Trade In Grain Research Articles

Population, Land, and the Development of the Commodity Economy: Evidence from Qing Dynasty China

Population growth exacerbates the pressure on land carrying capacity, affecting the sustainability of agricultural production, and also impacts non-agricultural industries. This paper utilizes grain price data from southern China during the Qing Dynasty (1776–1910) to examine the impact of population and land pressure on the development of the commodity economy under the “involution” of smallholder agriculture. This study finds that under conditions of stagnant technological advancement and limited natural resources, population growth during the Qing Dynasty created significant “Malthusian” population pressure. This pressure on land first resulted in the over-concentration of agricultural labor and saturation of the farming population. Surplus labor, unable to be absorbed by agriculture, shifted to non-agricultural sectors, engaging in the transportation and trade of grain. The pressure on land carrying capacity facilitated the cultivation and processing of cash crops, and product trade was supported by efficient waterway transportation. These activities generated commercial profits that alleviated survival pressures and promoted the prosperity of the commodity economy. However, this prosperity did not accompany significant productivity improvements; instead, it was a product of “involution” agriculture under high population density pressures.

Logistics transformation on grain and oilseeds markets during the war in Ukraine: Marketing approaches and strategies

The Russian military invasion has caused a collapse in food supplies from Ukraine to world markets. The transformation of Ukrainian export logistics has been carried out under critical conditions and extremely limited deadlines. This article evaluated the transformations in logistics in the grain and oilseeds markets due to the war, discussed the impact of international agreements on export and logistics supply chains, and proposed marketing strategies for the trade of grain, oilseeds, and related products during wartime. The authors employed various general scientific and special methods and approaches, including a systematic approach, abstract-logical and graphic methods, retrospective and comparative analysis, correlation-regression analysis, and forecasting methods. A periodisation of the export logistical transformation due to the war was used. It included the following stages: the collapse of logistics; the growth of exports due to the impact of international agreements; and the operation of an alternative Ukrainian maritime corridor with the support of international partners. The significant impact of production and sales transformations caused by the war on the growth of wheat export logistics costs for various supply bases was demonstrated. The authors concluded that the export logistics risks were primarily mitigated by low grain and oilseed prices for agricultural producers. An assessment of the grain, oil crops, and processing products export market in Ukraine was also provided. The development of effective marketing strategies was highlighted. The practical value of the study lies in the use of the research results for developing marketing strategies for enterprises and European cooperation development projects in the agrarian sector

A Study on the Impact of External Shocks on the Resilience of China’s Grain Supply Chain

Grain supply is the lifeblood of a country, and the stability of the supply chain is a crucial prerequisite for ensuring national grain security. This paper draws on the definition of resilience in physics and economics. It takes supply chain fracture resilience, impact resilience, and synergy resilience as the secondary indicators. It constructs a comprehensive evaluation indicator system of the grain supply chain resilience, measures the resilience indicator of China’s grain supply chain from 1996 to 2021, and analyzes the role of supply, cost, exchange rate, and other external shocks in influencing the resilience of China’s grain supply chain on this basis. The study found that the overall level of China’s total grain supply chain resilience has been growing year by year and can be divided into three stages: low-level stabilization stage, continuous growth stage, and high-level stabilization stage. Grain supply chain fracture resilience has been growing steadily, grain supply chain impact resilience fluctuation is more obvious, and grain supply chain synergy resilience has been changing more gently. In the inquiry of the impact of external shocks on the resilience of China’s grain supply chain, it was found that world grain exports and the RMB exchange rate have a significant positive impact on China’s grain supply chain resilience level, while the international oil price has a significant negative impact. Based on this, the paper puts forward suggestions for ensuring stable production and supply in the grain market, improving the structure of foreign trade in grain, and actively coping with international commodity price shocks.

Upward march of the global emissions markets

World statistics show a steady increase in greenhouse gas emissions in the planet's atmosphere. Сontinuous growth of greenhouse gas markets occurred despite the financial crisis (2008) and the pandemic (2019-2022). Currently there are about 70 market mechanisms in the world that capture some 20% of greenhouse gas emissions. Despite obvious progress, the terms of the Paris climate agreement are far from being met. The current situation requires the global community to strengthen measures to combat climate change. New approaches are needed to develop market-based instruments to achieve climate goals. The study explores the volumes and trends the market economic mechanisms abroad. These mechanisms can cover a significant part of greenhouse gas emissions. Russia has so was not involved in the development of global carbon markets, unlike its western and eastern neighbors. The study of the experience of these countries is necessary for the successful assertion of national Russian interests in the global carbon policy and markets. Carbon credits are traded on a mandatory and voluntary markets. They are divided into primary and secondary. Carbon markets reached $800 billion in 2021, more than international trade in grains or oil. Voluntary markets have surpassed the $800 million mark and continue to grow rapidly. It is expected that by 2030 their volume will be at least 100 billion US dollars. The current study highlights promising directions for the Russian carbon markets, taking into account world experience and development trends.

Will the Grain Imports Competition Effect Reverse Land Green Efficiency of Grain Production? Analysis Based on Virtual Land Trade Perspective

To explore new strategies to improve the efficiency of land for grain production in China, this study empirically investigates the relationship between the grain imports competition effect and the efficiency of land for grain production from the perspective of virtual land trade based on the new-new trade theory and induced technological innovation theory. We obtained the following conclusions: (1) Overall, the efficiency of land for grain production showed a slow upward trend from 2003 to 2020, with a growth rate of 27.53%. Among them, the efficiency of land for grain production in the Huang-Huai-Hai and northeast regions has increased by 66.41% and 36.30%, respectively. (2) The grain imports competition effect reduces the profitability of domestic grain production through shocks and forces the improvement of China’s grain production land efficiency. It is caused by the trade-for-competition effect. Importing a large number of grain products with lower land use costs reduces the profits of grain producers in the domestic market through shocks, gradually eliminating producers with less efficient land use, thus forcing the improvement of land use efficiency in domestic grain production. (3) The grain imports competition effect is stronger because the developed livestock industry in the northern region requires the import of large quantities of soybeans and corn, and other virtual land content is much lower than the domestic feed grain. Also, the marginal effect of the grain imports competition effect is stronger due to the presence of more producers with less efficient land for grain production in non-major grain-producing regions, which are more likely to be eliminated by market shocks from imports. This study verifies the applicability of the trade promotion competition effect and induces the technological innovation effect in the field of grain trade, which extends the research boundary of virtual land trade in grain.

Sustainable development factors and features of resolving grain trade disputes in the WTO

Kazakhstani grain market is an integral part of the agro-food complex (AFC) func- tioning in a difficult macroeconomic situation and requires the establishment of a pricing policy for grain products, the liberalization of trade in grain and processed products, taking into account the scale of effective demand and the standard of living of the population. The relevance of the problem stated in the article is due to the acquisition of profitable opportunities, but with high competitiveness requirements and the risks of being a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO). Purpose. The purpose of the article is to study the theoretical as well as scientific and meth- odological foundations for the grain market development with an assessment of the existing practice of applying WTO system agreements on disputes over trade in grain and its products. Methods. Using the methods of analysis, synthesis and comparison, the individual stages and the procedure for resolving grain disputes are studied tak- ing into account the experience of countries participating in grain disputes. The arti- cle describes the issues of functioning of the grain products market in Kazakhstan. As a result of the study, it was possible to find out that the methods of settling trade and improving the existing legal system through the analysis of WTO dispute reso- lution resources positively affect the development of the agricultural sector in Ka- zakhstan. The development of new trade rules within the WTO framework provides access to the global market for agricultural products and provides assistance on the scale of regional trade agreements.

Study on the economic effects of China and ASEAN countries from the New International Land-Sea Trade Corridor

The New International Land-Sea Trade Corridor (ILSTC) is a rail-sea intermodal transport corridor whose fundamental purpose is to closely connect western China and ASEAN through shortening the transport distance and trade time cost. Since the ILSTC is still a new initiative, there are few research focusing on its performance and implementation effects. Using computable general equilibrium (CGE) model, this paper attempts to analyze the economic impacts of the ILSTC since 2019 by simulating the scenario of transport time cost reduction. Results show that the ILSTC can promote the gross domestic product of China and the entire ASEAN by 0.20% and 0.84%, respectively; China's and the whole ASEAN's social welfare are both improved by more than US$10 billion; China's export and import with the whole ASEAN increases by 9.97% and 9.54%, respectively; The value-added trade flow contained in China's intermediate products which export to ASEAN countries first and finally return to China become larger; The impact on different sectors are heterogeneous, in which bilateral value-added and gross trade of grains and crops would increase most significantly; The value-added provided from service industry are also improved. Overall, the ILSTC plays a more important role in promoting the macro-economy of China and ASEAN countries than trade liberalization. On these basis, related conclusions for the promotion of commercial relationship between China and ASEAN countries are proposed, hoping to provide reference for traders and policy makers.

The latest imperatives and rules for international trade in grains within geopolitically unstable environment

The latest imperatives and rules for international trade in grains within geopolitically unstable environment

THE PRACTICE OF APPLYING WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION AGREEMENTS IN GRAIN TRADE DISPUTES

This article is devoted to the analysis of the existing practice of applying the Agreements of the World Trade Organization in disputes on trade in grain and products from it and the effectiveness of this organization in resolving such disputes. Having analysed the experience of participation of members of the World Trade Organization as an complainant or respondent in trade disputes over grain and products from it, the article presents a statistical overview for the period 1995-2021. In the course of the work carried out, the main provisions of the Agreements of the World Trade Organization regulating trade in grain and products from it were considered, on which complaints were filed with the Dispute Settlement Body. The study used data from the official website of the WTO and the scientific views of scientists in the field of the mechanism for resolving trade disputes and regulating the grain sector, as well as the norms of the law of the World Trade Organization. The purpose of the article is a legal analysis of the existing practice of grain disputes. The objectives of the article are to study the procedure for resolving grain disputes, to study the experience of the countries participating in grain disputes and their application of the norms of the law of the World Trade Organization, to determine the specifics of such disputes and to identify the effectiveness of the participation of the World Trade Organization in resolving conflicts related to trade in grain and products from it. The study of the practice of applying the Agreements of the World Trade Organization in disputes on trade in grain and products from it will have a positive impact on the development of the grain industry of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the conditions of its membership in this organization. At the same time, as a result of the study, it is assumed that the improvement of the legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan regulating trade in grain and products from it, taking into account the experience of participating countries of the World Trade Organization in disputes, contributes to stimulating wheat exports.

Peculiarities of competence and arbitration proceeding in the grain trade

Introduction. The article is devoted to the study of the functioning and peculiarities of proceedings in international commercial arbitration, specializing in trade in grain and oil crops. The article examines the features of arbitration proceedings that are characteristic of GAFTA arbitration. Summary of the main research results. The article is devoted to the study of the functioning and peculiarities of proceedings in international commercial arbitration, specializing in trade in grain and oil crops. The article examines the features of arbitration proceedings that are characteristic of GAFTA arbitration. The key differences of grain arbitration are established, namely: the specific qualification of GAFTA arbitrators in the field of trade in grain and oil crops, which distinguishes this arbitration institution from other permanent arbitration institutions; unique for arbitration proceedings is the presence of an appeal proceeding, which is also organized by the arbitration institution and gives the parties the opportunity to appeal the arbitration decision of the first instance; arbitrators reviewing first-instance decisions are not bound by the decision of the first-instance tribunal and have the opportunity to review the case with the addition of a new evidence base; availability of standard and simplified arbitration procedures, which effectively affects the time and financial resources of the parties to arbitration proceedings; the presence of a simplified procedure, which makes it impossible to appeal the arbitration decision, leaves only one arbitrator and significantly speeds up the arbitration of the case, standard for arbitration procedures, a high level of confidentiality of the proceedings, which can be especially important, taking into account the specifics of the grain trade market; features related to payment of arbitrators' work and payment of arbitration fees, depending on the parties' membership in GAFTA; the use of English law in arbitration, which in most cases is more applicable precisely for similar commercial disputes; arbitration proceedings in GAFTA in most cases take place without an oral hearing, only on the basis of written documents, which significantly speeds up the proceedings; parties can significantly reduce arbitration costs in GAFTA arbitration if they are members of the association, as in this case mandatory payments are significantly reduced; GAFTA arbitration effectively changed its working format during the coronavirus pandemic and moved to electronic document flow and electronic awards using electronic digital signatures and seals. Conclusions. The article establishes that specialized international commercial arbitrations on grain trade are an effective way of resolving commercial disputes complicated by a foreign element, taking into account the qualifications of arbitrators and the special arbitration procedure.

Role of trade agreements in the global cereal market and implications for virtual water flows

Understanding the dynamics of food trade, which involves a corresponding virtual trade in environmental resources, is relevant for its effects on the environment. Among the socioeconomic factors driving the international food market, trade agreements play a significant yet poorly understood role in facilitating access to worldwide trade. Focusing on the global trade of grain from 1993 to 2015, we investigate the role of trade agreements in activating new linkages and increasing traded volumes and their environmental implications. Through a data-driven approach, we show that the activation of a trade agreement among countries induces a more than six-fold increase in the probability of establishing a new link. Also, the presence of a trade agreement over time, not just its activation, relates to a more stable market since it reduces the probability of link deactivation by more than half. The trade links covered by agreements show larger flows and smoother inter-annual fluctuations. Furthermore, trade agreements encourage the development of more water-efficient flows by stimulating the exchange of crops with high water productivity values. The average economic water productivity of crops traded under trade agreements increases by 62% when considering total virtual water and even by 93% when focusing on blue water.

Ragusan trade diaspora and the commerce of grain in sixteenth century: A network-institutional approach

During the sixteenth century, small diasporic communities of businessmen of Ragusa Republic settled in some Mediterranean ports. These communities were made up of commercial agents, merchants and seamen who, using the detailed information system of the motherland and relying on the Republic’s fleet, were engaged in the trade of grain. This study expands previous analysis of Mediterranean Ragusan trade considering it as a trade network diaspora and investigating it in this perspective. In particular, using a network-institutional approach, the role of the Ragusan diaspora in grain trade has been analysed as an instrument of diffusion of the merchant practices in commerce, shipping and finance which have thus become as a cultural heritage of the Ragusa society. The environmental and social pressures conditioned the activity of the merchants and shaped its role as mediators of social capital in support of the economic activity of the motherland.

‘A Place full of Trade’: Placing an Early Modern Chinese Town in Global Cultural History

This article focuses on the history of Wuchengzhen 吳 城 鎮, a small town in the inland province of Jiangxi. It explores the history of the town between 1500 and 1850 in terms of both its local significance as an entrepot for trade in grain and tea and its global connections to early modern Europe, by way of the trade in porcelain. The question this paper explores concerns the juxtaposition between, on the one hand, the idea gained from global historians, that during the early modern period, globally traded commodities like tea and porcelain situate a small town like this in a globalized, perhaps even unified or homogenous, world, and on the other hand, the insight gained from cultural historians, that no two people would ever see, or assign meaning to, this small town in the same way. Drawing on this insight, the history of Wuchengzhen is explored on the basis of different textual (administrative records, local gazetteers, merchant manuals) and visual sources (maps and visual depictions of the town), exploring the ways in which the different meanings of the town are constructed in each. The combination of global and cultural history places Wuchengzhen on our map of the early modern world.

INVESTMENT AND INNOVATION MECHANISM OF COMPETITIVENESS FORMATION OF AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISES IN CONDITIONS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Introduction. Structural changes in the national economy and modern economic conditions encourage agricultural enterprises to seek new approaches to ensuring the competitiveness of both products and the competitiveness of the enterprise as a whole. Unfavorable investment climate, imperfect innovation environment, lack of socio-economic influence of the state hinder the development of the agro-industrial sector, the use of foreign progressive experience in technology and organization of production, modern forms of management, which is a crucial basis for improving their efficiency and competitiveness. The purpose of this article is consideration and analysis of the essence of the investment and innovation mechanism to ensure the competitiveness of the agricultural enterprise in terms of sustainable development and identify key factors influencing the competitiveness of the enterprise. Results. The article considers issues regarding the investment and innovation mechanism of forming the competitiveness of agricultural enterprises. It is emphasized that the agro-industrial complex determines the specialization of Mykolaiv region in trade of grain and oilseeds, which poses a threat to the sustainable development of the region’s economy due to dependence on the world situation. The dynamics of foreign trade volumes by the enterprises of Mykolaiv region are analyzed, the main partner countries and export-oriented products of a vegetable origin are outlined. The structure of direct investments by the countries and by types of activity in the economy of Mykolaiv region in 2018 is considered. Attention is paid to the factors that hinder the attraction of investment in the field of agricultural production. Conclusions. It is determined that the mechanism of investment and innovation policy in the agricultural sector of the economy includes economic, organizational, legal and social measures. A number of measures to improve the investment and innovation mechanism to ensure the competitiveness of agricultural enterprises in Mykolaiv region are proposed. It is established that with the development of information and communication technologies, it is the smart specialization of the region that is able to intensify structural changes in the economy and increase the competitiveness of agricultural enterprises in terms of sustainable development. Key words: investment, innovation, competitiveness, enterprise, smart specialization.

Survey of Trogoderma spp. in Spanish mills and warehouses

The distribution of Trogoderma granarium Everts has expanded steadily in recent years. This is a very destructive coleopteran species with many economic implications for the trade of grains in countries where it is present. Therefore, it is important to gather data that can confirm or reject the pest’s establishment in a particular country. Spain has been cited as a location where the species is established; however, the present study demonstrates that no actual data support its stablishment in Spain. We surveyed fifteen storage premises (mills and warehouses for animal feed, wheat, and rice) distributed along the Iberian Peninsula over two years. We used traps baited with Trogoderma spp. sex pheromone to conduct the survey. Collected samples were morphologically and molecularly identified, since the morphological identification of this species is difficult. Although we found populations of T. inclusum in most of the sampled premises, and even T. variabile in one of them, no T. granarium was found in any of them. Abundant samples of other coleopterans were captured in the traps, including Oryzaephilus surinamensis, Tribolium spp., Sitophilus spp., Cryptolestes ferrugineus, Lasioderma serricorne and Rhyzopertha dominica. In conclusion, no T. granarium was found in our samplings in Spain.

Identification and Ranking of Effective Elements in the International Trade of Grains from the Viewpoint of Experts

Identification and Ranking of Effective Elements in the International Trade of Grains from the Viewpoint of Experts

정전 후 북한의 사회주의 개조와 민간 상업의 몰락

This study examined whether the private commerce of North Korea were absorbed into the socialist economic system or liquidated, by analyzing private commercial policies at the time of the socialist transition.BRDuring the Korean War, private commerce grew steadily despite the suppressions by North Korean authorities. At that time, the policy direction of the Korean Workers’ Party(KWP) and the government were to restrain and eliminate private commerce rather than accepting it into the cooperative system. For this purpose, in January 1953, the income tax law, which applies a progressive tax rate of up to 74%, was amended. From November 1954, private trade in grains was banned. By these measures, private commerce shrank considerably, so that the socialist transformation of private commerce and industry could be promoted smoothly without intense class struggle. From the end of 1956, the North Korean government began to fully promote the socialist transformation of the private commerce and industry, declared its fulfillment in August 1958.BRPrivate merchants during this period were not ‘transformed’ into socialist workers by joining consumption cooperatives or production cooperatives. Many private merchants have been deprived of their economic basis and have fallen by imposing high rate of income tax, the blocking supply of goods and market.

Review: Empires and Bureaucracy in World History: From Late Antiquity to the Twentieth Century, edited by Peter Crooks and Timothy H. Parsons

Book Review| May 01 2018 Review: Empires and Bureaucracy in World History: From Late Antiquity to the Twentieth Century, edited by Peter Crooks and Timothy H. Parsons Peter Crooks and Timothy H. Parsons, eds., Empires and Bureaucracy in World History: From Late Antiquity to the Twentieth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016, 474 pp, $120.00, (hardback); £22.99/$34.99 (paperback). ISBN 9781107166035 Christopher Kelly Christopher Kelly Corpus Christi College, Cambridge Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Studies in Late Antiquity (2018) 2 (2): 242–249. https://doi.org/10.1525/sla.2018.2.2.242 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Christopher Kelly; Review: Empires and Bureaucracy in World History: From Late Antiquity to the Twentieth Century, edited by Peter Crooks and Timothy H. Parsons. Studies in Late Antiquity 1 May 2018; 2 (2): 242–249. doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/sla.2018.2.2.242 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentStudies in Late Antiquity Search From the very beginning, bureaucracy was a dirty word. The eighteenth-century economist, merchant, and official, Jacques-Claude Marie Vincent, Marquis de Gournay (also credited with coining the term laissez faire), complained that free trade in grain was being impeded by over-regulation. This “illness” of French government, he was later reported to have wittily remarked, was a kind of bureaumanie—the inevitable result of bureaucratie.1 Despite the efforts of sociologists and historians, “bureaucracy” as an analytical—or even descriptive—term has never quite escaped its polemical origins. (Late antique scholars might think here of “paganism” or “barbarians.”) A feeling of unease—and a sense that bureaucracy needs defending both as a useful category and as a positive institution—frames the best contributions to the excellent new collection, Empires and Bureaucracy in World History, edited and thoughtfully introduced by Peter Crooks and Timothy Parsons. The immediate interest for readers of Studies in Late... You do not currently have access to this content.

Handel wołami na terenie Wielkopolski i Śląska w świetle szesnastowiecznego spisu jarmarków i komór celnych

The trade in oxen, along with the trade in grain, was one of two most important branches of Polish export trade in the 16th c. Both merchandises were produced in the Polish-Lithuanian kingdom and were exported to Western Europe. However, the specific trade routes differ due to the different properties of these goods. While grain was a typical bulk good, the transport of which required cheap means of transportation, it was exported via sea and delivered to harbours through rivers, the trade routes of oxen ran orthogonal to those of grain (i.e. parallel to the sea), for the simple reason that oxen can move on their own. Furthermore, the final destinations of these goods lay in the annual fairs in Silesia and Saxony which were located far from the Baltic Sea. These trade routes typically began in the south- -east, around the Moldavian regions, and crossed the country towards the north-west. Analysing the history of these trade relations is uncommonly challenging since most of the official sources were destroyed during World War II. The source investigated in the present text was transmitted through a private archive (it belonged to the Branicki family) and thus, it survives to this day. The text in question is written in a paper booklet of only six pages, giving no information on the time and place of its origin, or about the author. It is not even clear whether the writer was the actual author or whether the text is a copy of another manuscript. The aim of the text is to explain the proper behaviour for the observant of the oxen trade. The intended reader was to be interested in trade due to his occupation such as a young merchant or a toll keeper. The manuscript details the steps necessary or helpful for dealing with the annual fairs and toll houses of Greater Poland, explaining how to retrace the path of the oxen, e.g. looking out for how often how many oxen were given water. The text assumes a chronological structure, i.e. it starts in January and abruptly ends in November. The reasons why the second half of November and December are missing are not clear – several pages are left blank. To the researches, these descriptions provide a unique insight into the functionalities of the annual fairs in Greater Poland of those times, and the mechanisms of their trade.

Concentration and Power in the Food System: Who Controls What We Eat?

Concentration and Power in the Food System: Who Controls What We Eat?