Milk Trade Research Articles

Grassland improvement in Latin America

The camel milk trade in Kenya has evolved significantly from a small-scale business undertaken in local villages to its current status involving a large number of different stakeholders supplying urban towns, particularly Nairobi City. Despite the evident growth pattern, the supply of camel milk to Nairobi has largely remained informal, with minimal enforcement of regulations. The aim of this study was to characterise the camel milk system supplying Nairobi and assess its governance, main challenges and the potential food safety risk practices.A value chain analysis framework was used to carry out data collection between August 2014 and July 2015. Qualitative and quantitative data were collected through focus group discussions and key informant interviews with stakeholders operating in different nodes of the value chains.Three milk value chains supplying Nairobi were identified and mapped: the Isiolo chain, the Kajiado chain and the camel milk processing company chain. Overall, the results indicate that 94% of the milk supplied to Nairobi city is informally traded (traded without any effective regulation), while 6% originates from a formal milk processing company. In the informal chains, milk traders (mostly women) were reported to play a pivotal role in the organisation and daily functioning of the chains. The processing company had partly integrated activities and reported exporting 5% of their products to regional and international markets.Food safety themes identified were associated with i) lack of cold chain, ii) gaps in hygiene practices, particularly at farm and market levels, iii) consumption of raw camel milk, and iv) lack of food safety training, among other issues. Low level involvement by government agencies in enforcing stipulated food safety measures were reported in the informal chains, as these concentrate efforts in the regulation of dairy milk chains. Isiolo milk traders were identified as the dominant group, setting milk prices and providing sanctions.The framework and findings obtained can help future research and policy makers to reach informed decision about what to regulate, where to target and importantly how to make the camel milk value chain more efficient and safer.

The London Milk Trade, 1860-1900

he history of the liquid milk trade in the fifty years before the First World War is an interesting example of the effect of transport costs upon the structure of an industry handling a bulky and highly perishable commodity. The trade grew in these years both in importance and in complexity, as a result, firstly, of the growing demand from urban consumers for liquid milk, and secondly, of the steadily increasing size of London. As bricks and paving stones covered more of the grazing grounds of Middlesex and Surrey, more milk had to be transported over longer distances; problems of deterioration in transit became worse; more intermediaries were required; each additional function added to the markets in which prices reflected the strength of competition or the power of monopoly elements. A further complication in this period was the growing public concern over the quality of the milk supplied. To discourage adulteration was the object of the first legislation dealing with milk; as 'the germ theory' of disease became generally accepted, public health authorities sought, with varying degrees of enthusiasm, to enforce minimum standards of cleanliness and hygiene in cowsheds, dairies and milk-shops.

Retail Trading in Britain, 1850-1950. A Study of Trends in Retailing with Special Reference to the Development of Cooperative, Multiple Shop and Department Store Methods of Trading

List of tables List of charts List of plates Preface 1. The transformation of the distributive trades, 1850-1914 2. The distributive trades, 1914-39: the success of large-scale retailing 3. The distributive trades in the Second World War and the post-war years, 1939-59: and suggestions as to future trends 4. The development of large-scale retailing in different trades, 1850-1950: method of presentation of the data 5. The grocery and provisions trade 6. The meat trade 7. The bread and flour confectionary trade 8. The milk trade 9. The fruit and vegetables and fish trades 10. The chocolate and sugar confectionary trade 11. The tobacco trade 12. The newspaper, periodical and magazine, stationery and book trades 13. The clothing trades 14. The footwear trade 15. The chemists' and druggists' trade 16. The sewing machine, bicycle and perambulator, and radio and electrical goods trades 17. The jewellery, toy, sports goods and fancy leather goods trades 18. The furniture and furnishings trade 19. The household goods and household stores trades Appendices Bibliography General index Index of companies and firms.

British Food Journal Volume 52 Issue 8 1950

In both Norway and Sweden the law governing food hygiene is similar to that in Britain. Powers are vested in local authorities by one general Act couched in wide terms, and by more detailed regulations or byelaws drawn up as required. The degree of severity with which local authorities interpret the regulations varies, and in both countries the functions of central government in relation to food hygiene are mainly advisory. Outbreaks of food poisoning are rare. The various salmonella infections and the cattle diseases liable to infect food are well known, and the supervision in slaughterhouses and on farms is such that the organisms, if present, are identified. Salmonella out‐breaks due to infected imported dried eggs have also been traced. Yet such knowledge and careful supervision is common to other countries where notified outbreaks of food poisoning are comparatively numerous. Whether the relative absence of notified outbreaks in Norway and Sweden is entirely due to a higher standard of food hygiene, or to the prevailing custom of preparing food immediately before or even during a meal, is not clear. It is noticeable that in restaurants some time elapses between ordering a meal and receiving it, and that the food is always freshly prepared. In neither country are food handlers examined medically, except those in the milk trade, who are said to be examined every year. Some doubt exists about the value of this examination and the extent to which it is enforced, though in Stockholm enforcement would not be difficult as over 90 per cent of the milk supplied to that city is handled by one combine, controlled by the farmers' co‐operatives. In both countries all milk supplied in towns must be pasteurised, though bovine tuberculosis has been almost eliminated. Owing to a shortage of glass, milk is still sold “ loose ”, but it is hoped to introduce compulsory bottling in the near future. As the result of requests for more detailed instructions from Medical Officers of Health of small towns and country districts new regulations governing the sale of food have recently been drawn up. Restaurants, hotels and food shops must be licensed by local authorities; they are not licensed until they have been inspected and approved. The local authority can revoke a licence, but the proprietor of the establishment concerned has the right of appeal to the courts.

British Food Journal Volume 49 Issue 4 1947

In America they do not tell Englishmen the story of George Washington and his exceptional devotion to the truth. The reason for that is, I think, because they are too busy telling us yarns illustrative of their conviction that we are entirely devoid of any sense of humour, the favourite, of course, being the one about “we eat what we can and can what we can't.” But even if we are dense and slow‐witted and have no Washington story, we are not without our Washingtons. Myself, I have discovered one and in the most unexpected of situations—in the milk trade, in fact, It was not with a little hatchet he said he had done it, of course; it was with his little bucket. And having prefaced his statements, as did the illustrious original, with the ringing declaration “I cannot tell a lie,” he explained just how the water found its way into the milk. It was because, taking his little bucket and filling it with water, he went round all the milk pails and he swilled them out and then added all the rinsings to the churn containing the milk, all ready for distribution. It was not that he wanted to adulterate the milk; it was that he wanted to make sure that no single drop of milk given by the cows was lost. Not for a moment did it occur to him that the rinsings consisted mainly of water and that the bulk of the milk would be diluted to such an extent that in the churn containing 7½ gallons about a gallon was water. How there could be so much, my lacteal Washington could not understand, as for rinsing purposes he was convinced he used no more than a pint. No one in court or in the witness box could tell him, or his judges either for that matter, and so it finished up with him being called upon to pay a fine of £10 with costs £2 18s. And all because he used his little bucket as he ought not to have used it. I forget what G. Washington's father did to him for demolishing the cherry tree with his little hatchet. The next time I am in America, interrupting somebody's funny story about the uselessness of expecting an Englishman to see anything funny in a funny story, I must ask about this.

340. Variations in the demand for milk and cream among four social classes of consumers in the city of Leeds

The general experience of the retail milk trade is that considerable variations exist in the demand for milk and cream at different times of the year, and that these need careful consideration to preserve the proper balance between the supply of, and demand for milk. Different social classes of consumers are also known to exhibit different habits of milk and cream consumption. This paper examines the fluctuations of demand for milk and cream over a 1-year period of four social classes of consumers.

British Food Journal Volume 38 Issue 8 1936

The Milk (Special Designations) Order, 1936, which with its associated circular letter No. 1533, both dated April of this year, are the two latest issues by the Ministry of Health in relation to the purity of the milk supplies of this country. The whole tendency of modern legislation, so far as it relates to the production and the sale of milk, is to bring the trade in milk in all its branches within the compass of legislation based on scientific principles; and these principles in their turn have been derived from extensive experiment and observation in the regions of chemistry, physics, bacteriology, veterinary practice, and medicine, all of which have vastly extended their scope during the present century. The Ministry of Health, as the central authority, acting through the county councils and sanitary authorities in England and Wales, seeks to control in the interest of consumers and producer alike every detail of the production of milk from cow byre to shop counter. The bovines themselves, premises, plant, vessels, methods of transport, nothing is foreign to its purpose. These and similar regulations point to a general tightening up of the conditions under which milk may be sold. The control of a trade that is in some respects the most important in the country. The Ministries of Health and of Agriculture have tried to do not only much but many things, and the measure of control that they exercise at present has only been obtained by overcoming the inertia of ignorance and prejudice, and in many cases the active opposition of vested interests.

The Trend of Production and Trade in Milk and Milk Products

The Trend of Production and Trade in Milk and Milk Products

Alkaline milk and its detection by the brom cresol purple test—I

During the past five years many appeals for assistance have been received at this Institute from cheesemakers in various parts of the country, who from time to time have found, themselves unable to secure satisfactory coagulation of their milk by rennet by reason of some abnormality which is not patent to the eye.Difficulties are also encountered in the liquid milk trade from causes which appear to resemble those which trouble the cheesemaker.In view of the necessity for detecting milk such as this, use has been made of di-brom-ortho-cresol-sulphon-phthalein or brom cresol purple, which indicates colorimetrically the reaction or hydrogen-ion concentration of milk, and provides a starting point for the further investigation of those samples of which the reaction is abnormal.

British Food Journal Volume 10 Issue 8 1908

British Food Journal Volume 10 Issue 8 1908

British Food Journal Volume 10 Issue 3 1908

Future legislation relating to the control of the national milk supply formed the subject of discussion in the House of Commons on the 5th March. Although no new points were brought out, the need for fresh legislation was emphasised in this discussion, especially the need for a general Act that would, while giving the central authority increased powers, do away “with the piecemeal, voluntary, and local enactments at present in existence. It is evident that if any radical change in the present system is to be effective it must not only be general as regards this country, but it must also be imperial” and international; inasmuch as it must deal both with the supplies that are produced at home and with those imported from abroad. It would obviously be in the highest degree unfair to the English farmer to make his stock, workpeople, and premises liable to the frequent expert inspection demanded, and, at the same time, to allow milk to enter this country from abroad without the application of an equally rigorous inspection on this side, and without some form of guarantee from the government of the country of origin. In all matters connected with food supply improved methods of preserving and sterilising as well as increased facilities for international commerce have resulted, as time has gone on, in a large number of food preparations of all kinds being thrown upon the markets. The trade in cheese and butter substitutes as well as that in canned and otherwise preserved meats, and the supply of cereal preparations, afford well known instances, and the milk trade is not singular in the circumstance that a considerable and increasing amount of, milk is treated in various ways, both at home and abroad, for consumption in this country.

Hygienic requirements in the milk trade

Hygienic requirements in the milk trade

Some observations in regard to the control of the milk trade

Some observations in regard to the control of the milk trade