Trade In Human Beings Research Articles

Correlation between Air Pollution and Violence: A Critical Analysis

Climate change is the most relevant discussion point in today's scenario. The research paper explains and analysis the relationship between crime and air pollution. It is important to understand that there is a remarkable increase in crimes in the recent past globally and the same can be correlated to air pollution. Studies suggest that air pollution contributed to the increased crime rate. Recent studies in this context have suggested that air pollution can be directly related to aggressive behavior and which in turn leads to an increase in the crime rate. The paper focuses on harm mitigation rather than retribution when dealing with environmental offences. Awareness of the application of restorative processes in cases of environmental harm is ambiguous and, indeed, exculpatory in nature in present scenario. It is generally accepted that environmental crimes are among some of the most lucrative types of transnational illegal activity. In 2016, their monetary worth is calculated at between US$ 91 and 259 billion annually, most likely the world's fourth largest criminal sector after narcotics, counterfeits, and trade in human beings. In this area, there is indeed a detailed list of violations, i.e., wildlife crimes, illicit mining are few to mention.

Captives of Conquest: Slavery in the Early Modern Spanish Caribbean

This concise yet deeply researched volume joins a growing body of work that attends to the enslavement of Indigenous people in the colonial Americas. Distinguishing her book from studies of Indigenous slavery that focus on the North American mainland and that consider the period from the seventeenth century onward, Stone traces the enslavement of people native to the circum-Caribbean from the beginning of Spanish colonization in the 1490s until the passage of the New Laws in 1542. Arguing that “the search for and profit from Indian captives was central to the development of Spanish colonial institutions,” Stone convincingly demonstrates that Indigenous slavery and the slave trade were integral to Spanish exploration, conquest, and settlement of the Americas (p. 30). By combining archaeological and written colonial sources, she also succeeds in creating a detailed ethnohistorical account of the Caribbean's original inhabitants and their initial experiences of and responses to Spanish contact. The resulting work highlights the key role that Indigenous slavery played in early Iberian expansion while simultaneously striving to keep Indigenous people at the center of analysis.Among the most welcome elements of Stone's work is her careful attention to Indigenous social and political dynamics from the precontact era until the mid-sixteenth century. In chapter 1, Stone makes deft use of available archaeological and archival evidence to analyze fourteenth- and fifteenth-century Iberia and the Greater Antilles, respectively, demonstrating that both societies were dynamic, expanding, and already engaged in practices of slavery that would continue to evolve after contact.Stone's careful reconstruction of the precontact Caribbean—a society that she convincingly shows was shaped by long-distance trade networks long before European arrival—in turn allows her to explore varied Indigenous responses to Spanish arrival. In chapter 2, Stone reconstructs why some Antillean caciques allied with the Spanish, while others—usually those who wielded more power at the time of Spanish contact—did not.Whereas Nancy van Deusen's Global Indios: The Indigenous Struggle for Justice in Sixteenth-Century Spain (2015) explored how freedom suits brought by Indigenous Americans enslaved in early modern Iberia shaped metropolitan understandings of race, Stone is primarily concerned with the demographic, economic, legal, and social consequences of this large-scale trade in human beings in Spain's newly claimed colonies. In chapter 3, she shows how early sixteenth-century debates over Indigenous slavery reveal its importance in both religious and secular affairs, while also illustrating the limits of crown authority in the Americas.Chapters 4 and 5 explore how slaving shaped Spanish colonization of Florida, Mexico, and Central and South America, as Indigenous slavery became “one of the largest businesses in the New World” by the 1520s (p. 104). While some Indigenous captives became “involuntary collaborators” who served as translators and guides for Spanish explorers, thousands more were trafficked to the Andes or the Caribbean (p. 94).As Stone shows in her final chapter, Indigenous slavery in the circum-Caribbean eventually ended not because it was replaced by African slavery but because it became unsustainable. Although African and Indigenous people worked alongside one another in the first decades of the sixteenth century, repeated Indigenous and interethnic uprisings in the 1520s and 1530s, coupled with the increasing availability of enslaved Africans, led the crown to pass the New Laws in 1542. Realizing that “indigenous cooperation was crucial for the economic prosperity of their American colonies,” Spanish officials banned Indigenous slavery even in cases of war (p. 155). Yet much damage had already been done: as Stone shows, Spanish enslavement and forced movement of Indigenous people played an important and little-recognized role in facilitating early colonial expansion. Just as important, other imperial powers “followed the path of Spanish slavers, continuing to enslave indigenous peoples” elsewhere in the Americas (p. 162).The lack of specificity with respect to numbers is a common problem in studies of Indigenous slavery, and Stone's estimate that “between 250,000 and 500,000” individuals fell victim to the Spanish trade may frustrate some readers (p. 7). As Stone explains, however, the nature of available documents complicates the task of quantifying Indigenous bondage. Whereas European slavers trafficked people from West Africa as human cargo, leading them to produce shipping records, Indigenous people were often captured by individual raiders who sought to hide their activities, and “labor-starved residents of the Greater Antilles” proved willing to conceal the origins of their laborers (p. 113). Rather than focusing on numbers, Stone emphasizes how slavery “scattered diverse ethnic groups and cultures across the Americas,” changing the lives of countless individuals and helping to forge new ethnic groups, such as the Kalinago (p. 157).Captives of Conquest is short and readable, making it an excellent choice for courses on comparative slavery, Indigenous history, colonial Latin America, and the Caribbean-Atlantic world. Scholars interested in the origins and consequences of Indigenous slavery in the Americas have much to gain by engaging with this groundbreaking work.

CHALLENGES OF SOCIAL WORKERS PROVIDING SOCIAL SERVICES TO ADULT VICTIMS OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING IN SELECT SHELTERS IN SOUTH AFRICA

Human trafficking is a global multi-million dollar industry which capitalises on the trade in human beings. It inflicts degrading experiences on its victims, hence its characterisation as modern-day slavery. This research aimed to investigate social service provision to adult victims of human trafficking in South Africa. A qualitative approach was used; data were collected using individual interviews and analysed using thematic analysis. The findings indicate that social workers faced challenges such as delays in court cases, complicated trauma, security issues and mistrust – all impacting on service delivery.

Escravismo Atlântico no século XIX: a construção do "internacional" no mar

Este artigo almeja trazer o comércio transatlântico de pessoas escravizadas para o centro do debate historiográfico e teórico das Relações Internacionais, em particular no que tange à formação e evolução do sistema internacional de Estados soberanos. Tal movimento se dá fundamentalmente em dois passos. Em um primeiro momento, promovemos uma discussão nos termos da Escola Inglesa, como tradição teórica que se debruça sobre a evolução histórica da política internacional. Demonstramos, com esse engajamento crítico, o silenciamento da disciplina para a escravização transatlântica como uma “instituição fundamental” da “sociedade internacional”. No segundo momento, avaliamos as consequências teóricas da inclusão do comércio e exploração do trabalho de pessoas no rol de instituições fundamentais que formam a sociedade internacional. Questionamos se tal inclusão é suficiente para desfazer o que identificamos como “silêncio constitutivo” que a escravidão atlântica representa para a disciplina e se a inclusão desta instituição internacional reforma as premissas eurocêntricas sobre as quais se baseia a Escola Inglesa. A partir daí, propomos uma reflexão epistemológica sobre a historiografia das Relações Internacionais que aponta para um diálogo mais profundo entre teoria e história, a partir de evoluções recentes nos campos da Sociologia Histórica e dos estudos Pós/Decoloniais.

Leaving gift-giving behind: the ethical status of the human body and transplant medicine

The paper argues that the idea of gift-giving and its associated imagery, which has been founding the ethics of organ transplants since the time of the first successful transplants, should be abandoned because it cannot effectively block arguments for (regulated) markets in human body parts. The imagery suggests that human bodies or their parts are transferable objects which belong to individuals. Such imagery is, however, neither a self-evident nor anthropologically unproblematic construal of the relation between a human being and their body. The paper proposes an alternative conceptualization of that relation, the identity view according to which a human being is identical with their living body. This view, which offers a new ethical perspective on some central concepts of transplant medicine and its ethical and legal standards and institutions, supports widely shared intuitive ethical judgments. On this proposal, an act of selling a human body or one of its parts is an act of trade in human beings, not in owned objects. Transfers of human body parts for treatment purposes are to be seen as sharing in another human being’s misfortune rather than as giving owned objects. From the perspective of policy-making, the proposal requires, first, that informed consent for removal of transplant material be obtained from the potential benefactor. Secondly, explicit consent by the prospective benefactor is obligatory in the case of removal of transplant material from a living benefactor. Thirdly, in the case of posthumous retrieval, informed consent by the potential benefactor during their life is not ethically indispensable. Additionally, while refusal of posthumous retrieval expressed by a potential benefactor during their life must be respected, such a refusal needs ethical justification and explanation.

Impacts, Causes and Consequences of Women Trafficking in India from Human Rights Perspective

Trafficking has been considered as one of the serious concerns nowadays. Every country has been impacted by the human trafficking throughout the World in spite of Socio-economic status, history or political setup. Human trafficking is the third largest organized crime after drugs and the arms trade across the globe. About 80% of the human trafficking across the world is done for sexual exploitation and the rest is for bonded labour. In Asia, India is considered as the focal point of this crime. International market has been created by traffickers for the trade in human beings based on high profits and demand for commercial sex as well as cheap labour. It is slavery because traffickers use violence, threats, and other forms of coercion to force their victims to work against their will. This includes controlling their freedom of movement, where and when they will work and what pay, if any, they will receive. The physical and mental health consequences of human trafficking are physical symptoms including: headaches, fatigue, dizzy spells, (back pain, memory difficulty pelvic pain, and gynaecological infections. Anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder [PTSD]. Human Trafficking is a complex and multidimensional phenomenon and requires multidisciplinary approach. Any analysis of the root causes of human trafficking must take into account, human trafficking is a violation of human rights and any strategy to eliminate trafficking should be framed within a human-rights perspective by placing the victim at the centre. Victims of trafficking are used for commercial purposes; they are used like products and then thrown away. Gender discrimination further aggravates human trafficking. The objectives of this paper are to explore as well as understand the impacts, reasons and Preventive Measures of human trafficking and also deal with the social taboos associated with human trafficking from human rights perspective.

Turkey-Africa Relations: Opportunities and Challenges

The Continent of Africa had been of great importance to many Countries outside Africa, Since the begining of the slave trade when European slave merchants invaded Africa and estalished the trade in human beings, which forced the migration of millions of Africans to America and the West Indies. Since then, the Continent had faced a continued influx of people for different purposes even after the abolution of slavery. The main attraction to Africa, has been its human and rich mineral resources scattered across the continent, as well as its vast market for foreign goods.This paper examines the relations between the republic of Turkey and countries of the African Continent, especially in 1990’s and 2000’s when the republic of Turkey began to develop interest to have relation with African countries. There were so many reasons that motivated and ignited the interest of Turkey in Africa all of a sudden, and this paper tried to present such reasons and also show how the republic of Turkey tried to establish such relations, the manner in which Turkey went about realising this objective of having deep economic, political and social relation with countries of the African Continent. The paper also tried to look at relations between Ottoman Turkey and Africa, though as a background to the present relations.It tried also to see what challenges there are in this relations, in the future or now, and also tried as much as possible to look at some policy suggestions regarding this symbiotic relations between Turkey and African countries. The paper argues that Pan Africanism poses a challenge to relations between Turkey and Africa and offered some policy suggestions that will deepen integration between Turkey and African States.

Tricks of the Slave Trade

Around 1808, Spaniards’ ability to outfit and successfully complete slaving expeditions to Africa paled in comparison to the skill of French and British slavers. In the wake of British Abolitionism and the Cuban sugar revolution, however, some Spaniards learned the tricks of the slave trade and by 1835 had brought over 300,000 captives to Cuba and Puerto Rico (most went to Cuba). This article presents evidence on the process through which some Spaniards successfully became slave traders, highlighting the transition from early trial ventures around 1809–15 to the mastering of the trade by 1830. It pays particular attention to the operations and perspectives of the Havana-based firm Cuesta Manzanal & Hermano and to the slave trading activities on the Pongo River by the crewmen of the Spanish ship La Gaceta. Although scholars have an increasingly solid perception of the magnitude and consequences of the Cuba-based trade in human beings in the nineteenth century, the small-scale dynamics of this process, ultimately inseparable from long-term developments, remain elusive. This article adds further nuance to our knowledge of the post-1808 surge in the Spanish transatlantic slave trade.

Trade in Human Beings: Evidence of Money Laundering From Sex Trafficking in India and the UK

The lack of data on the economic value-added of sex trafficking is largely explained by the fact that trafficking for sexual exploitation is usually part of the non-observed economy. In fact, the very notion of economic “value-added” may seem inappropriate when applied to sex trafficking and is sometimes rejected by anti-prostitution groups. The legality or illegality of sex trafficking is irrelevant, as both legal and illegal production should be included in the systems of national accounts. By excluding illegal or underground activities, national accounts would simply exclude monetary transactions that actually take place and hence would provide a distorted picture of reality. In view of these facts, the basic structure of criminal organizations involved in cross-border trafficking business and principles of distributing the proceeds between the various levels in these organizations based on the empirical data obtained through the field survey in India and the UK was revealed. The survey comprised 124 respondents from India and the UK, using multi-stage stratified sampling technique. The study also showed the various investment practices, typical money-laundering schemes for proceeds generated from sex trafficking in India and the UK.

PAN-AFRICANISM, KNOWLEDGE PRODUCTION AND THE THIRD LIBERATION OF AFRICA

ABSTRACTPan-Africanism as an ideological and philosophical force has defined the struggle to ensure the collective realisation of the destiny of the Black race across the Atlantic by political and intellectual leaders of African descent both at home and in the Diaspora. The struggle has passed through several phases such as ending obnoxious trade in human beings, colonialism and re-assertion of African identity and sense of being. The epistemological hegemony of the West on knowledge production in African studies and their Eurocentric view of what constitutes the history of Africa as well as what are the appropriate development strategies for the continent constitute another area of struggle for emancipation. Some have argued that a combination of Western reactionary and intellectual forces has kept Africa in chains of poverty and underdevelopment for decades. A counter argument is that Africa is her own worst enemy.The need for intellectual, socio-economic and political liberation of the continent is compelling. This article argues for a Pan-Africanist approach to the realisation of the third liberation of the continent from the shackles of the global matrix of power, which manifest in the perverse form of knowledge production, economic theory and praxis and a political system, the main objective of which is transnational elite accumulation. The proposition is anchored on two historical experiences, in which the first and second liberation of Africa from slavery and colonialism were achieved due to the Trans-Atlantic cooperation between Africans on the continent and those in the Diaspora. Closely aligned to the instrumentality of Pan-Africanism as a reliable force for propelling the third liberation of Africa is the necessity of privileging indigenous knowledge production over exogenous or imported knowledge. In making a case for the decolonisation of knowledge production and complete liberation of Africa, this article employs Mafeje's Afrocentrism as the theoretical basis of interlocution.

Where the Negroes Are Masters: An African Port in the Era of the Slave Trade by Randy J. Sparks, and: Another America: The Story of Liberia and the Former Slaves Who Ruled It by James Ciment (review)

Where Negroes Are Masters: An African Port in Era of Slave Trade. By Randy J. Sparks. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2014. Pp. 309. Cloth, $29.95.)Another America: The Story of Liberia and Former Slaves Who Ruled It. By James Ciment. (New York: Hill and Wang, 2013. Pp. 296. Cloth, $30.00.)Reviewed by Andrew N. WegmannThe Atlantic slave trade stands at center of Atlantic World studies. Indeed, centuries-long trade in human beings from coast of Africa to Americas and Europe has come to define how each society bordering Atlantic explains its cultural and racial demographics. Tales of families tom apart for profit of a white man, of countless numbers taken across Atlantic and forced into fields of Jamaica, South Carolina, and Virginia, have fascinated and frustrated scholars and readers for decades. But rarely have these stories looked back to their origins, situating Africa at center of trade and Atlantic community that made it possible. In Where Negroes Are Masters, Randy Sparks does just that.The strength of Sparks's work lies in its uncommon approach. By placing West African town of Annamaboe at heart of Atlantic slave-trading world, he shifts academic focus of slave trade from American fields and British trading houses to a Gold Coast trading town in which Africans call shots, make enormous profit, and interact as commercial equals with European slavers. Sparks does not mince words, claiming that the successful, capable, and wily merchants of Annamaboe were as integral to Atlantic commerce as those of Liverpool, London, Cadiz, Nantes, Charleston, New York, or Kingston (3). Ruled and owned by Fante people, Annamaboe was a place of commercial as well as cultural exchange, a site where colonial powers of Europe entered into agreements and treaties with reportedly savage, barbarous blacks of Africa. It was a place to which England sent its youngest, brightest captains to serve as governors before they rose in political ranks to North America and Caribbean. In return, leaders (called caboceers) of Annamaboe frequently sent their sons to London and Paris for education, trading experience, and acculturation.But, as Sparks points out, this was all a game. The caboceers at Annamaboe knew that both England and France wanted thousands of slaves leaving coast each year. The young men sent to London and Paris from Annamaboe, like famous William Ansah Sessarakoo, son of powerful caboceer John Corantee, imbibed European culture while also acquiring an intimate knowledge of European side of trade- profit margins, active political disputes, anything leaders at Annamaboe could use to outwit and manipulate their European buyers. Indeed, on a number of occasions French and English nearly came to blows over right of deposit at Annamaboe Road, town's primary port. In end, English muscled French out of region, and constructed a fort in town, for which they paid tribute, rent, and customs duties.The relationship between Africans and Europeans did not stop at trade itself. English merchants, traders, and governors residing in town often took country wives-African women, sometimes mixed-race, who provided relief of carnal urges as well as connections in Annamaboe's merchant elite. Richard Brew, an Irish-born trader who arrived at Annamaboe around 1745, became wealthiest, most powerful private trader on Gold Coast due in part to his marriage to John Corantee's daughter. They lived together at Brew's Annamaboe mansion (called Castle Brew), and raised three mulatto children, all of whom took their father's surname and served as interpreters and traders for Annamaboe until early nineteenth century. As Sparks explains, mulattoes, of which there were many along Gold Coast, bridged cultural and racial gap manifested in their pedigrees. …

A Crossroads in the Fight against Human Trafficking? Let’s take the Structural Route: A Response to Janie Chuang

Even ten years ago, the phrase “human trafficking” might have evoked blank stares in many circles. Today, the existence of a contemporary trade in human beings has blossomed fully into public awareness. Discussion of and expositions about human traffickingappear not only in sensationalist media reports, but also in many other arenas, such as film dramas, documentaries, books and articles by scholars from a variety of disciplines, activist NGO websites, and legislative chambers across the globe.However, some legal scholars as well as other scholars in the human trafficking sphere admit to a growing unease. Why? There is the sense that the label is a mushrooming monster that encompasses or swallows up all forms of human exploitation, identifies or creates stereotypical bad guys and innocent victims, and yet leaves relatively untouched the root causes of the exploitation.

Un ejercicio de acceso a la información sobre la eficiencia en el combate contra la trata de personas en México

An exercise of access to information on the efficiency in combating trafficking in persons in Mexico, contains three sections: Methodology, Access to Information, Procurement and delivery of justice in human trafficking, and their respective conclusions. Trafficking known as slavery of the XXI century is the trade in human beings that takes different forms, including sexual exploitation, labor exploitation, organ removal, forced marriage, forced labor or services and illicit biomedical experimentation.Observatorio Nacional Ciudadano presents this text with the aim of describing what happens in the chain of justice in the matter, statistical databases of official information were generated to measure, with the available information, the number of victims from 2010 to 2013 the state prosecutors have detected, the number of detainees and convicted of this crime, the victim profile, how and where the offense is committed. The results show that there is a 2% success rate in relation to the number of victims in contrast to that of convictions; entities and federation fail to meet the obligation to generate reliable statistical information and easily accessible. This highlights the lack of a strong public policy to combat this phenomenon, because there is no official diagnosis of the extent and severity of this problem in our country.

Transnational Legal Responses to Illegal Trade in Human Beings

Human trafficking, whether for the purpose of sexual exploitation or forced labor or services, is a transnational crime that requires transnational responses. There are a variety of forms of cooperation that are imperative in combating the transnational crime of trafficking. This article will explore the complexity of human trafficking, examine international legal standards of combatting human trafficking, and compare various methods of cooperation. This article will conclude by presenting a set of recommendations for the purpose of incorporating a transnational legal response in any comprehensive strategy to combat human trafficking.

Slaves and Silver across the Strait of Gibraltar: Politics and Trade between Umayyad Iberia and Khārijite North Africa

Abstract Iberian Umayyad relations with the Ibāḍī Rustumids and the Ṣufrī Midrārids have not been well understood. After an initial period of Khārijite rebellion against the Umayyads in the 120s/740s, in which Khārijite revolutions in North Africa spilled over into the Iberian Peninsula, profound ties developed between the Umayyad amīrs, and the Midrārid and Rustumid imāms. In the far Maghrib, where ‘Abbāsid power did not reach, trade—especially the trade in human beings—brought these erstwhile political and religious enemies together. Relationships between these groups lasted well beyond the destruction of the Midrārid and Rustumid dynasties in the early fourth/tenth century. This paper re-examines the textual and numismatic evidence for Ibāḍī, Ṣufrī, Iberian Umayyad (and even early ‘Abbāsid) relations in order to propose that strong economic interests based primarily in the slave trade underlay the political ties that developed in the late second/eighth century between these groups.

Alexis A. Aronowitz: Human trafficking, human misery. The global trade in human beings

Alexis A. Aronowitz: Human trafficking, human misery. The global trade in human beings

Making sense of the relationship between trafficking in persons, human smuggling, and organized crime: the case of Nigeria

Trade in human beings, and Nigeria's role in it, is a contested area. This article first sets out to provide an integrated picture, from the varied academic and policy output, of human trafficking and smuggling, focused on a market picture that is able to incorporate both genders and diverse forms of exploitation, i.e., forced labour, prostitution and domestic servitude. It then outlines how organised crime operates under this model in the specific Nigerian context. Finally, the article reports the main results of a small exploratory study carried out with Nigerian law enforcement officers who work on the front line in tackling trafficking and smuggling.

Making Sense of the Relationship between Trafficking in Persons, Human Smuggling, and Organised Crime: The Case of Nigeria

Trade in human beings, and Nigeria's role in it, is a contested area. This article first sets out to provide an integrated picture, from the varied academic and policy output, of human trafficking and smuggling, focused on a market picture that is able to incorporate both genders and diverse forms of exploitation, i.e., forced labour, prostitution and domestic servitude. It then outlines how organised crime operates under this model in the specific Nigerian context. Finally, the article reports the main results of a small exploratory study carried out with Nigerian law enforcement officers who work on the front line in tackling trafficking and smuggling.

The Rise of Transnational Crime: International Cooperation, State Contributions, and the Role of the Global Political Economy

Crime, War, and Global Trafficking: Designing International Cooperation. By Christine Jojarth. Cambridge University Press, 2009. 342 pp. $30.00 (ISBN-13: 978-0-52171-376-4). Crime and the Global Political Economy. By H. Richard Friman. Volume 16 of the International Political Economy Yearbook. Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 2009. 215 pp. $55.00 hardcover (ISBN-13: 978-1-58826-676-7). The global market for criminal activities such as human trafficking, drug trafficking, money laundering, and weapons smuggling, among other activities, is staggering. The United Nations estimated the global drug trade at $321.6 billion in 2003 (Pollard 2005). Trade in human beings, whether for sexual exploitation or forced labor, is estimated to be between $30 and $40 billion per year, according to Antonio Maria Costa, the Executive Director of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (Rosenthal 2007). And over $1 trillion (733 billion Euros) is estimated to be laundered every year by drug dealers, arms traffickers, and other criminals (Croft 2007). While these global costs of criminal activity are huge, the role of this criminal market in the broader international economic system, and its effects on domestic state institutions and economies, has not received widespread attention from an IPE or political science perspective (Andreas and Nadelmann 2009, in Friman, ed. 2009). Two recent books, Crime and the Global Political Economy , edited by H. Richard Friman, and Crime, War, and Global Trafficking , by Christine Jojarth, have delved into this area, examining the role that global crime and various forms of trafficking and other illicit activity have for both the global economy and security, and for the state. Taking somewhat different approaches, these two volumes offer a number of in-depth case study reflections on the prominent place that global criminal activity plays in shaping state responses to such activity, whether domestically or internationally. Conclusions from the two volumes demonstrate that domestic institutional and cultural structures play a significant role in the acceptance and integration of criminal activities, and globalization has been a facilitating factor in making trafficking and other transnational crimes a part of contemporary politics and economics. These same factors, however, also drive the effective implementation …

Human trafficking, human misery: the global trade in human beings

Chapter 1: What is Human Trafficking? Chapter 2: Human Trafficking: How Serious is the Problem? Chapter 3: Contrasting Perspectives on Human Trafficking Chapter 4: Victims of Trafficking Chapter 5: The Traffickers: Their Methods of Operation and Organizational Structure Chapter 6: Regional Trafficking Patterns Chapter 7: Hidden Forms of Human Trafficking Chapter 8: New Opportunities for Trafficking Chapter 9: Ending Trafficking in Human Beings Appendix 1 Appendix 2 Appendix 3 List of Acronyms References