Trade Issues Research Articles

«Из-Ындеи в Астрахань, в Казань, на Москву»: из истории культурных, торговых и дипломатических связей России и Индии в XVII в.

The “turn to the East” in politics and science formed in recent years attention to the study of the exclusively Chi-nese model of civilizational development. At the same time, research on India, whose human and cultural po-tential is comparable to China's, were forced out to the periphery. Nowadays, India is increasingly mentioned as Russia's leading strategic partner. The historical context of relations between the two countries is becoming the basis on which the current configuration of ties is built. The notion of the origins of these relations, their quality, and stylistics makes research on this topic relevant. The article touches upon the issue of Russian-Indian trade, cultural and diplomatic ties during the XVII century. During this period, a colony of Indian merchants on the territory of Astrakhan was established, and four embassies to India were organized. This period was of great importance in the formation and development of ties between the two states, laid the foundations of friendly perception of the peoples by each other. The au-thors have attracted and quoted documents (orders of the Ambassadorial Prikaz, reports of ambassadors, doc-uments reflecting the life of the merchant colony in Astrakhan), as their style reflects the quality of the emerging relations between Russia and India.

Mediation in diplomatic conflicts. Examples from Latin America

Mediation plays a key role in resolving diplomatic conflicts, especially in regions where established relations between countries are of strategic importance. The article explores the importance and effectiveness of mediation in the region by looking at specific cases of their use. Over the past decades, Latin America has faced many diplomatic disputes related to borders, trade, resources and other important issues. In such a context, mediation has shown its ability to resolve conflicts through third party mediation. The article analyzes successful examples of mediation, such as the resolution of border conflicts between Colombia and Venezuela, and the peaceful settlement of trade agreement disputes between Chile and Peru. Special attention is paid to the role of mediators and their strategies in overcoming protracted and acute controversies. The importance of neutrality, trust and diplomatic skill in mediation processes is emphasized. In addition, the article analyzes the impact of mediation on long-term relations between countries, emphasizing the positive results in cooperation and reduction of tensions. By analyzing case studies, the authors emphasize that mediation plays a key role in resolving complex tensions between countries. The article emphasizes the role of mediators and the strategies they use to achieve successful outcomes. Neutrality, trust and diplomatic skill are highlighted as important components of successful mediation. In the context of Latin America, a region with many diplomatic disputes, the article analyzes examples of successful mediation, such as the resolution of border conflicts and trade disputes. These practical cases confirm mediation's ability to alleviate tensions and promote peaceful conflict resolution Finally, the article emphasizes that mediation plays an important role in peace and stability in Latin America by facilitating the resolution of diplomatic conflicts. The article's examination of successful practical examples of mediation demonstrates that this method has great potential for resolving complex international disputes and enabling interaction and cooperation between states in the region and beyond. The main conclusion of the article is that mediation has significant potential for application in diplomatic conflicts in Latin America. It helps to create conditions for cooperation between countries and supports stability in the region. Examining successful case studies and analyzing mediators' strategies makes the article relevant and informative for researchers, diplomats and anyone interested in international relations and conflict resolution

ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF WORLD TRADE TRENDS ON THE EXPORT ACTIVITY OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN

The article deals with the issues of international trade and the impact of global trade trends on the foreign economic and export activity of the Republic of Kazakhstan using graphical, tabular and comparative methods. The dynamics of the volume of international trade, the structure of international trade in the context of industries and goods, as well as the changes that have occurred in it over the past ten years, were analyzed. The features of regional trade in the structure of general world trade were outlined. Trends in the growth of international trade volumes, changes in its structure towards an increase in the share of high value-added goods, as well as regionalization of international trade while maintaining the leading positions of the countries of the Asia-Pacific region and the European Union were revealed. The authors analyzed the changes in the foreign trade turnover and export of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the dynamics of the main exported Kazakhstan’s goods, the geographical structure of the country's foreign trade turnover. The article reflects the indices of the intensity of Kazakhstan's foreign trade. Calculations of its efficiency from 2014 to 2022 were made. The article is based on a large amount of materials, both from domestic and foreign databases. In general, based on the analysis, the influence of global trade trends on the export activity of the Republic of Kazakhstan was determined.

Structural Modifications of International Business Theory and Policy in the Time of Covid-19

The main aim of this work is the presentation of the structural modifications of contemporary international business. International trade in the XXI century has been strongly affected by the force of the economic crisis and COVID-19. The changes are evident in the growing importance of international trade to national economies and to domestic groups within those economies, in the closer linkages between trade and other international issues. Despite the undeniable benefits of the multilateral WTO forum for trade liberalization, the rapid increase of North-South bilateral and multilateral Free Trade Areas (FTAs) begs a systematic explanation for why some forums are prioritized relative to others. This work presents the mercantilist tendencies in the international trade policy, the theory of public choice in foreign trade policy, protectionist pressures in different political systems, the level of protectionist pressures, food producers’ pressure, and conflicts between the tendencies to sustainable international trade liberalization and environmental protection, the increasing importance bilateral agreements in the foreign trade policy and international economy in the time of COVID-19.

Politics of Sympathy and Outrage in Wordsworth’s Abolitionist Poetry

William Wordsworth has written a number of poems dedicated to abolition of slave trade. His sonnets Poems in Two Volumes (1807) — To Thomas Clarkson, To Toussaint L’Ouverture, September Ist, 1802 —, Humanity (1835), and The Prelude (1850) deal with the issue of slave trade and slavery explicitly. These poems show Wordsworth’s anger on the attitude favoring perpetuation of slavery for economic reasons. This paper seeks to show that Wordsworth’s abolitionist poetry stem from the affective circumstances and not from his genuine feeling for the predicament of the slaves. His sympathy for them verges on the capitalistic and the effect of outrage evoked is not so for the plight of the slaves as much it is for the oppressive ordinance of expansionist Napoleonic France. The outrage at the French villainy translates as the British honesty about the issue of slavery in Wordsworth.

The Feasibility of Effectively Avoiding Green Trade Barriers

With the increasingly active global economic and trade activities, some international trade issues are gradually emerging. At the same time, some countries led by the United States vigorously promote unilateral trade, which has led to the emergence of traditional trade protectionism. Some developed countries, citing the protection of their own trade, set high standards and thresholds for imported products, Furthermore, green trade barriers have emerged in the process of international trade. This article explores the example of Heilongjiang exporting pork, explains and analyzes the connotation and characteristics of green trade barriers, and proposes some suggestions and countermeasures to deal with green trade barriers based on the current status of green trade barriers.

Export Controls and the Junction of Economics and National Security: A Review Article

Abstract Mario Daniels and John Krige's Knowledge Regulation and National Security in Postwar America is a detailed history of the U.S. use of export controls and domestic debates over that use. Their account describes how issues of trade and commerce increasingly have been viewed in terms of security. Their history, which ends in 2020, does not directly address the current use of export controls and other measures to restrict the transfer of knowledge but is highly relevant to issues surrounding that use. Such controls represent a retreat from globalization and raise questions about their economic costs to the United States, their ultimate political impact on the targeted country, and their consequences for scientific inquiry.

Prospects for the Development of Cooperation Between Russia and China in Modern Conditions: Economic Aspect

The study examined the current state and defined the prospects for the development of sustainable partnerships between the Russian Federation and the People's Republic of China, which are of particular importance in the current state of the world economic system, as well as in the context of current trends in the final destruction of the concept of a unipolar world. The research considers the key elements of the economic and political model of China's development, which make this country a unique element of the modern world economy. The structure of economic relations between the Russian Federation and the PRC, which, due to its unequal value, creates certain problems for the development of complex mutually beneficial cooperation, is being studied. The authors described the most relevant and long-term areas of interaction that are in demand and determine the role and place in relations between the two countries of the most significant joint projects and decisions in trade, economic, military-political, and other areas that further deepen relations between Russia and China. We examined the peculiarities of relations between the two countries, due to a complex of geographical, historical and economic factors. We focused on the differences between the Russian Federation and the PRC, which, on the one hand, may hinder the activation of mutually beneficial joint development in some areas. On the other hand, the differences may allow countries to actively complement each other in the development and implementation joint decisions and actions on many issues of trade, economic and political cooperation, and eventually develop a long-term strategic partnership. We argue that there is a necessity of developing complex interaction between the Russian Federation and China in the conditions of global political and economic uncertainty characterizing the modern world.

Perspektif Penetapan Pajak Penambahan Nilai Pada Investasi Aset Kripto Di Era Digital

In this pandemic era, investment in crypto assets in Indonesia is increasingly attractive as one of the current breakthroughs in digital transactions. Even though crypto prices are very extreme and have a high risk, they are still more attractive to investors to invest in crypto. To be able to anticipate risks in crypto asset trading in Indonesia, the Government has established a regulatory policy on Value Income Tax on crypto asset investments in 2023, in order to reduce the risks of various digital transactions. The research objectives that become a legal gap in this study are: are there government regulations that can reduce the level of risk in digital transactions in crypto asset investments for business actors in Indonesia, and how can the determination of value added tax by the government be able to provide legal certainty for people who use crypto transactions in Indonesia. The research method used in this paper is normative legal research. This research is directed to be able to provide a description of the implications of legal certainty for value income tax in investing in crypto assets through digital transactions, as a policy to prevent risks for business actors. The results of the study show that the optimal regulation of Value Added Tax (VAT) on Crypto Asset Trading is regulated in the Regulation of the Minister of Finance of the Republic of Indonesia Number 68/PMK.03/2022, can reduce the risks that occur, if there are legal issues in the current crypto asset trading. As well as the implications of any profits derived from bitcoin trading activities being reported to the Directorate General of Taxes. Based on Law Number 42 of 2009 concerning the Third Amendment to Law Number 8 of 1983 concerning Value Added Tax on Goods and Services and Sales Tax on Luxury Goods, it includes a Value Added Tax (VAT) of 10%. And the application of legal certainty in the new regulations in the Regulation of the Minister of Finance of the Republic of Indonesia Number 68/PMK.03/2022.

Towards greener trade and global supply chain environmental accounting. An embodied environmental resources blockchain design

International trade, through global supply chains, is central to global sustainable production and consumption. Redistribution of environmental resources impacts through international trade has become apparent in ecological research – and may have long-term design and planning implications for production and supply chain management. However, current trade and production accounting methods are still incapable of providing accurate and reliable results for policymakers and organisational decision makers to manage global and supply chain trade issues. In this study, a blockchain-based conceptual framework for embodied environmental resources accounting in trade is proposed to address global supply chain and trade issues. Framework design, benefits, and challenges are also discussed. Future research and linkage to theory are also provided. This study provides a strong systemic foundation for managing environmental resources at the nexus of international trade, sustainable production, and global supply chains.

Rice Trade and Its Alignment with National Law (Case: Regency of Sidenreng Rappang)

This paper explores Indonesian rice trade issues like asymmetric knowledge, unethical competition, and price fluctuation. Agriculture generally favors asymmetric knowledge. Unethical competitors hurt other producers. Unhusked rice prices fell, harming farmers. Researching Indonesian legal rules and norms and their implementation in human behavior solved these problems using a normative-empirical method. The paper advises setting distribution agents, marketing targets, and regular harvest pricing to improve farmer welfare. The paper strongly suggested the government rice quality support. It emphasizes data accuracy for company performance and competitive advantage. The paper proposes choosing distribution agents and marketing targets to minimize unethical producer competition. Price fluctuation and business owners' refusal to pay are examined in Indonesia's rice trade. A farm-level grain marketing system review would assist farmers. The result of this paper also noted Sidenreng Rappang Regency vendors and rice millers' unfair pricing. Indonesian farmer welfare strategies are studied. It recommends finding reliable distributors and marketing targets and keeping pricing consistent during harvest season. Producer-buyer understanding reduces unethical competition. The paper examines Indonesia's rice collectors. Farmers need stable agricultural prices. Further, emphasizing addressing dealers' and rice millers' harmful price practices. This study concludes that Indonesian rice trading concerns include asymmetric information

Central Asia in India's Foreign Policy Strategy

In the early 1990s, India's foreign policy strategy faced the challenge of reevaluating the country's position and role in the emerging new international order. This prompted India to change its approach to foreign policy. The dominance of the United States in global politics actually led to a temporary autonomy of India's foreign policy within the frameworks of the emerging opportunity for New Delhi to possess nuclear weapons (intensive interactions with the United States, Israel and countries of the Association of South-East Asian Nations). However, starting from the 2000s, India began to perceive itself as a country capable of exerting a balancing influence in the world (nuclear deal between India and the United States, solidarity with China on climate change and trade issues, and broadening of ties with Russia and other major regional countries). This trend in Indian foreign policy continues to this day. India has become more sensitive to its capabilities and understands the expectations that the world has for it. Thanks to the expanded neighborhood policy (the concepts of "Act East", "Think West", "Northern Policy", "Connect Central Asia"), India has managed to form an almost new foreign policy course aimed at promoting partnership for development far beyond South Asia, including the Central Asian countries.

China’s Approach to Sustainable Development in Free Trade Agreements

Abstract The question of how to adequately integrate environment and labor provisions in free trade agreements is still a difficult one for both States and academicians. This article explores China’s approach to environment and labor issues in free trade agreements. For reference and comparison, it relies on the European Union’s and the United States’ approaches in their respective FTAs. The article identifies China’s preference for a case-by-case approach to the inclusion of environmental chapters in its FTAs. Additionally, in most FTAs it avoids to include provisions on labor standards. These two preferences represent major divergences from the European Union’s and the United States’ approaches, characterized by inclusion of chapters on environment and labor in all their modern FTAs. The article also finds that China’s FTAs rely solely on consultations and cooperation for the implementation of environmental and labor provisions, within the framework of Joint Committees and avoid the inclusion of civil society mechanisms. Moreover, resolution of disputes relies exclusively on consultations, in a diverse procedure than the one applicable to trade disputes. Despite alignment with the European Union model, this is another major point of divergence with the United States’ model, which applies the same enforcement mechanism for both environment and labor issues and trade issues and includes the possibility of applying sanctions. Finally, the article concludes that China’s options with regards to the treatment of environment and labor concerns in its free trade agreements aligns with both its domestic governance approach and its approach to international cooperation.

Fatwas of the Religious Administration of Muslims of the Republic of Dagestan (2017–2022): theological analysis

The article is devoted to the analysis of fatwas carried out by the DUM RD (Religious Administration of Muslims of the Republic of Dagestan) in the period from 12/4/2017 to 05/19/2022. At the beginning, a general analysis and classification of fatwas for the entire specified period is made. A total of 760 fatwas were considered. Their topics cover issues of belief, worship, trade, personal status, social problems, medicine and crime. Below here are the statistics of fatwas for each separate year. Moreover, here we can observe three fatwas given as an example of the Dagestan ulema issuing theological and legal conclusions. Analyzing the sources on which the employees of the DUM RD relied when issuing the first hundred fatwas, it was revealed that in most cases they refer to the book «Tuhfat al-mukhtaj”, and to a lesser extent to a number of other authoritative writings among the Shafiites.

The economic actors in Brussels and the presence of European institutions: Hotels, Restaurants and the Catering Sector (Horeca)

The European Union has been synonymous with trade or common market; however, on the local scene in Brussels, the institutions of the European Union have begun to influence the city’s business environment, conditioning or assisting the city’s development. In some areas, the presence of European institutions and their buildings has led to important social and economic changes, and the institutions have become essential elements of the local economy. For the present study, the Hotels, Restaurants and Catering (HORECA) sector are addressed as an economic actor in the economic and social dynamics and behavior, as well as the influence in the labor field. To support the analysis of this article, the bases of the work are mainly qualitative sources and, to a lesser extent, quantitative data. The main sources of information are secondary sources, such as studies and reports, written mainly by authors specialized in migration and trade issues in the European Union.

Restructuring Trade: Circulation of Medicinal Materials in East Asia in the 18th Century.

In the 18th century, the trade of medicinal materials in East Asia showed a trend of rapid development, and by the second half of the 18th century, it became the largest commodity category in East Asia's international trade. The growth of medicinal material trade during this period was not a simple trade issue, but was closely related to a series of changes in economic fields, such as the market network, trade balance and production. The changes in the international trade environment from the 17th to the 19th centuries greatly increased the demand for medicinal materials. It also affected the production of medicinal materials. The medicinal material industries in East Asian countries were characterised by specialisation and marketisation, and provided the market with abundant and high-quality medicinal materials. In turn, the development of the medicinal material industry promoted international trade, making medicinal materials the largest traded commodity in East Asia. In the 18th century, the development of medicinal material trade promoted the recalibration of international trade, and changed the commodity structure of East Asian trade. It is a result of the transformation of international trade and economic relations, and an important participant in the development of East Asian economy. Trade of medicinal materials in the 18th century expanded the market network and formed a positive interaction between trade and production, and reshaped the international trade structure of East Asia.

Trade Theory Vs Reality: The Banana Trade War

ABSTRACT To what extent can academic trade theories be applied to real world trade issues? We analyze how well modern trade theories and ideas from political economy explain the European Union/United States banana trade war that started in 1993. We show that older trade models, like the Heckscher-Ohlin theorem, only explain observed trade patterns with several core assumptions relaxed. In contrast, the New Trade Theory, with the introduction of heterogeneous firms and monopolistic competition, presents a much more convincing explanation for the banana trade. Finally, we analyze the role of political economy in facilitating the rise and fall of economically inefficient banana tariffs over the course of a two-decade trade war.

A Multi-Blockchain Scheme for Distributed Spectrum Sharing in CBRS System

To overcome the spectrum scarcity issues, the citizens broadband radio service (CBRS) presents a centralized spectrum management solution. The efficiency of spectrum utilization could be further improved by introducing spectrum trading. Blockchain-based spectrum trading has been considered as a decentralized, flexible, and secure approach. However, current studies rarely investigate the interference to incumbent users caused by spectrum trading between CBRS devices (CBSDs), and the scalability issues in blockchain-based spectrum trading are rarely discussed. To address the problems above, this paper develops the blockchain-based spectrum trading mechanisms for CBRS. Particularly, we propose a queuing mechanism for intra-coexistence group (CxG) trading, in which spectrum trading is leveraged to reduce the aggregated interference to incumbents. A new parameter termed “network feature” is proposed to prioritize spectrum transactions in different queues, which helps to achieve the trade-off between the interference to incumbents and resource requirements in spectrum transactions. Furthermore, we propose a multi-blockchain architecture and a corresponding cross-chain mechanism to improve the speed of inter-CxG spectrum trading. Simulation results show that the aggregated interference to incumbents can be reduced by adopting the proposed method. Meanwhile, when adopting the proposed cross-chain spectrum trading mechanism, the network throughput can be improved by up to 24% compared with the traditional CBRS spectrum management framework.

The ‘New Quad’ in the Middle East: Opportunities and Implications for Sri Lanka’s Middle Eastern Relations

The emerging geopolitical tension and the trade competition in the Indian Ocean urge Sri Lanka to plan its diplomatic ties prudently encouraging Sri Lankan decision-makers to envisage a new strategy for international diplomatic cooperation: minilateralism. This diplomatic engagement mode enables smaller states to cooperate with greater powers in small-scaled/sized cooperation patterns to increase their international opportunities. Since the Indian Ocean has become a hotspot of maritime trade competition and various geostrategic developments, Sri Lanka aspires to new venues for international cooperation. The ‘new Quad’ formed among the United States, India, Israel, and the United Arab Emirates can be a potentially lucrative partnership for a littoral state like Sri Lanka. Amid these developments, this paper seeks to fill a void by delving into the strategic reasons for Sri Lanka’s engagement with the Middle East via minilateralism. This paper investigates the newly strategising affairs of the ‘new Quad’ which two of their member states, Israel and UAE are from the Middle East, and views on how Sri Lanka can benefit in economic ties and crisis management realms to deal with energy and maritime trade issues.

다자통상제상 노동·환경 이슈의 무역 규범화에 관한 연구

Purpose - The purpose of this study was to analyze environmental and labor issues and related norms, which are new trade issues that are expanding in bilateral and multilateral trade agreements, and examine the possible impact of these norms on domestic fisheries policies.
 Design/methodology/approach - In this study, literature research was used as the main research methods. The comparative analysis of international norms and multilateral trade agreements texts related to the environment, labor and trade were conducted.
 Findings - The new trade norms in the fisheries sector can be represented by labor and environment issues. Since domestic environmental and labor standards do not fully meet the standards of the multilateral trade agreements, it is necessary to ensure that domestic norms are supplemented and relevant policies are newly established through a review of international law on environment and labor.
 Research implications or Originality - This study confirmed that international norms related to labor and environment in the fisheries sector are mixed with soft norms and binding norms, and each norm is linked in a multi-layered and mutual way. Such international norms are being strengthened in connection with trade agreements and issues.