating for sustained, coordinated efforts among all relevant stakeholders. By addressing the identified challenges and leveraging highlighted opportunities, Cameroon can significantly improve its trade policy outcomes, fostering sustainable economic growth. Keywords: Trade Policy, Cameroon, Economic Integration, Regulatory Framework, Stakeholder Engagement, Infrastructure Investment.

Global changes in the development of the export potential of the grain sub-complex of the agrarian sector of Ukraine

In modern conditions, the export of agricultural products is one of the main sources of income for the agricultural sector of Ukraine. Thus, conducting multi-faceted studies of foreign trade in this sector is relevant. The purpose of the study was to develop estimates of the possibility of developing grain exports in Ukraine based on the analysis of current data on the development of this sector, and individual global trends. The paper investigated global changes in the development of the export potential of the grain and food sub-complex of the agricultural sector of Ukraine. It is proved that the decomposition of the export potential of the grain sub-complex according to the sectoral system of the agrarian sector allows forming a step-by-step methodical assessment of its quantitative and qualitative indicators to determine the compositional integrity of the effective value of the object under study. A comprehensive functional-resource analysis of the parameters of the export potential of the grain sub-complex, which are grouped according to the process approach for calculating the food security of the export chain of grain production entities, is presented. The procedure for assessing the state of food security of the grain sub-complex of the state through the resource component allows diagnosing the export capabilities of subjects of foreign trade operations in the presence of numerous risks. The actual dependence of the gross domestic product of Ukraine on the export of products of the grain sub-complex was determined and its forecast value for a five-year period was calculated. A pessimistic-optimistic scenario of the growth (reduction) of Ukraine’s gross domestic product at the lower and upper limits of realisation of the export potential of the grain sub-complex is given. The conclusions obtained in the framework of the study can be used to form a policy in the agricultural sector of Ukraine

STRATEGIES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF INERNATIONAL TRADE IN UKRAINE

Foreign economic security is one of the key aspects of the stable development of the economy of any country, including Ukraine. To strengthen it, it is necessary to develop and implement strategic directions aimed at ensuring reliable and sustainable functioning of the economy and reducing its dependence on external risks. The practical significance of the study of strategies for the development of the State's foreign economic activity is to identify the main guidelines for Ukraine's further development in the context of post-war recovery. The purpose of the study is to identify the main strategic directions for the further development of Ukraine's foreign trade operations caused by the development of the European integration process, the complication of the political and legal situation, and changes in partnership relations between countries. The following priority areas of action have been identified for Ukraine's foreign trade in view of European integration: adherence to and acceleration of the strategic sequence of reforms, taking into account changes in the state of political and economic relations; Increasing financial and technical support from the EU, subject to the conditions for increasing the transparency of cash flows and the efficiency of their use; increasing partnership with non-European countries.