Technology Trade Research Articles

COVID-19 the Gateway for Future Learning: The Impact of Online Teaching on the Future Learning Environment

The COVID-19 virus has altered the nature of education. These modifications may be reversed once universities reopen. Nevertheless, a few of these modifications afford novel options to match pre-COVID-19 suggestions. This study’s purpose is to study staff members’ perceptions of online teaching during COVID-19, describe future projections regarding teaching, and identify the drivers of change in the future learning environment. The study community represents faculty staff in Saudi universities. The sample consisted of 127 faculty staff in nine Saudi universities. Participants had positive perceptions of the usage of e-learning platforms during COVID-19 according to data analysis (though negative experiences existed). Future research must focus on the subtle challenges of aligning theoretical and methodological designs to appropriately analyze the phenomenon under inquiry while contributing to a well-executed body of research in the field of educational technology. Future study is required to determine how teachers perceive information and communications technology (ICT) trading strategies in the light of COVID-19.

How Do Innovation and Technology Trade Affect Economic Growth Performance in Indonesia?

Economic growth is an increase in the output of each sector in a certain year. Innovation can provide carrying capacity for productivity, efficiency and performance effectiveness in each sector. In an effort to increase output, research and innovation are needed. This study empirically estimates the impact of technological innovation and trade on economic growth. The method used is a quantitative method using Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) for long-term analysis and Error Correction Model (ECM) for short-term analysis. By using time series data, it is empirically found that in the long-term analysis, the innovation stated in the number of patents will have a significant positive effect on economic growth when technology imports occur. Meanwhile, innovation will have a  significantly negative effect in grant financing in the event of an increase in technology trade. This indicates that reducing grants by increasing the quality of research through the efficiency of grants will promote economic growth. On the other hand, in the short-term analysis, innovation has no effect on economic growth, whereas only ICT Export technology can support economic growth. In another empirical analysis it was found that institutions and population growth had no effect on economic growth in terms of innovation and technology. So the government is expected to increase technology transfer abroad for domestic research purposes and increase demand for technology exports to become an incentive for the more effective and efficient use of grant funds.

Carbon-economic inequality in global ICT trade.

The expansion of information and communications technology (ICT) trade has contributed to rising trade imbalances and international tensions. A detailed assessment of the potential carbon and economic impacts of ICT trade is pertinent. We assess to what extent and how the carbon costs and economic benefits embodied in ICT trade were unevenly distributed among global regions in the period 2000-2018 using multiregional input-output models. We show that in 2018, emerging economies received 82% of the CO2 emissions while developed economies gained 42% of the value-added in ICT exports. This carbon-economic inequality (CEI) decreased (i.e., improved) by 16% from 2000 to 2018, arising from global production fragmentation, with developed economies retaining downstream high value-added ICT marketing but outsourcing upper- and middle-stream carbon-intensive material extraction and manufacturing to emerging economies. This study provides insights for enhancing negotiations and cooperation among global regions to light a path toward sustainable ICT trade.

CHANGES IN RUSSIA's ECONOMY, WAYS IN WHICH ENTERPRISES ADAPT TO THEM, AND INCREASE IN THE COMPETITIVENESS OF HUMAN RESOURCES

The article considers the main trends in the development of the national economy of Russia and the world economy in the conditions of modern restrictions and sanctions in the field of commodity exchange, trade in technologies, products, materials and energy carriers. The possibilities of adjusting the economic strategy of Russia are considered and recommendations are given to industrial enterprises in terms of the development and exploitation of released market niches. The author analyzed the current market situation and identified opportunities for increasing the competitiveness of industrial enterprises and the Russian economy as a whole, including through the state order and improving the planning system in the public sector of the economy. The possibilities of increasing the investment attractiveness of Russian enterprises in modern conditions are analyzed. The necessity of sovereignty and independence in the implementation of the country's economic policy is substantiated. The effective use of human resources and natural wealth is named as the main condition for achieving an "economic miracle" in Russia. As a result, a comprehensive idea was formed about the required changes in the country's economy in the current situation and about the opportunities that are currently opening up in the field of import substitution, the need for which is acutely felt by domestic industrial enterprises in all regions of the Russian Federation.

Does China’s CAFTA strategy threaten or promote the development of high-tech industries in ASEAN countries?

ABSTRACTWith the continuous advancement of the CAFTA strategy, the relationship between China and ASEAN countries have gradually strengthened, and the trade exchanges between the two sides have developed rapidly, thereby promoting the economic growth of ASEAN countries in the region. This paper uses differences-in-differences method and HS-6 customs statistical code to study the development of China-ASEAN high-tech industries from 1998 to 2017. It turns out that the establishment of the CAFTA has played a positive role in promoting the development of high-tech industries in ASEAN countries. The specific performance is that China and ASEAN countries have closer trade exchanges, and the trade in computer communication technology and electronic technology has become the fastest developing foreign trade sector. In addition, it is found that low economic level and low education level countries will be affected more significantly by the establishment of CAFTA.

기술거래플랫폼 서비스 개선방안에 대한 연구

Purpose - The domestic technology trading market is composed of a technology trading platform with the participation of technology trading institutions. The institution that operates the technology trading platform provides various support for technology transaction. The purpose of this study is to suggest improvement plans through analysis of the services provided by the technology trading platform. Design/methodology/approach TA model was built based on existing research and the importance and satisfaction of each evaluation item of the model were identified through the hierarchical analysis process and expert opinion gathering. Then importance-satisfaction correlation analysis was applied. Findings - As a result of analyzing the importance of the technology trading platform, supply technology information, technology value evaluation, and demand technology information are in order. Technology marketing and demand technology information are areas that require focus management and there are differences according to experience and low-skilled people suggest the need to improve technology value evaluation service. Research implications or Originality - This study is significant in that it evaluated the operational performance of a technology trading platform that had not been addressed for 15 years and suggested improvement measures. Initially a series of technology transaction processes such as technology value evaluation technology matching and technology commercialization support were expanded from simple information on previous technology and this study includes these changes.

해외직접투자와 기술수출에 관한 연구

The paper puts an in-depth study on Korea's technology trade competitiveness with Vietnam, Korea's No. 1 foreign direct investment and the No.1 technology trade surplus country. In addition, it investigates the impact on technology exports according to the type of investment and the purpose of investment in Vietnam when making foreign direct investments. The trade specialization index was used as an analysis tool to analyze the technology competitiveness of specific industries, and multiple regression analysis was applied to examine the causal relationship between foreign direct investment and technology exports by its type and purpose.
 Firstly, a result of the analysis of the trade specialization index reveals that Korea's technology competitiveness with Vietnam was high across all industry sectors. Still, the technological competitiveness of the apparel, accessories, and fur industries is weakening every year.
 Also, Korea's technological competitiveness with Vietnam continues to decline in non-metallic minerals and basic etals from the material industry, which is the basis for high-tech sectors such as the semiconductor industry. On the other hand, a result of regression analysis suggests that the technology exports from Korea have increased in the form of joint investment and decreased when Korean companies invested with the aim of cost reduction when entering the Vietnamese market.
 This study identifies Korea's strong technology competitiveness with Vietnam in each specific industry, but the competitiveness has been weakening in some industries like apparel and material industries. It is also significant in that the impact on domestic technology exports varies depending on the purpose and type of foreign direct investment in Vietnam. It affects Korea's technology exports accordingly.

The militarization of digital surveillance in post-coup Zimbabwe: ‘Just don’t tell them what we do’

While a large body of research has documented and theorized digital surveillance practices in various political contexts, little has been done to investigate the growing trend of military-driven digital surveillance practices in semi-authoritarian regimes. In this article, I use the case of the surveillance practices of the Zimbabwe Defence Forces to argue that scholarship needs to (re)evaluate this emerging trend. The article has three aims: first, it explores military-driven surveillance capabilities, the circulation of such capabilities and the surveillance tactics emerging in the semi-authoritarian context of Zimbabwe. Second, it examines the interface of factionalism and politics within the Zimbabwe Defence Forces and how this influences quotidian military-driven digital surveillance practices. Third, it locates military-driven surveillance practices within a growing and complex global political economy of trade in surveillance technologies that is centred on China. In doing so, the article helps locate a largely neglected but increasing practice of military-driven surveillance that is incrementally reconfiguring surveillance practices and architectures in semi-authoritarian regimes. Such a form of surveillance provides gateways for human rights abuses and shrinks the civilian spaces of protest and engagement, leading to digital authoritarianism. The article therefore calls for greater scrutiny of the emerging practice of military-driven digital surveillance in semi-authoritarian political contexts.

Research on technology contribution evaluation model for commercialization

The purpose of this study is to calculate the quantitative and qualitative contribution of intellectual property rights owned by startups for successful commercialization. In the 4th industrial revolution economy, intellectual property rights, which play an important role in job creation and economic growth, play a very important role for startups. In particular, intellectual property rights are the most important asset for startups, and it is necessary to promote the sustainable growth of startups through efficient intellectual property management. This study evaluated the relative contribution of technology, human resources, and market assets, which are the sources of intangible assets for successful business start-ups through intellectual property transfer and technology trade. The contribution of the case companies to intangible assets was calculated by comprehensively judging four technologies related to each other. To this end, we find a strategy for the successful commercialization of intellectual property rights owned by startups by calculating the relative contribution of technical assets, human assets, and market assets, which are the sources of intangible assets. The contribution of the example company to intangible assets is calculated by comprehensively judging the four related intellectual property rights of the startup. In future research, we look forward to a follow-up study that can help companies make strategic decisions by comparing and analyzing various companies in consideration of industry and size.

Legal Environment, Technological Innovation, and Sustainable Economic Growth.

The productivity gains generated by innovation are the root cause of long-term economic growth. In this paper, two empirical hypotheses are proposed to clarify our view: the trade turnover of technology market and intellectual property protection are important factors to stimulate innovation; The main channel of communication is through the increase of research staff and R&D funds. The empirical research result show that: (1) The greater the technology trade volume, the greater the incentive to regional innovation activities, the greater the number of regional patents; (2) About the intellectual property protection, The higher the protection intensity is, the greater the incentive is to regional innovation activities and the greater the number of regional patents. Different from relevant researches, this paper discusses the decisive role of market activity and legal environment on regional innovation behavior from the perspective of technology trade and patent protection, and emphasizes the theoretical significance of market and legal system from a more general perspective.

Продажа российских технологий арабским странам Персидского залива (на английском языке)

Russia's contribution to offering innovative technologies to Arab Gulf states is limited. Arab Gulf states are interested in breakthrough technologies and diverse innovations of the best quality. In this article we will study the potential of Russian technology trading with Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates and Qatar.

Skills-approximate occupations: using networks to guide jobs retraining

An issue often confronting economic development agencies is how to minimize unemployment due to disruptions like technological change, trade wars, recessions, or other economic shocks. Decision makers are left to craft policies that can absorb surplus labor with as little pain to workers as possible. The questions they face include how to re-employ displaced workers and how to fill labor shortages. To address such questions, we quantify the proximity of any two occupations based on the skills inherent in each. Taking labor skills as nodes, we model US labor as a weighted network of interdependent skills, deriving link values from geographical patterns of skill co-occurrence. We use this network to locate occupations, measure their proximity to each other, and identify which missing skills may inhibit workers from easily transitioning from one occupation to another. Thus, given that an occupation is a bundle of skills, we use our skills network to help policy makers identify which other occupations are most proximate a worker’s current occupation. Finally, we apply our method to assess various worker retraining pathways for metropolitan Washington, DC, USA, whose economy was simultaneously disrupted by both the COVID-19 pandemic and the arrival of a second headquarters for Amazon.

Estimating technology characteristics of the U.S. hospital industry using directional distance functions with optimal directions

The use of the directional distance function (DDF) in empirical studies has steadily increased over the past decade due to its general representation of a production technology. The DDF is particularly useful in health economics as a tool for modeling the hospital technology. Choosing the direction when modeling technology with the DDF is a crucial, albeit not fully resolved, issue that has important ramifications. We first address the choice of direction by using a recently proposed approach for endogenizing the DDF’s direction vector and then extend it by imposing regularity conditions on the technology. We apply this framework to a sample of U.S. hospitals and obtain their technology characteristics after grouping them into several distinct categories. We find that publicly owned non-teaching hospitals face substantial opportunity costs of inpatient care – hundreds of outpatient visits must be forgone for each additional admission. This information can help these hospitals forecast the adjustment in outpatient capacity needed to achieve a desired level of inpatient activity. We also find that while urban-area teaching hospitals can substitute approximately two nurses per bed at the frontier of technology, the rate of substitution is less than one nurse per bed at public non-teaching hospitals as well as at all rural-area hospitals. Information on the technological trade off between beds and nurses is helpful to hospital administrators and policy makers as nursing shortages intensify and staffing requirements continue to be debated. In addition, we demonstrate that rural public hospitals, which heavily rely on licensed practical nurses (LPNs) to staff their beds, are the only hospitals that can meaningfully substitute LPNs for the other inputs, replacing each bed and each registered nurse with medians of 17 and 23 LPNs, respectively.

Health evaluation and key influencing factor analysis of green technological innovation system.

Green technological innovation (GTI) aims to realize management innovation and technological innovation with the goal of protecting the environment. The health model is an important aspect of evaluating whether a system is sustainable. There are few studies on the health of green technological innovation system (GTIS), and almost no indicators to evaluate whether GTIS status is sustainable. Here, we first put forward the concept and framework of GTI health. Drawing on the theoretical analysis of natural ecosystems and commercial ecosystems, a health evaluation index system of GTIS is constructed. Using panel data analysis, the GTI status of 30 provinces in China during 2012-2019 is evaluated, the health index and health grade are calculated, and the key factors affecting GTIS health are determined. Through robustness analysis, the consistency of the research framework is verified and several unique insights into the healthy development of GTIS are presented. The results show that there is heterogeneity in GTIS health grades in different provinces, but health grades of most provinces show upward trends within 8 years. Government funds, foreign direct investment, pollution control investment, green product sales revenue, and green technology trading volume are the foci of healthy improvement of GTIS, and they are all positive indicators.

Investigating the relationship between ICT, green energy, total factor productivity, and ecological footprint: Empirical evidence from Saudi Arabia

Today, the increasing use of technology and the industrial revolution are affecting the economy and the environment, such as the development of economies and the increase of the ecological footprint (EFP). This study focuses on the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) to assess the impact of information and communication technologies (ICTs), green energy (renewable energy and electric power consumption), and economic activities (total factor productivity: TFP) on the environmental quality (EFP) by applying the Johansen cointegration technique and vector error correction method (VECM). Our empirical investigation shows a long-run negative and significant association between renewable energy, electricity consumption, technology trade, TFP, and EFP. The results also show that there is a negative and significant link between ICT and EFP in the short-run. The results of this research have potential importance for policymakers to address economic activities, green energy, and investment in ICTs and environmental issues simultaneously in the context of the KSA.

To “Throw Off the Cloak of Representation”

To “Throw Off the Cloak of Representation”

Channeled through trade: How foreign environmental regulations induce domestic renewable energy innovation

Innovation and diffusion of renewable energy technologies is critical to meeting the demands of climate and environmental policies. An emerging body of literature shows that innovators respond to aggregate global demands for climate change mitigation technologies. Indeed, innovation and trade in renewable energy technologies has accelerated as countries throughout the globe have introduced more stringent environmental regulations to confront the climate crisis. Yet most of this research, while it does consider trade and competitiveness, fails to explicitly incorporate the foreign demand inducement effect—that is, foreign climate and environmental policies can induce innovation from innovators in other countries. In this study, we argue that trade acts as an important channel whereby foreign environmental regulatory stringency signals are conveyed to induce domestic renewable energy innovation. Based on a sample of 32 countries over 16 years, we find strong empirical evidence that foreign environmental regulations, weighted by bilateral trade, have significant innovation inducement effects across borders. Hence, our findings fill a critical gap in the literature by empirically exploring the interplay of green industrial policy, global political economy, trade, innovation, and development.

Digital economy integration in Asia and the Pacific: Insights from DigiSRII 1.0

This paper presents the results from using the Digital and Sustainable Regional Integration Index version 1 (DigiSRII 1.0) framework of ESCAP (2020b) to uncover digital economy integration trends across the Asia-Pacific region. The results show that Asia and the Pacific has made good progress with regard to conventional digital economy integration, especially because of the significant improvements in the digital economy infrastructure and liberalization of trade of information and communications technology (ICT) goods. However, capacity-building of the workforce and investment in infrastructure are required to bridge the digitalization gaps among the digitalized economies in the region. Moreover, the fairly low regulatory uniformity among regional economies further highlights the importance of regional regulatory harmonization in order to foster regional trade in digitally enabled goods and services. From a sustainable development perspective, inclusivity and equity of access to digitalization and required infrastructure remain key challenges. While Internet penetration in the region has been rising, female participation in the digital economy has remained relatively low in general and extremely low in lowincome economies. In addition, there is room to enhance cybersecurity in most Asia-Pacific economies. Regional digital policies should focus on harmonizing data protection protocols and building a safer network of servers that would promote economic activity and enable sensitive matters to be conducted online. Fostering a more inclusive digital transformation may considerably boost network-effects and accelerate the transition to a competitive and sustainable regional digital economy.

High Technology Trade, Innovation and Economic Growth: Evidence from Aggregate and Disaggregate Trade Products

High Technology Trade, Innovation and Economic Growth: Evidence from Aggregate and Disaggregate Trade Products

Measuring environmental efficiency and technology inequality of China's power sector: methodological comparisons among data envelopment analysis, free disposable hull, and super free disposable hull models.

China's power sector has received great research attention because of its large energy consumption and CO2 emissions. This study assesses the environmental efficiency and technology inequality of China's power sector from 2008 to 2017. Methodologically, this study proposes a non-radial FDH (free disposable hull) model and a super non-radial FDH model. The non-radial FDH model relaxes the convex assumption and captures all inefficiencies of inputs, desirable output and undesirable output. The super non-radial model is capable of discriminating efficient power sectors and always has feasible solutions. We also compare their performance with the non-radialdata envelopment analysis (DEA) model. The main conclusions are summarized as follows: First, the environmental efficiency of China's power sector has experienced steady growth; the power sectors in the east region outperform those in other regions. Second, the proposed FDH models are more applicable and reliable than the non-radial DEA model in efficiency measurement of China's power sector, due to the indivisibility of labor. Third, there has been growing technology inequality and the main driving factor determining technology inequality is the inter-region efficiency Gini coefficient. To improve environmental efficiency and eliminate technology inequality, the government should mainly solve the issue of excessive labor input and establish a free technology market for technology trading.