Rice Trade Research Articles

Metabolomics for rice quality and traceability: feasibility and future aspects

Rice traceability is one of major challenges to prevent illegal rice trading by adulterating with low quality rice and mislabeling low quality rice with the premium one. Current measures to protect illegal rice trading have been established, but more accurate and practical methods are still needed to detect rice traceability to assure quality and authenticity of rice. This review describes metabolomics approaches applicable for rice geographical origin classification and quality assessment over the past two decades. In addition, future aspects for miniaturization and portability of ambient mass spectrometry and vibrational Raman spectroscopy to be used for rice traceability are discussed for on-site testing and industrial applicability.

Self-Sufficiency and International Trade Policy Strategies in the Malaysian Rice Sector: Approaches to Food Security Using Spatial Partial Equilibrium Analysis

While the status quo of the national rice economy remains ambiguous, the Malaysian rice policy stand and tendency is more likely to move to a self- sufficiency strategy. Despite this, Malaysia has made an extreme policy decision to pursue an autarky economy in its primary staple, i.e., rice, thus closing its borders from international markets. The existing body of evidence shows that self-sufficiency is not an efficient policy strategy to address food security concerns and to alleviate poverty. Thus, this study evaluates and analyzes the impact of two alternative approaches to achieve food security. In particular, these approaches are through pursuing rice self-sufficiency and through free trade in rice. The results indicate that although Malaysia could achieve rice self-sufficiency, the net welfare impact on Malaysia would be negative and would be driven primarily by consumer welfare losses. This is because pursuing rice self-sufficiency may result in significantly higher rice prices, which would accordingly offset the gains acquired in producers’ welfare. On the other hand, free trade results in lower consumer prices and greater rice consumption. This would consequently increase consumers’ welfare and would yield a net welfare gain for Malaysia. However, this approach may deteriorate producer welfare due to higher import competition and lower producer prices.

The Impact of Potential Korea-U.S. Free Trade Agreement Renegotiation on the Korean Rice Market and Trade

AbstractKorea replaced its rice import quota with a tariff rate quota (TRQ) in 2015. A structural model representing the Korean rice market is developed to evaluate this new trade policy and examine the possibility of Korean rice imports under uncertainty. Results indicate that rice imports in excess of the current TRQ quantity are unlikely for a range of market conditions. Two scenarios, which are the over-quota tariff rate reduction and the TRQ quantity expansion, show how the market responds to policy changes. In addition, Korean rice imports are sensitive to consumer preferences for different rice types.

Price Volatility and Trade: Implications for Food Security in ASEAN

In the context of a globalizing world, economic and trade policies are becoming more integrated than they were before. In spite of the gains that states were able to earn in terms of cooperation, there are issues that still need to be tackled on. One of these is the impact of food prices on food security, and its implications for attaining it. Another is the question on the role of trade as an activity in promoting food security, even if food prices are fluctuating at the global level. Despite the complexity of the situation, this paper posits that cooperation is regarded as one of the possibilities in overcoming food insecurity. In this regard, this paper seeks to probe into the rice trade in ASEAN. To probe into the phenomenon, these questions will be asked in the paper: how does food prices affect trade and food security; how does rice trade in ASEAN affect food security in the region; and who will gain and who will lose in making rice trade more integrated into the region. These questions were asked in the study in order to uncover the patterns of trade at the ASEAN level, to examine how trade affects food security at the regional level, and to understand the implications of a more integrated economy for the individuals belonging to these respective states. To conduct this particular study, the paper will utilize a case study of the ASEAN rice trade from 2013 to 2017. The data that the paper will use will come from available secondary data sources, specifically, data available from the ASEAN Food Security Information System, and available literature on the subject matter, which will be subjected to a content analysis, in order to answer the questions raised in the paper.

Business Groups, Institutions, and the China–Vietnam Rice Trade

Recent high-level visits between China and Vietnam have prioritized Vietnamese rice exports, with varying results. When the issue was first raised in 2015, rice exports surged dramatically. From 2016 through 2017, they performed poorly despite efforts to encourage them. This paper argues that the buying behavior and lobbying preferences of business groups, made possible by a unique institutional setup, explain the different results.

International trade in wheat and other cereals and the collapse of the first wave of globalization, 1900–38

AbstractThe aim of this article is to analyse the dynamics of international trade in cereals, primarily wheat, in the first third of the twentieth century, with a special focus on the causes of the fall in exchanges and prices that took place in the 1930s. Developments over this period are compared with the general trade in food and agricultural products. An examination of the structure of the trade in wheat, maize, and rice shows the operation of their respective markets, giving special attention to the import and export flows between consumers and producers. To understand the functioning of the market for these products, the article examines the changes in supply, demand, and prices, and the emergence and development of intermediary companies in this business. The argument draws from a new database, based on the statistics published by the International Institute of Agriculture.

Rice market information transfer system (mits) in the Mekong delta, Vietnam?

MITS had an important role in farmers’ production and trade. However, MITS in the Mekong delta, Vietnam was very weak. There were lacks of good sources and channels of market information, the market information was outdated, inaccurate and inadequate. In addition, farmers’ ability and knowledge to collect, analyze and use market information were also limited. Therefore, the aims of the paper are to have a real clear picture about the current MITS in the rice value chain in the Mekong delta of Vietnam (rice farmer’s demands of rice market information, sources of rice market information, channels of rice market information, rice market information utilization and impacts of MITS on rice farmers in the Mekong delta, Vietnam). This paper gives an overview about 15 structural interviews made with 15 rice farmers in the Mekong delta, Vietnam. The findings of this study show that rice farmers in the Mekong delta, Vietnam have been accessing and using market information from formal and informal sources (Governmental agencies, traders, farmers, and mass media) via 7 main channels (Television, newspaper, radio, Internet, phone, face-to-face meetings, loudspeaker) to increase the selling prices, rice income, to decrease the risks in rice production and trade and to improve negotiation ability of farmers with traders.

Emergy-based analysis of grain production and trade in China during 2000–2015

Abstract The quantities of production, stocking and import of grain in China are growing rapidly, resulting in an evident disequilibrium in grain supply. Domestic production and international trade constitute a complete grain system to ensure the supply in China. Thus, it is very necessary to explore the strategy about how to improve the grain system in China by linking the production and trade processes of different grain types. However, the information on ecological consequences of the whole grain system in China from a time-series perspective has been lacking. Therefore, in this study, emergy evaluation is used to analyze the efficiency and sustainability of grain production and the balance of grain trade in China based on the official statistical data recorded during the 2000–2015 period. The results indicate that the unit emergy values (UEV) and nonrenewable resource efficiency (NRE) of wheat, maize, rice and soybean decreased by 37%–51%, and the emergy sustainability index (ESI) for the grain types improved by 8%–28% during the study period, showing the improved efficiency and sustainability of grain production in China. Meanwhile, the findings indicate that the average ESI value of soybean is 37%–53% higher than that of maize, wheat and rice, demonstrating that China's policy on increasing soybean area and reducing maize area is reasonable, because planting more soybean by replacing maize in some regions will contribute to the improvement of sustainability in the whole grain system in China. Furthermore, the emergy benefit ratios (EBRs) of wheat, maize, rice and soybean trade in China were 0.60, 1.11, 0.79 and 0.99, respectively, illustrating that only the trade of maize has been favorable to China in the past years, but the trades of other crops are causing the loss of emergy from China to trader partners. By comparing the emergy exchange ratios (EERs) of China's grain trade, this study advises China to reduce exported quantities of grain to industrial countries and to import maize and soybean from the USA, rice from Thailand and Vietnam, and wheat from Australia.

Pesticide Use in Rice with Emphasis on BPH and Residue Implications in Rice Grain Trade

When BPH attacks rice crop during flowering and grain hardening stage, it necessitates a pesticide application. That application(s) is likely to lead pesticide residues in grain. Such residue can be harmful to the health of the consumer or can become a cause of rejection of the grain when exported to foreign countries. Hence it is essential to have understanding about the residues of various pesticides recommended against BPH (and/or other pests) with regard to their residue implications. This paper describes briefly the analytical procedures for some important insecticides recommended and used against BPH like buprofezin, ethofenprox, thiamethoxam, chlorantraniliprole, Imidacloprid, pymetrozine, cyantraniliprole, fipronil and denotefuran, in different rice growing countries with special reference to their implications in international rice trade. However, it is painful to admit that there are no analytical methods available in literature for ethiprole and sulfoxaflor residue analysis in rice grain.

Review of Rice: Production, Trade, Consumption, and Future Demand in Korea and Worldwide

Being a staple food for more than half of the population of the world and South Korea, rice is an important crop. For the past 20 years, global paddy rice cultivation area and production have shown an annual growth of 0.46% and 1.61%, respectively. Global rice consumption for food and processing has increased by 1.37% and 3.68%, respectively. Due to the main reason for such increasing human population, it is expected that from 439 million tons in 2010, additional 116 million tons will be needed in 2035. Global rice imports and exports have doubled in the last 20 years. However, in spite of such increment, global rice exports in 2013 were 8.4% of the total production. It is thought that rice protection policies in the producing countries are the main reason for such small scale of rice trading. In the past 5 years, India recorded the largest growth rate in rice exports (51.4%), whereas China showed the largest growth rate in imports (61.0%). For global utilization of milled rice during the same period, approximately 79.4% was used as food, 7.2% as animal feeds, and 1.4% for processing. Regionally, Asia has shown a similar pattern to the global rice usage, whereas utilization for processing in America, for food in Africa, and for animal feed in Europe was relatively higher than the global rice usage. Korea’s cultivation area and production since the last 5 years, are 0.5% and 0.8% of those of the world, respectively. Its annual rice export is approximately 3,000 tons, which is 0.01% of the global rice export. Korea’s rice utilization is high for food and low for feed and for processing relative to global rice utilization. Therefore, a review must be conducted to increase Korea’s utilization of rice for processing and for feed production.

The Characteristics of Rice Markets and Trade in Afghanistan: A Survey of The Major Commercial Rice Markets

The Characteristics of Rice Markets and Trade in Afghanistan: A Survey of The Major Commercial Rice Markets

土肥鑑高著, 『近世米殻流通史の研究』, A5判・三二一ページ・日本史研究叢書 4・隣人社・昭和四十四年一月発行

土肥鑑高著, 『近世米殻流通史の研究』, A5判・三二一ページ・日本史研究叢書 4・隣人社・昭和四十四年一月発行

DAMPAK LIBERALISASI PERDAGANGAN BERAS TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI TAHUN 2007 - 2010

<p>An export commodity is one of the macroeconomic factors that must be considered to enhance economic growth. One of the export commodities is rice. Rice is also one of the commodities that are traded in the current era of free trade. Free trade has ability to increase national income and give a trigger to the country's economic growth through international trade mechanisms. However, the phenomenon that occurs at this time, rice-as an export commodity- is at a crossroads. Rather than being a major contributor to state revenues, but it became one of the macroeconomic problems. The research looked at how the impact of rice trade liberalization on economic growth and how the influence of rice exports and imports on economic growth.</p><p> </p><p>Keywords : Trade liberalization, Economic growth, Rice Export, Rice Import</p>

アジア間米貿易と日本 (近代アジア貿易圏の形成と構造 : 19世紀後半〜第一次大戦前を中心に)

アジア間米貿易と日本 (近代アジア貿易圏の形成と構造 : 19世紀後半〜第一次大戦前を中心に)

ANALISIS RANTAI DISTRIBUSI KOMODITAS PADI DI KABUPATEN GROBOGAN

The aims of the reasearch were to identify the rice commodity distribution pattern, to identify the profit margin level of rice commodity and to analyse the government policy in suporting the distribution of rice commodity. Research location was in Grobogan Regency as the big third of rice producers in Central Java Province. The unit of analysis were paddy field farmer and the broker of rice commdity in Grobogan Regency. The research results showed that there were three patterns of rice commodity distribution,(1) farmer - merchant middleman - ricemills - merchant wholesellers - retailers - consumers; (2) farmer - merchant middleman - ricemill - retailers – consumers; and (3) farmer - ricemill - merchant wholesellers - retailers - consumers. With such existing distribution pattern, the actors of rice trade able to get their profits. The profit margin in rice distribution are merchant middleman (Rp 150/kg), rice mills (Rp 150/kg), merchant wholesellers (Rp150/kg) and retailer (Rp100/kg). Marketing innovation namely “Tani niaga”on-line base application was one of Grobogan regency government policy which supports farm commodity distribution and marketing system.

Hokkien Merchants and the Kian Teik Tong: Economic and Political Influence in Nineteenth- Century Penang and Its Region

This article explores nineteenth-century Penang’s Hokkkien merchants and their secret society or hui —the Kian Teik Tong (Jiande Tang)—which had a variety of roles and an extensive network. It contextualizes the merchants’ secret society as a transnational socioeconomic and political organization rather than as an overseas Chinese criminal group in the wider Penang area. By recovering Kian Teik Tong and its network, it can be shown how these merchants secured and mobilized labour, capital, and allies in a way that cut across linguistic, ethnic, class and state boundaries in order to establish control of coolies and the lucrative opium, tin, and rice businesses, in order to exert political influence in the colonial and indigenous milieus of the nineteenth-century Penang region. They established a social contract through their Kian Teik Tong relief activities and initiation rituals, and thus were able to recruit thousands of members who were mainly labourers. With such a substantial social force, the merchants launched organized violence against their rivals to attain dominance in opium revenue farming and tin mining businesses in Penang, Krabi, and Perak. The widespread and strategic location of the Kian Teik Tong in Burma also enabled the same merchants to monopolize the Penang-Burma rice trade. The versatility of the Kian Teik Tong’s functions allowed them to operate as an alternative political order vis-a-vis the colonial and indigenous powers. This arrangement allowed the Hokkien merchants to gain significant political clout in confronting the Siamese and Dutch authorities.

PENERAPAN METODE WAVELET NEURO-FUZZY SYSTEM (WNFS) DALAM MEMPREDIKSI HARGA BERAS DUNIA (Studi Kasus: Harga Beras Thailand sebagai Harga Acuan Dunia)

Rice trade is one of the food resistance components in terms of its availability. The comprehensive integration between international commodity rice prices and domestic prices encourage the prediction of world rice prices, using the Thai rice price as the world's reference price. In this study, the wavelet neuro-fuzzy system which combines the wavelet transform and the neuro-fuzzy technique has been applied to monthly predict the world rice price. The observed monthly rice price data are decomposed into some sub-series components by maximal overlap discrete wavelet transform (MODWT), and then the appropriate sub-series that have higher correlation to the real data are used as inputs of the neuro-fuzzy model for monthly predicting world rice prices for six months in advance. The neuro-fuzzy model is begun with determining the membership value of each data using Fuzzy C-Means, followed by fuzzy inference procedure of the Sugeno zero-order model. Obtained results showed that the WNFS method can be used to predict the world rice price, with the error value resulted from learning process of MSE 20,69097 and MAPE 0,65584%. While the error measurement results for the six months in advance prediction shows the acquisition of MSE 3610,14847 and MAPE 13,62334%. Keywords : Prediction of Monthly World Rice Price, Maximal Overlap Discrete Wavelet Transform, Neuro-fuzzy System.

Study trends the general index of a sample of financial markets in the Gulf states by using the candlestick 1/9/2016 and until 1/6/2016 For the period from

The research focused on the study of Japanese candles, one of the techniques in the financial markets, which contribute to guide the investors to get to know market trends, and take decisions of investment right where Japanese candles depends on supply and demand strength in determining the direction of the market, it has been focusing on the general index of the three markets Gulf financial sample to search for the period from 1/6/2016 until 1/9/2016. The importance of the research that candles contribute to making an investment decision process, not only in stocks, but with respect to overall assets if they were used in the rice trade in the first place. This is what gives the adjective is scientifically the investment decisions taken by investors that depend on historical data, as well as an approach that is less complicated compared to the Hereafter types of analyzes, and stay away from random and moods in the decision. The objective of this research is to introduce Japanese candles, types and models, and to define the ability of this tool to contribute to the provision of information and the idea of the direction of the future market, because working on a logical basis, because it depends upon a lot of investors and speculators, where the candle shows the conflict between buyers and sellers which determines the general direction of prices, research hypothesis that the candlestick is one of the ways that guide investors and help them in making investment decisions, and contribute to the knowledge of the market trends which will make the investment process easier and minimizing the potential risks have been built, the study reached a number of conclusions including: Give read candlestick models indications for future trends for indicators the study sample markets that were visible in many trading days, as there is a range of important models in the Japanese candles that have strong connotations assist in investment decision whether to sell or buy.

Politicization of Rice Price: Who Gain and Who Lose from the Populist Policies to Intervene Rice Price in Thailand?

Several studies have agreed that Thailand’s domestic rice price is determined by the global market. However, rice is considered a political good that is related to a large number of people, and the government, therefore, needs to intervene in the domestic rice market in order to reduce the influence of the global market on the domestic rice price and to create balances in the sharing of benefits generated by rice trading among involved parties. This research aims to (1) analyze the effectiveness of populist policies, particularly the scheme of rice mortgage and the scheme of income guarantee for rice farmers, in mitigating the impact of the global market on the domestic rice price and (2) analyze the politicization of rice price with regards to the sharing within the rice-trading sector, including the exporters, the rice millers, and the farmers, of benefits and risks arising from the fluctuation of rice price. The research utilizes time-series data of export rice prices, domestic rice prices, and domestic paddy rice prices in two time periods, including (1) the pre-populist policy period from January 2000 to March 2008 and (2) during the populist policies from April 2008 to April 2014, upon which regression analyses and statistical tests are conducted. First, the results show that adopting the populist policies is effective in mitigating the influence of the global market on the domestic rice price by about 13.33 percent. It also mitigates the influence of the export price pass-through to the paddy rice price by about 35.99 percent. Second, the benefit- and the risk-sharing structures arising from the fluctuation of rice price between the exporters, the rice millers, and the farmers are 1.8305: 0.2232: 97.9463 and 14.9140: 30.7461: 54.3399 before the adoption of the populist policies and during the adoption of the populist policies, respectively. Moreover, different populist policies also result in different benefit- and risk-sharing structures. The different structures are 9.9003: 27.15753: 62.9422, 13.5071: 6.1679: 80.3250 and 5.0864: 15.0578: 79:8558 for the first rice mortgage scheme, the income-guarantee scheme, and the second rice mortgage scheme, respectively.

A Pattern of Organization Management of Entrepreneurial Bugis Merchants Rice Trade in South Sulawesi, Indonesia

This research analyzes the pattern of organization management of entrepreneurial Bugis merchants in South Sulawesi rice trade in ancient times. As for who became informants in this study was the Bugis traders who are still active and which is not a longer active trade of rice. This research is a descriptive analysis using qualitative approach through case studies, but the results of this study indicate that the majority of the Bugis merchants ever existed of his time and experience the ups and downs at the development time and intense competition, technology management and entrepreneurship. They are able to survive long is that implementing the principles of good management with i.e. planning, organizing, and monitoring the movement of the. In addition to that aspect of human resources play an important role in the process of developing the quality of thought, affecting every aspect of action, behavior in building interaction with each other both locally, nationally and internationally, so that this is causing the position of merchants Bugis have competitiveness and different characteristics with other merchants in the field first.