Technology Trade Research Articles

The greening of South-South trade: Levels, growth, and specialization of trade in clean energy technologies between countries in the global South

Abstract Countries in the global South, or developing and emerging economies, are experiencing rapid economic growth, and increased economic integration with other countries in the global South, including trade. Some analysts have raised concerns that such South-South trade might encourage the use of outdated conventional energy technologies, and lock developing countries into high carbon growth paths. Here, trade data from the UN Comtrade database is analyzed with a gravity model of trade. Results show that levels of clean energy technologies in South-south trade were relatively low up until the first half of the 2010’s, but that these are entirely comparable to North-North or other trade flows in recent years. The analysis thus finds no evidence to support concerns that South-South trade might encourage high carbon development. South-South trade contains particularly high levels of solar PV, hydropower, and electric two-wheeler technologies, whilst exporters in the global North are more competitive in markets for wind power equipment and electric vehicles. Trade in electric vehicles is the fastest growing class of clean energy technologies, and the dominance of Northern countries in their exports may mean that South-South trade could, in the foreseeable future, once again lag behind in levels of clean energy technologies.

Trade in technology: A potential solution to the food security challenges of the 21st century

Abstract The recent rise in caloric undernutrition in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) demonstrates the continued relevance of the Malthusian footrace between food availability and population. Sluggish growth in farm productivity in SSA has brought to the fore the key role of agricultural technology in alleviating future food insecurity. We develop a model of technology, food security and international trade with three distinct channels for technology reduce food insecurity in SSA. The first is via greater domestic R&D investment. An alternative is to import technologies from other countries with significant knowledge capital. The third role for technology to resolve the Malthusian dilemma in SSA is that of ‘virtual technology trade’, i.e., importing technological investments undertaken elsewhere through cheaper imported food. To assess the relative contribution of each channel to food security in Africa, we employ a partial equilibrium, quantitative trade model, augmented by a temporal relationship between R&D investments, knowledge capital and agricultural productivity. Over the historical period: 1991-2011 we find that direct R&D investments in SSA have been the dominant vehicle for lowering food prices in Africa. Looking forward to 2050, we find that virtual technology trade will be the most important vehicle for reducing non-farm undernutrition in Africa.

Semantic Matching Efficiency of Supply and Demand Texts on Online Technology Trading Platforms: Taking the Electronic Information of Three Platforms as an Example

We calculated the matching values of technology supply and demand texts based on texts semantic similarity with Word2Vec and Cosine similarity algorithms, and then proposed a new index named Supply-Demand Matching Efficiency (SDME) to measure the matching efficiency of online technology trading platforms (OTTPs). Through the empirical research on the three types of OTTPs, the findings are as follows: First, the SDME of Zhejiang Market (Government-Owned, Government-Operated, GOGO), Technology E Market (Government-Owned, Contractor-Operated, GOCO), and Keyi Market (Market-Owned, Market-Operated, MOMO) are 64.69%, 54.38% and 28.99% respectively, indicating that the government plays an important role in attracting effective technology suppliers and demanders to participate in online trade and standardizing information expression, thereby improving the SDME. Second, by comparing the SDME and the newly announced signing rate of each OTTP, we found that the OTTP with high SDME also has high signing rate, and the changing trend of the two is consistent. Third, we used the TextRank and Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) to study the topic distribution of technology supply and demand, and calculated the topic differences of each OTTP, which are 70%, 75%, 84% respectively. The Technology E Market and Zhejiang Market have low topic differences and high SDME, while Keyi Market has high topic differences and low SDME, which indicated that the topic differences have a negative effect on SDME. Intuitively, measuring the semantic matching efficiency of supply and demand texts on OTTPs can help the suppliers and demanders to retrieve information accurately, and assist the OTTPs to carry out trade promotion and evaluate trade performance.

Trade in clean energy technologies: sliding from protection to protectionism through obligations for technology transfer in climate change law, or Vice Versa?†

Abstract Global regulations involving clean energy technologies have evolved in recent decades. Such evolution came as a result of technological disparities between the North and the South. Such regulatory changes came because of the failure of developed nations to assist developing countries in obtaining said technologies. Since the beginning, international climate change law has attempted to alleviate the discrepancies in technology transfer regulations so as to introduce some form of unity, especially through various legislations, such as a global regulatory framework. In response, this article seeks to answer the following question: did international climate change law provide the necessary regulations to ensure technological accessibility to developing nations? This article will examine the accessibility of clean energy technology in relation to international climate law, especially highlighting the phases characterized by either technological protection or international collaboration. These changes reflect a continuous cycle where both circumstances and events affect international climate change law and the relations with technology state of affairs.

Simultaneous equation model for Indian sugar sector

India is the second-largest producer and consumer of sugar and sugarcane-based products. Changes in sugar production in India affect domestic and global markets of sugar and related industries. In this paper, a simultaneous equation model is developed to understand the interrelationship between sugar supply and demand in India using time-series data over 44 years from 1970–1971 to 2013–2014. Three-stage least square regression model was used to estimate the elasticities of supply and demand equations of sugar. Results revealed that price of sugar affected sugar supply positively and demand negatively. Recovery rate and amount of cane crushed have positive relationship with sugar production. Changes in current year area harvested, yield and FRP determine the future area under sugarcane cultivation. Rainfall and technology have supported to increase the yield. Sugar consumption has direct relationship with population rate. These results suggest that technological development, external trade and appropriate sugar policy measures are the primary choice to resolve the sugar complexities in future.

Expert assessments of strategies to enhance global nuclear security

Historically, the U.S. has sought to use commercial trade in nuclear technologies to influence international nuclear security standards and promote nonproliferation. Concern has grown that, with a stagnating domestic nuclear industry and declining export industry, the U.S. will lose a significant tool of foreign policy and leverage in maintaining strong international standards. While the issue has been discussed extensively in the policy community and used as a powerful rhetorical tool to motivate tangentially related policies such as subsidizing existing U.S. nuclear plants, no one has systematically assessed the issue, structured the problem and proposed and evaluated potential solutions. Here we briefly analyze the current international state of play, and then outline a set of specific strategies the U.S. might adopt on its own, or promote internationally, to retain its influence. Building on the literature, nuclear security and nuclear power experts assisted us in framing the issues and then, in a participatory workshop, helped us to assess and refine possible strategies. While not all experts agreed that U.S. influence has already declined, most indicated that it likely would decline in the future if present domestic and international trends continue. Although none of the proposed strategies that we advanced or that the experts suggested are likely to be effective in the short term, several warrant ongoing refinements and, if they can be implemented, might have beneficial impacts in coming decades.

Exploring the Factors Triggering Occupational Ethics Risk of Technology Transaction in Chinese Construction Industry.

The importance of occupational ethics risk considerations during technology transaction in the construction industry is acknowledged. This is particularly in that the industry plays a significant part in a nation’s development. The technology transaction has seen an increase in activity due to massive infrastructure development programmers adopted by governments and increase in external investment. The technology transaction, like any other, is not immune to unethical occupational behavior. This study aims to investigate the source of occupational ethics risk during technology transaction in the Chinese construction industry. A review of literature demonstrated that a number of contextual factors can influence unethical occupational risk practices. In total, 130 engineering practitioners took part in a questionnaire survey to explore the source of occupational ethics risk during the technology transaction in the Chinese construction industry. Firstly, there were 25 factors identified through literature review overall, which were sorted and analyzed. Among the twenty-five factors, three were identified as the most significant factors: Unreasonable incentives for technology trading; poor regulation; and asymmetry of information. Then, through exploratory factor analysis (EPA) method, the twenty-five factors were divided into seven groups: legal environment, industry environment, incompleteness of information, asymmetry of information, difficulty of observation of information, differences between the two sides of cooperation, and incorrect conceptual awareness. This study provided an added dimension to the understanding of occupational ethics risk issues during the technology transaction in the Chinese construction industry. This paper therefore contributes to the list of countries where similar studies have been undertaken.

Trade in Technology: A Potential Solution to the Food Security Challenges of the 21st Century

Trade in Technology: A Potential Solution to the Food Security Challenges of the 21st Century

International Trade Law and Data Ethics: Possibilities and Challenges

Governments increasingly adopt various measures to achieve compliance with data ethics principles to reduce misuse of data-driven technologies and promote good digital and data governance. However, some of these measures restrict cross-border trade in digital technologies and services, thereby implicating various obligations contained in international trade agreements. This chapter investigates if international trade agreements (focusing on the General Agreement on Trade in Services (‘GATS’) of the World Trade Organization (‘WTO’)) provide sufficient policy space to governments to implement data ethics-related measures, despite their potential trade-restrictive impact. It argues that general exceptions (GATS art XIV) can be interpreted in an evolutionary manner to cover several data ethics concerns. However, in doing so, WTO tribunals are likely to face uncertainties due to the regulatory diversity across countries. In particular, examining the core rationale underlying data ethics-related measures, determining their technological efficacy, and identifying the least burdensome and trade-restrictive means to realise policy goals enshrined in data ethics frameworks, remain highly challenging. In light of these uncertainties, this chapter recommends that the WTO must better accommodate evolving norms, standards and best practices on data ethics of other international institutions and relevant transnational and multistakeholder bodies.

A Study on Competitiveness of Technology Trade of Korean Japan : Focusing on the Material Industry

최근 일본정부가 한국 반도체와 디스플레이 부문 핵심소재에 대한 수출규제를 시작하자, 한국 정부 의 소재산업에 대한 뒤늦은 자성이 들끓고 있는 시점이다. 이에 본 연구는 유형의 핵심 소재의 대일 무역 집중도와 함께 소재산업에 대한 기술무역특화지수를 통해 한ㆍ일간 유, 무형의 무역 경쟁력을 분석하였다. 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 소재산업의 상품무역특화지수를 주요3국(미, 중, 일)간 살펴보면, 미국과의 소재산업 경쟁력은 다소 우위를 보이고 있으나, 일본과 중국에 대해서는 여전히 비교열위인 상태인 수입특화 경향을 보이 고 있다. 둘째, 주요 4개국과의 산업별 기술무역특화지수를 살펴보면 소재산업에서 일본(-0.96), 영국 (-1.00)에 기술경쟁력이 매우 취약함을 보여주고 있다. 따라서 일본에 대한 유형의 소재산업의 경쟁력 약화뿐만 아니라 무형, 즉 기술무역 측면에서의 소재 산업 경쟁력 강화에 대한 기업의 지속가능한 전략 및 정부의 정책 수립이 시급함을 시사하고 있다.Recently, when the Japanese government started the export control of the core materials of the semiconductor and display sectors in Korea, it is the time when the magnetism for the delayed materials industry of the Korean government is boiling. Therefore, in this study, we analyzed the oil and intangible trade competitiveness of Sakai-day oil through the degree of concentration of trade of core materials in Japan and the technical trade index of material industry. The results are as follows. First, looking at the commodity trade specialization index of the raw material industry among the three major countries (US, China, Japan), the competitiveness of the raw material industry with the United States is somewhat superior, but for Japan and China, It is still showing the import specialization trend. Secondly, looking at the technical trade specialization index by industry with the four major countries shows that Japan (-0.96) and the UK (-1.00) are very weak in technology competitiveness in the material industry. Therefore, there is an urgent need to formulate sustainable strategies and policies not only to weaken the competitiveness of the Japanese type of material industry, but also to enhance the competitiveness of the material industry in terms of intangibles, that is, technology trade.

PEMERINTAHAN YANG CERDAS YANG DIBUTUHKAN DALAM REVOLUSI INDUSTRI 4.O

Kemajuan ilmu pengetahuan, teknologi komunikasi dan informasi serta perkembangan perekonomian dan perdagangan. Menyebabkan Pemerintah dihadapkan pada massa rakyat yang semakin liberal dan individualis yang cenderung menafikkan keberadaan dan keagungan budaya dan agama. Dan semakin kritis dan rasionalnya massa rakyat yang diindikasikan melalui perhitungan atau pertimbangan untung rugi yang diukur secara ekonomis serta pragmatis. Pragmatisme dan sekularisme dalam kehidupan bermasyarakat di satu sisi, di sisi lain tradisionalisme dan religiusitas masih berkembang subur di masyarakat. Pola berpikir pragmatisme dan sekularisme berakibat pada merapuhnya sikap-sikap toleran antar warga negara. Rakyat cenderung mengelompok pada kesamaan kepentingan ekonomi disamping terus mencari perbedaan dan memilah-milah masyarakat yang didasarkan kepada ukuran-ukuran ekonomis. Oleh karena itu pemerintah harus cerdas untuk mampu menghadapi era globalisasi dan revolusi 4.0 dengan penuh keyakinan dan kepercayaan diri, antara lain adalah bahwa tantangan globalisasi dan revolusi digital tidak mungkin dapat dihindarkan dimana batas-batas antar dan negara sudah semakin transparan.

FDI in Indian Non-Life Insurance Sector: Boost Market Potential

FDI brings up the capital inflows from abroad which is invested in the production capacity of the economy and are preferred as external finance because they are non-debt creating, non-volatile and their returns depend on the performance of projects financed by investors. It expedites international trade and transfer of information and technology. Thus, ‘FDI acts as a catalyst for the growth nation’. The Indian insurance market is expected to grow up to 125 percent in the next decade which would indirectly be a boost for the Indian Economy. Increased FDI limit up to 100 percent will allow more new players to enter and strengthen the existing companies. This will promote higher competition, innovative products, digital distribution channels and cheaper policy premium for their customers. Therefore, this paper primarily focuses on the FDI in the Insurance sector in India and its significance. In the Budget 2015-16 the government announced, three ambitious Social Security Schemes about Insurance and Pension Sector (a) PradhanMantri Suraksha Bima Yojana (b) PradhanMantri JeevanJyoti Yojana and (c) Atal Pension Yojana. These schemes help to create universal social security system for all Indians, especially the poor and underprivileged. The health insurance scheme Ayushman Bharat will provide good quality health care up to Rs.5 lakh per family per year at government and private hospitals all over India. This scheme will be available for 50 crore Indians and covers 10.74 beneficiaries. In this backdrop, this article aims to analyze the performance of Non-life Insurance sector in India after the increase of FDI from 26 percent to 49 percent (which has come into force from 16 March 2016).

Improve the Quality of Cost Management at Balkan Technology Trade Co. Ltd

Improve the Quality of Cost Management at Balkan Technology Trade Co. Ltd

COULD THE PERSONS BURIED IN PEREPIATIKHA BARROW BE THE LORDS OF THE HILLFORD OF KHOTIV?

North-West side of Forrest-Steppe zone had no high activity in historical events of the beginning of Iron Age, so the material culture of sites of these territories have had no sharp chronological rappers. They took places in aristocratic complexes just with appearance of Scythian in Middle Dnieper region. The article deals with two brilliant sites dating to the Early Scythian time — hillford of Khotiv and Perepiatikha burial mound. How is traditional and innovative on these sits divided?
 The antiquities of the previous period in Central and Eastern Europe became a conservative feature in the local material culture. This is a way of building and building materials, bi-ritual burial ceremony, hand-made pottery, prestigious personal metal things of the Thracian-Illyrian type, bronze details of a traditional costume, metal and stone tools, stone dishes and crackers.
 Innovation is divided into several categories. The first is the technology of fortification, which was appeared in placement of defense from the cavalry, and not only from the archers, and the emergence of new types of arrows — so called Scythian, which in fact became a forced import. In other words, innovation in technology relates to the sphere of warfare. The second category is import. Early imports are associated with the antiquities of the North Caucasus, the Middle East and Asia Minor (Khotiv’s predator, griffins from Perepiatikha, bronze mirrors, geshire and paste beads), which can be called jewelry and toilet items on the whole, that is, luxury items. Late imports connected with Greek policies. These are amphorae — containers of wine or other products, willing fineware and cooking pottery, which in general can be called consumer goods.
 Both types of innovation are generally associated with adoption or inventing, as well as getting through trade of new things or technologies that are not associated with the massive migration of carriers of innovation features. At the same time, traditional features show that the ethnic characteristics of the population of the region are not unchanged at the time of being of both sits — hillfort of Khotiv and the funeral complex of Perepiatikha.

FAT: A Fractal-Assisted Technical Trade Method in Stock Markets

Aiming at improving the accuracy of technical forecast in investment, we proposed a technical trade method assisted by the fractal evolution features of share price, called FAT. This paper first presented a Fractal Quantitative Index (FQI) to control the trade triggered by technical indicators such as Moving Average Convergence/Divergence (MACD), Price Rate of Change (ROC) and Relative Strength Index (RSI). The FQI of a stock is extracted from its price volatility in a certain period of time, and then FAT can make a decision on whether to trade, guided by the state of FQIs of different timescale. With the help of FQI, FAT provided a mechanism to detect and filter out some trading signals that may be noise, in order to control the cost of frequently trading. The experimental results showed that FAT can improve the success probability of trade based on some technical indicators widely used in financial time series. In our conclusion, FAT is a promising technology trading risk control tool worth a deep study.

United States-China Technological Rivalry

Powerful technological platforms — artificial intelligence, gene editing, robotics — are driving a new wave of global innovation, with China and the United States emerging as the “G2” in these and other areas of technology. The United States is ahead overall, but its technology investments and human resources will be soon exceeded by those in China. Still, we project that Chinese innovation will not catch up in some technologies for decades, making some sectors dependent on critical foreign inputs. Political differences between China and the United States, some zero-sum aspects of technological competition, the role of the state in Chinese innovation, and China’s technological vulnerabilities have led the United States to pursue aggressive, and by past standards illegal, interventions in trade. Some decoupling of the technological relationship is underway. Yet technological disengagement is likely to be slower and harder than commonly expected. Third countries — accounting for 60 percent of world GDP— have large stakes in preventing extensive decoupling; China could retain their business by pursuing open economic policies and reforms. In sharp contrast with recent trends, academic research argues for an “open innovation” regime that emphasizes vigorous flows of ideas, researchers, and products, in order to enhance the pace and utilization of innovation everywhere. Yet in the current political setting the open model can lead to technology leakages, creating commercial and national security risks. These issues dominate current policy discussions and generate strong headwinds against open policies. The policy challenges for China and the world are to reduce the scope of current decoupling and to build foundations for more open policies in the future. This requires resuming, to the extent possible, rules-based trade in advanced products and technologies, while establishing safeguards—narrowly-defined controls on trade and investment — that limit national security risks. Technological cooperation in the long run will depend on renewed collaboration among leaders and better tools for managing risks.

Weighted meta paths and networking embedding for patent technology trade recommendations among subjects

Most patent technology recommendations are based on link prediction of a homogeneous trade network and multiple-attribute matching. We constructed a heterogeneous information network (HIN) with four types of nodes and seven types of relations; designed a heterogeneous relation traversal algorithm based on the meta paths and meta structures inspired by the depth first search (DFS) strategy; obtained subject-relation sequences; and then calculated the weight of each meta path and meta structure through logistic regression. Using the relation sequence corpus of the weighted meta paths and meta structures among subjects, the patent technology trade recommendation model based on network embedding (PSR-vec) was proposed. The model was trained by using the Skip-gram method to obtain a vector-space representation for all subjects. Finally, the recommendation target was achieved by measuring the cosine similarity of the subject vectors. Through empirical research on the electronic information patent data, we observed that the PSR-vec model with weighted meta paths and meta structures was more precise than that with a single meta path or meta structure, which indicated that the patent technology trade was influenced by multiple factors. Second, the PSR-vec model combining weighted meta paths and meta structures was more precise than the unweighted model, which reflected more differences in multiple factors affecting trade. Third, compared to Deep Walk, Node2vec, Metapath2vec, and GraphSAGE methods, the PSR-vec model had a higher precision of up to 80%. Eventually, the recommendation subjects of PSR-vec included the holding relation, the supply relation, and the loose relation, which increased the diversity of the recommendation results. Our research thus provided a decision-making method for effective docking among patent technology trade subjects.

English

English

Environment Regulations and Trade in Environment Goods: The Case of India

The paper weaves together three strands of arguments which, favour trade in environment goods for achieving sustainable development and provides an analyses of potential for trade in environment goods in India. Firstly, there are different paths, models, tools for achieving sustainable development and green economy is one of them. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) defines a green economy as one that results in “improved human well-being and social equity, while significantly reducing environmental risks and ecological scarcities” (UNEP 2010). The report suggests trade in environment goods and service as one of the strategies towards achieving green economy and sustainable development. International trade is an important engine of development and sustained economic growth. Studies have shown that trade does lead to environment degradation, but trade in cleaner technologies and environment goods can play an important role in sustainable development. Trade can become a powerful vehicle for transferring environmental friendly technology between countries, paving way for sustainable development. India stands to benefit both, from importing environment goods to clean up its environment and exporting environment goods to the world, thus contributing to the goal of sustainable development. Secondly, the 2001 Doha Ministerial Declaration urged members to reduce or eliminate tariff and non-tariff barriers on environmental goods and services, paving way for a triple win situation for trade, the environment and development (WTO, 2001). The reduction or elimination of tariff and non tariff barriers would increase trade in environmental goods which, can help mitigate the adverse impact of increased economic activity on environment. The quality of life of citizens would improve due to better access to clean water, air, sanitation, and clean energy. Moreover, the liberalization of trade in environmental goods will enable developing countries to obtain technology, tools for development addressing environment priorities. Thirdly, new environment regulations, trade liberalization, increased privatization, current programmes of rural electrification, investment in infrastructure projects, government investment in research and capacity building initiatives have increased demand for environmental goods in India. India is partner to a number of international agreements on environmental issues. Legal activism and pressure from NGOs have fostered networking between industries and between industries and NGOs for improving the environment. These pressures from above and below are supporting the growth of the environmental market. It is in this context that the paper examines trade in environment in India.
 
 Keywords: OECD and APEC list of Environment goods, exports, imports, Revealed Comparative Advantage
 
 JEL Classification: F10, F18

Correlación de la formalización administrativa con los ingresos de las micro y pequeñas empresas comerciales especializadas en tecnología en Quito

La formalización administrativa de una organización se pone de manifiesto desde dos ámbitosclaramente diferenciados: la legalización como persona jurídica en la sociedad y también la maneraen la que sus procesos internos se encuentran declarados y documentados para conocimiento yaplicación de su personal. El objetivo de este estudio descriptivo transversal es medir y describirel segundo tipo de formalización en las micro y pequeñas empresas dedicadas al comercio al pormenor de equipos de tecnología y comunicación (CIIU 474) en las parroquias urbanas de la ciudadde Quito y determinar si tiene relación con el nivel de ingresos (ventas brutas) en el año 2016.Luego de aplicar la metodología a 61 gerentes de micro y pequeñas empresas se concluyó que elpromedio de formalización alcanzó el 81,39% y por otro lado, no existió relación entre el nivel deformalización y el nivel de ventas brutas, pues se observaron muchos casos de empresas altamenteformalizadas cuyas ventas fueron reducidas y a su vez empresas en el panorama contrario.