Trade In Goods Research Articles

The Function of Inland Shipping on Economic Supporting Activities of the South Kalimantan Community 1980-2000

The main problem examined in this research is how the function of inland shipping is to support the economic activities of the people of South Kalimantan in 1950-1970 The results of the research show that the river network has become the economic lifeblood of the population where most of their economic activities are carried out through and on rivers due to shipping activities. Rivers cannot be separated from their role as trade routes. River shipping has an important role in transporting trade goods. Agricultural products and forest products are one of the main commodities transported via river shipping. As a means of traffic, rivers play a role in opening up the isolation of inland areas that cannot be passed by land. The method used in this research uses the historical method through the Heuristic stage (data collection), internal and external criticism of the data obtained, interpretation and historiography of historical writing based on the data that has been obtained according to the researcher's objectives. The novelty of this research is that previous research only revealed the phenomenon of river shipping broadly, then this research focuses on the economic sector. It can be concluded that with the times and the rapid development of technology, the transportation sector has developed. The widespread development of land transportation facilities by creating land roads and bridges to connect between regions can shorten distances and travel times. However, it even has an impact on the economic sector through water transportation routes.

Analysis of potential niche shifts in alien pairs of mantis species (Insecta, Mantodea) with comments on the current taxonomic and ecological knowledge

Due to the pet and goods trade, several animals are now present in regions outside of their traditional native ranges. A peculiar situation has arisen in mantises, insects that are becoming more popular as pets: two genera (Hierodula and Tenodera) have begun to spread around the world, with two Hierodula species overlapping in Europe and two Tenodera species doing the same in North America. Such an event can lead to possible competition with both local taxa and alien congeneric sister species; the latter may reduce the impact of one of the invaders. Additionally, the situation allows the comparisons of niche shifts in displaced mantises, allowing us to understand whether such animals respect general patterns shown in terrestrial ectothermic invasive species. To do this, I adapted scripts from previous publications for analyzing niche overlap (Schoener’s D), niche expansion (E), and unfilling (U) through the centroid shift, overlap, unfilling, and expansion (COUE) scheme using presence records from GBIF and iNaturalist Research-Grade observations and bioclimatic variables available in BIOCLIM, selected according to variance inflation factor (VIF) values. I also evaluated the overlap between the sister species in the non-native range with D. Overall, there was relatively high niche expansion and unfilling patterns shared among the taxa, although species tended to have low abiotic overlap between native and alien ranges, and a relatively high niche overlap was present among congeneric species in the shared non-native area. However, such analyses may be biased due to chosen variables, taxonomic uncertainty, and lack of information on mantises’ ecology; particularly, the situation regarding H. tenuidentata/transcaucasica should be monitored and clarified, given the higher potential invasion risk of these species compared to other mantises and the uncertainties regarding which populations have reached Europe. Additionally, the biology of alien mantises should be studied in more detail in both native and non-native environments given the current critical lack of information.

Policies Affecting the Efficiency of Beef Production in Alberta: A Supply Chain Analysis

Shoppers face high beef prices at the supermarket, but those prices are not a reflection of what Canadian farmers and ranchers earn from their cow-calf herds. In the past 30 years, the average beef producer’s operating margin has never reached $50,000, despite the fact that the average beef farm’s asset base stands at more than $2 million. Better access to export markets, including the U.S., South Asia and North Africa, would help to remedy the producers poor returns. Export prices would need to cover production costs, the largest of which is feed for the producers’ cattle herds, accounting for 77 per cent of the average ranch’s cash costs. As of July 2023, Alberta’s herd consisted of 1.77 million beef and dairy cows. With demand for livestock-derived food expected to jump by 38 per cent in the next 30 years, Canadian cattle ranchers need to take advantage of this global increase through freer trade. Canadian beef can remain competitive globally if the supply chain accesses world markets beyond the U.S., especially in developing countries where consumer incomes are increasing. The industry also needs investments in research, farm extension and supply chain co-ordination from national and provincial self-funded producer groups. Producers must look outward to global trade but be ready to capture new innovations at home. The dominant economies of scale are available to beef processors and finding savings is difficult for farmers and ranchers. However, there is potential for the supply chain to see savings from new technology, which is why investment in continuing support for ranch-level production research is necessary. Producers also need to focus on national co-ordination aimed at protecting trade access and responding to trends in consumer demand for beef. Any new industry policies must also consider key factors that currently affect market demand and expansion including: changing consumer preferences globally, the welfare of animals raised for slaughter and the effects of greenhouse gas emissions on supply chain sustainability. As some of the output and byproducts of the grain production sector provide feed for cattle, policies meant to support the grain sector may be indirectly influencing the beef sector significantly — for good and bad. Infrastructure required for worker safety, animal welfare improvements or improved food safety also adds to the cost of the beef supply. Protectionist trends and increased tariffs pose a threat to the supply chain because they too can create new costs. This is why access to foreign markets is crucial for producers, along with continued investment in research, sector-wide co-ordination to support market access and reviewing crop support to ensure livestock producers are compensated if grain policy changes harm them. Although live animals and much processed Canadian beef are exported to the U.S., fostering good trade relations in Asia and Africa is vital, given the growth in incomes and consumer demand for beef that is predicted for those regions. Free trade is the basis of good agriculture policy and any move towards protectionist policies and higher tariffs is the biggest threat for new costs in the supply chain. Canada’s beef sector requires low-cost access to foreign markets, making free trade policy the single most important policy focus for the sector.

Implementasi Penggunaan Aplikasi Hadirr pada PT. XY

XYZ, is a company engaged in land transportation, distribution of building materials, production of mining materials, and trading of industrial goods. In the current era of globalization, it brings changes to all aspects of life. The development of information technology encourages people to use technology, one of which is the use of online attendance system technology implemented by PT. XYZ is the “Hadirr” application. This research discusses the implementation of the use of the presence application at PT. XYZ aims to find out how disciplined employees are in taking online attendance. This type of research is descriptive qualitative research, research involving 5 informants through observation, interviews and documentation, this identifies factors such as lack of employee discipline, misuse of applications so that employee discipline that has been implemented by the company is less effective. Employee work discipline can be seen from employee compliance in complying with applicable regulations, including punctuality and responsibility for their work. To overcome this problem, companies can provide rewards as a form of appreciation for work, provide additional intensive work, and provide intensive supervision. These steps can improve the employee discipline process so that the company can achieve the desired goals Keywords: Hadirr Application, Discipline, Employee

ANALYSIS OF THE UTILIZATION OF THE HARBOR AREA AT THE PORT OF TANJUNG PERAK

Tanjung Perak Port is the initial gateway to Surabaya which handles more than 40% of international goods trade. In this case, the Kertosusilo Gate Area (GKS) has a very important position with its sea area having the busiest shipping lanes in Indonesia with 15,409 vessels operating at the end of 2021. The dense distribution of port activities in sea transportation creates complex problems which impact on delays in cargo delivery in Tanjung Perak Harbor. Problems that arise include sedimentation due to the construction of the Maspion Indonesia Port terminal, narrowing of sea water and changes in sea area which causes narrowing of the Madura Strait sea area, as well as complaints from port users regarding shipping lanes, anchoring areas in terms of depth, area, Vessel Traffic Services (VTS), services. ship guidance and security. Based on these problems, research was carried out on the utilization and needs of the anchorage area at Tanjung Perak Port. Starting with conducting research preparation, collecting data by compiling data related to the general picture of economic growth, especially in the East Java region as well as operational technicalities and conditions of the Tanjung Perak port. So that we can obtain the results of utilization research for a docking area capacity of 20,330 ships per year with a utility value of the docking area at Tanjung Perak Port of 73.5%.

REVIEW OF FUNDING PROCEDURES ON PT FIFGROUP CILEGON BRANCH

Purpose - In the world of trade in goods and services, the types of transactions that are commonly carried out are payment by cash or credit. PT. Federal International Finance is one of the actors in the business world engaged in business Honda motorcycle credit sales financing. Total financing is dominated by credit. This is done primarily in addition to attracting as many buyers as possible also to make it easier for consumers to manage cash Design/methodology/approach - Financing credit sales of Honda motorcycles to PT. FIFGROUP uses a system and credit financing procedures. The purpose of this study is (1) to analyze the effectiveness of procedures for providing credit funds to customers at PT. FIFGROUP Cilegon Branch (2) To analyze the customer's bad credit control system PT. FIFGROUP Celeron Branch Finding - Observations were made on the results of this study shows In analyzing the feasibility of granting credit to consumers, besides using 5C analysis the company also uses five parameters feasibility in analyzing whether or not the prospective debtor is financed credit, this proves that the company has carried out the process credit approval in accordance with procedures established by the company. Appropriate division of tasks and segregation of functions is control internal company which is one way to minimize risk uncollectible accounts receivable. Keywords: procedures, assessment procedures Automotive.

Risk Reorganization and Hazard Assessment in the Development of Ocean Harbour Construction Using Qualitative Method

The construction industry of India is passing through a very challenging phase. Heavy infra structuring like Ports, Roads & Highway for logistics and transportation , Dam construction for water reserving and irrigation, Airports extension, Urban transportation like Metros, Bus Transport system Flyover poised to grow exponentially within last 15 years. This situation leads to excellent opportunities for the construction industry in terms of business opportunity. In today’s dynamic business landscape, technology and innovation projects play a key role in creating competitive advantages for the Construction companies like TATA Projects Ltd, Italian Thailand Development Cementation India Ltd, HCC Ltd, Larsen & Turbo India Ltd, Afcons Infrastructures Ltd etc. Port & Harbors are the basic infra for the logistics and transportation of goods for international trade. India peninsular the sixteenth largest maritime country of the world surrounded by Bay of Bengal and Indian Ocean. The largest number of injuries occurs in the construction industry has compared to other industries. Many projects are often hampered by underperformance. This indicates the lack of risk management we manage the projects. Thus, reducing the accidents and determining the risks are extremely important. On the other hand, it is impossible to have any projects without risks. Thus, it is much more essential to have an effective risk management rather than trying to eliminate the existing risk. These factors have guided this study to focus on understanding the way risk assessment is performed in the construction projects. A detailed study was carried out to understand the causes of accidents, preventive measures, and development of safe work environment. This paper aims to list-out the hazards & then taking the suitable safety measures/precautions to minimize the hazards. To achieve this aim, the frequency, likelihood and severity of hazards from the most common activities in construction of harbor berth, are assessed. The data for this study were collected by quantitative approach applying semi-structuring interviews with various interviewees holding different roles in the project within a port birth constructions.

Should Healthcare for NCDs Be Equated with Other Goods and Services? — Commodification of Health Care in NDCs

Healthcare services for Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) cannot be simply treated as tradable goods or services. The debate surrounding whether healthcare should be equated to commodities is complex, involving economic, ethical, and social considerations. While market-driven approaches can enhance innovation and efficiency, critics caution against the risks of inequality and the erosion of social solidarity. Commodification of NCD healthcare may worsen existing disparities, prioritize profit over patient well-being, and neglect prevention strategies. Balancing efficiency with equity and preventive measures is essential in managing NCDs effectively while addressing the shortcomings of a commodified healthcare system.

Distortions in China's agricultural virtual water trade: A perspective on value chain decomposition

Due to the exacerbation of climate change, agricultural water security has risen to a prominent position on the global agenda. However, virtual water trade isn't always beneficial for enhancing water resource sustainability; instead, it often leads to serious trade distortion problems due to unreasonable industrial and trade structures. This study employs pathway decomposition method to highlight the path characteristics of such distortions, revealing how virtual water trade distortions occur, why there are regional differences, and what insights can be gained for policy formulation. The study focuses on the agricultural sectors of seven key provinces in China. Findings indicate that virtual water in these provinces' agricultural sectors is predominantly exported through inter-regional and inter-sectoral intermediate goods trade. Furthermore, in regions where virtual water trade distortion is more severe, this characteristic becomes more apparent, leading to significant exports of virtual water. However, the trade chains for importing virtual water are usually short and direct, resulting in a relatively low volume of virtual water imports. These characteristics are closely related to the value chain participation mode. The policy implication is: while "value chain upgrading" has become a trendy term, merely improving trade conditions without enhancing the processing of agricultural products for export, or simply increasing imports of low-end intermediate inputs without upgrading the agricultural input structure for imports, offers no assistance in alleviating virtual water trade distortions. Based on these findings, we propose several differentiated strategies to mitigate virtual water trade distortions.

ACTION THAT CAN BE TAKEN BY THE PARTIES AS A RESULT OF DIFFERENCES IN THE RIGHT TO SUSPEND PERFORMANCE REGULATED IN CISG 1980 AND INDONESIA CONTRACT LAW

The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods 1980 (CISG 1980) and Indonesian contract law have regulated the right to suspend performance. The arrangement is regulated by Article 71 CISG 1980 and Article 1478 of the Indonesia Civil Code (ICC). Until now, Indonesia has not ratified the CISG 1980. This may result in differences in the regulation of the right to suspend performance between CISG 1980 and the ICC. This difference can cause uncertainty for business actors from Indonesia who conduct international trade in goods with partners from CISG 1980 member countries where CISG 1980 applies to contracts that the parties have made. The uncertainty arises because if there is a conflict between the CISG 1980 and the Indonesian Contract Law, the provisions in the Indonesian Contract Law take precedence as mandatory law. This research will analyze the mechanism of the right to suspend performance regulated in CISG 1980 and Indonesia Contract Law. The research method is a comparative normative judicial research method by comparing the mechanism of suspension of the implementation of obligations contained in the CISG 1980 with the Indonesian Contract Law. This research aims to find what efforts can be made by the parties in the event of a difference between the right to suspend performance regulated in the CISG 19880 and Indonesia Contract Law. The results of this research show that the efforts that can be taken by the partiers are to derogate the applicabilityy ofg CISG 1980 as a whole or only derogate the provision of article 71 CISG 1980.

Rethinking digital finance and information and communication technology (ICT) capital impacts on environmental goods trade under carbon neutrality targets

Rethinking digital finance and information and communication technology (<scp>ICT</scp>) capital impacts on environmental goods trade under carbon neutrality targets

Impact of COVID-19 on China Railway Express: A More State-led Approach to Develop Freight Train

The China Railway Express (CR Express) is an international railway freight train organised by China Railway Corporation, which has been travelling between China and Europe since 2011. Since its inception, the volume of the CR Express train has increased year by year and the variety of foreign trade goods has been enriched. During the COVID-19, traditional transport channels such as sea and air transport were severely hit, while the volume and product range of the CR Express grew against the trend. Under the impact of the epidemic, the booming development of the CR Express trains could not have been achieved without the guidance and support of the state, i.e. the CR Express trains moved towards a more state-led development model.

Wirtschaftszahlen der GJAE-Ausgabe 2/2024 (Stand: 15.05.2024)

Wirtschaftszahlen: This database contains general data on the development of agricultural producer and input prices, the consumer price index and foreign trade in agricultural and food goods on a monthly basis for the previous 24 months. In addition, this database comprises important volume and price developments on national and international markets for selected product groups of agricultural products such as grain, livestock, meat, milk and dairy products as well as vegetables, fruit and sugar. This file is only available in German.

CRM Model for Smart Kid’z Preschool

Customer relationship management is abbreviated as CRM. Customer relationship management is not a new concept by any means. Businesses are investing more and more in order to better understand and serve their customers, since it is now commonly understood that this will have a significant impact on their future performance and profitability. Although the idea of customer relationship management has existed since people first began trading goods, the name "CRM" didn't officially exist until the mid-1990s. Businesses are already investing billions of dollars on customer relationship management (CRM) solutions, which are programs and services that help companies manage customer relationships more successfully across all direct and indirect customer channels. A new tool is required to move data from the current database to the server side, where it can be imported or previewed in a CRM database

The Global Transmission of Real Economic Uncertainty

AbstractUsing a sample of 39 countries representing 88% of global GDP, we find that real economic uncertainty (REU) has negative long‐lasting domestic economic effects and transmits across countries. The international spillover effects of REU are both statistically significant and economically meaningful, and trade ties play a key role in explaining its transmission across countries. Innovations to the foreign component of global REU can contribute up to 16% of the future variation in domestic industrial production. This effect is disproportionately larger on its manufacturing component, which contributes the most to the tradable goods sector, than on its retail sales component.

Wirtschaftszahlen der GJAE-Ausgabe 1/2024 (Stand: 15.02.2024)

Wirtschaftszahlen: This database contains general data on the development of agricultural producer and input prices, the consumer price index and foreign trade in agricultural and food goods on a monthly basis for the previous 24 months. In addition, this database comprises important volume and price developments on national and international markets for selected product groups of agricultural products such as grain, livestock, meat, milk and dairy products as well as vegetables, fruit and sugar. This file is only available in German.

Narrative Analysis Of European Union Deforestation Regulations On Indonesian And Malaysian Palm Oil Commodities

The implementation of the EU Regulation on Deforestation-Free Products is the current problem point, so the study refers to implementing deforestation regulation for certain trade goods or commodities. This study provides a brief overview of the EU Regulation on Deforestation-Free Products. The study also aims to examine the development of ASEAN’s trade pattern, especially Indonesia and Malaysia, with the European Union, which will be reviewed below. In order to facilitate the analysis of the European Union’s green economic policies, particularly the impact of the EU Regulation on deforestation-free products, the study needs to develop a research question. How does the EU Regulation on Deforestation-Free Products hinder trade in Indonesian and Malaysian palm oil derivatives and products? Moreover, how about a fair recommendation for solving this problem? Case studies and research on the issue of trade in palm oil commodities in the European Union have been carried out a lot. However, the discussed study tries to provide an argumentative explanation using a narrative analysis approach.

Financial Inclusion, Digital Financial Inclusion and Air Quality: Evidence from Asian Countries

Financial inclusion enables greater access to financial resources and facilitates green energy investments, thus emerging as a potential avenue to mitigate pollution. However, the relationship between financial inclusion and environmental impact is complex, with arguments both for and against its positive effects. This study aims to examine the impact of financial inclusion and digital financial inclusion on air quality in thirteen selected Asian countries. The dependent variables used in this study was the Air Quality Index (AQI). The independent variables were financial inclusion, digital financial inclusion, population growth, net trade of goods and services and gross domestic product (GDP). The findings showed that the proxies of financial inclusion had mix effects on air quality, while a higher level of digital financial inclusion led to a better air quality in Asian countries. This study also revealed that population growth and GDP may somehow affect the air quality of Asian countries as well. These results suggest that Asian countries with lower level of financial inclusion and digital financial inclusion need to improve their citizen’s access to financial resources. Several policies shall be implemented to enhance the level of financial inclusion and the air quality.

REGIONAL COMPREHENSIVE ECONOMIC PARTNERSHIP: REGULATION OF FOREIGN TRADE

The world's largest free trade area in terms of GDP and population – the Comprehensive Regional Economic Partnership (CEP) – has been operating since January 2022. It includes 15 countries of the Asia-Pacific region: China, Japan, the Republic of Korea, all ASEAN countries, Australia and New Zealand. The main agreements within the framework of the VREP relate to the liberalization of foreign trade in goods with the prospect of liberalizing the services market, mutual investments and labor market regulation. The VREP maintains import tariffs in trade between member countries for 20 years. The exception is Singapore, where there are no import duties. The agreement details the procedures for determining the origin of the goods. It provides for an acceleration in the rate of tariff reduction and a departure to previously reached agreements in the case if the existing level threatens the interests of the national economy. The article considers the specifics of regulating tariff policy in the trade of fuel, ferrous metals and clothing, as well as import tariffs on basic foodstuff (cereals and meat) for the most densely populated countries of the European Economic Area. It is noted that import tariffs are absent or reduced for raw materials (coal, oil), but remain the same for manufacturing products (petroleum products, rolled products and ferroalloys). In terms of clothing, both developing and developed countries defend certain positions. There are positions on food (rice, chicken meat) protected by most member countries. The author notes that the interests of food security are more important than the requirements of trade liberalization.

The impact of capital goods trade liberalization on regional labor market in China

The impact of trade liberalization on regional employment dynamics remains a topic of ongoing debate and scrutiny. This study aims to provide a nuanced understanding by focusing specifically on the effects of imported capital goods trade. Our study analysis reveals that capital goods trade liberalization predominantly leads to a substitution effect between capital and labor, resulting in a reduction in overall regional employment levels. However, we also find complementary effects between capital and high-skilled labor, alongside substitution effects on low-skilled labor, which collectively influence the regional labor market's skill structure. Furthermore, our study identifies the heterogeneous spillover effects of capital goods trade liberalization on regional labor markets, varying across different regions and city scales. We argue that investing in region skill development resources can help align the workforce with global factors, fostering positive interaction between regions.