General Trade Research Articles

Transition of Trading Companies, Part 2: Textile Business of General Trading Companies

Transition of Trading Companies, Part 2: Textile Business of General Trading Companies

SUCCESS FACTORS AFFECTING THE ADOPTION OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND THE IMPACTS OF ON ORGANIZATIONAL EXCELLENCE: A CASE TO BE STUDIED IN THE MENA REGION, AND TURKEY IN PARTICULAR

ABSTRACT • Purpose AI adoption behavior requires firms’ preparedness, zeal, and high management support. Adoption is depicted by technology as an affected notion by the technologies internal and external gathering to the corporation in addition to their realized utility, organizational and technical harmony, and learning curve, pilot test experimentation, and intelligibility/illusion (Awa et al., 2015). The research provides supplementary comprehension image regarding adoption success agent, the anticipating defiances; the effect on organizational excellence and post-adoption benefits. • Methodology/approach The study utilizes the descriptive analytical tactic and data collection resources of both primary and secondary resources. Primary resources used mixed data collection instruments of both questionnaires and interviews. Secondary sources included literature review from pertinent previous studies, research papers, periodicals, books and references. The research sample draws from Turkish private business sector firms in health care, education, marketing and advertising organizations, services outlets, financial organizations, general trading & commerce institutions and telecommunications firms. In order to analyze the data, structural equation modeling was implemented. • Findings Total of (11) agents were suggested to critically influence AI adoption. The outcomes exhibit that three agents, namely correspondence, executive support, and observability, directly influence AI adoption. Organization’s technical capacity and perceived relative advantage impact compatibility, but they are indirectly related to AI adoption. Competitive pressure impacts relative advantage of Artificial Intelligence technologies, yet it is relevant to the adoption of Artificial Intelligence indirectly. However, the experimental impacts in this study imply that trialability factor is not linked to AI adoption. It should be noticeable that this factor, in other situations, might still exert influence. • Discussion According to the major research, the extra research examines the function of the external surrounding agents as well as discovers that despite that some of which are not decisive determinants for Artificial Intelligence adoption, they have the ability to affect compatibility, which signals that the external surrounding agents are still considerable in the whole process of adoption. Although it is not intended in the research to collect all agents which affect the adoption of Artificial Intelligence and firm predictable evolvement, in addition that the outcomes could be further tested by future research, it supplies a good grasp and precious scope at which to evolve as well as examine experimental assumptions regarding the relevant sectors. Secondly, similar researches could be conducted elsewhere outside the geographical scope of this research, including additional variables so as to validate the findings of this research. Keywords Artificial Intelligenece, Adoption of AI, Organizational Excellence

Two robust long short-term memory frameworks for trading stocks.

This paper aims to find a superior strategy for the daily trading on a portfolio of stocks for which traditional trading strategies perform poorly due to the low frequency of new information. The experimental work is divided into a set of traditional trading strategies and a set of long short-term memory networks. The networks incorporate general and specific trading patterns, where the former takes into account the universal decision factors for trading across many stocks, while the latter takes into account stock-specific decision factors. Our research shows that both long short-term memory networks, regardless of whether they are based on universal or stock-specific decision factors, significantly outperform traditional trading strategies. Interestingly, however, on average neither has the edge compared to the other, thus remaining ambivalent as to whether universality or specificality is to be preferred when it comes to designing long short-term memory networks for optimal trading.

The crucial role of domestic and international market-mediated adaptation to climate change

Climate change effects on agricultural yields will be uneven over the world. A few countries, mostly in high latitudes, may experience gains, while most will see average yield decrease. This paper aims to quantify the role of market-mediated adjustments in attenuating the effects of climate change by allowing the expression of the new climate-induced pattern of comparative advantages within and between countries. To do this, we develop a quantitative general equilibrium trade model where the representation of land use choice is inspired from modern Ricardian trade models. We use spatially explicit information from the agronomic literature about potential yields before and after climate change for calibration and counterfactual simulations. The results show that the climate-induced yield changes generate large price movements that incentivize adjustments in production and trade. Both production and trade adjustments contribute to reducing welfare losses globally, with production adjustments making the larger contribution.

Concept of Personal Data in Social Media Environment: Effect of General Data Protection Regulation and Trade Secrets Directive

Concept of Personal Data in Social Media Environment: Effect of General Data Protection Regulation and Trade Secrets Directive

Legal Considerations Around Smart Contracts: Contracts Between Computer Programs

Algorithmic trading – where two computer programs deal directly with each other – is a commonplace of modern securities trading. However, in general such trading occurs subject to exchange rule books, or under framework contracts, which establish the legally binding nature of such interactions. When computer programs purport to deal with each other directly outside such a framework, the legal position becomes considerably more complex. This note examines two problems which can arise in such cases; first as to how a contract can be formed at all between two parties in the absence of any conscious act by either party, and second, the consequences for third parties of a finding that such a contract was void or nonexistent.

МІЖНАРОДНА ТОРГІВЛЯ І ГЛОБАЛЬНІ ВИКЛИКИ

The article is devoted to the analysis of trends in international trade in the conditions of current global challenges, including the pandemic that led to the introduction of quarantine restrictions, lockdown, and closure of national borders causing one of the largest economic crises in the last century. The article also aims to substantiate the role of exports for economic development of countries. Important global trends that have been observed are identified, the processes of development of the sphere of international trade are determined, and the position of the World Trade Organization in the researched issues is highlighted. The article outlines the peculiarities of the application of a number of measures aimed at regulating foreign trade flows including a significant restriction of exports of certain categories of goods and simplification of import procedures for goods needed to combat the pandemic in the countries of the world. An econometric model (a panel regression model) is constructed to illustrate the dependence of the gross domestic product of the twenty leading countries on their exports of goods and services. The study proves that the growth of exports of goods and services will directly lead to GDP growth. It is substantiated that, in the conditions of emergence and long-term action of the trends and with a simultaneous absence of means preventing the negative influence of global factors on international trade in general and foreign trade of separate countries of the world, there is a danger of reduction of their role as an important factor of economic growth. The trends of development of foreign trade of Ukraine are considered in the period of the pandemic, in particular its commodity and geographical structure, rates of change of volumes of trade flows. The stress is laid on the high export-oriented raw materials, the steady trend of import dependence and the preservation of the negative balance of the foreign trade balance of our country. The common features and differences in the processes of foreign trade operations by the EU member states and Ukraine are summarized. Emphasis is placed on the need to create effective response mechanisms at the state level that can reduce the negative impact of global challenges on the country’s foreign trade.

General Equilibrium Effects of Trade Liberalization in ECOWAS Countries: Structural Gravity Approach

This study estimates the general equilibrium effects of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) free trade agreement, established in 1990, using the structural gravity model. Following the Anderson et al. (2015) methodology, we used country fixed effects as a proxy for multilateral resistance terms, which are considered as general equilibrium trade costs, to estimate the effects of regional trade liberalization on the ECOWAS member countries welfare. This study used data on 45 partners’ industrial trade flows from 1980 to 2006. The results indicate that trade liberalization has had positive effects on ECOWAS members welfare, via consumer or producer welfare channels. The latter channel induces an important change in real GDP relative to the former channel-countries with higher levels of producer welfare than consumer welfare experience greater changes in real GDP.

A General Equilibrium Assessment of COVID-19’s Labor Productivity Impacts on China’s Regional Economies

This study introduces a database that can be used to analyze COVID19’s impacts on China’s regional economies. This database contains various sectoral and regional economic outcomes at the weekly and monthly level. In the context of a general equilibrium trade model, we first formulate a mathematical representation of the Chinese regional economy and calibrate the model with China’s multiregional input-output table. We then utilize the monthly provincial and sectoral value-added and national trade series to estimate COVID-19’s province-by-month labor-productivity impacts from February 2020 to September 2020. Compared to February 2019 levels, we find an average 39.5% decrease in labor productivity (equivalent to around 305 million jobs) and an average 25.9% decrease in welfare across provinces in February 2020. Both labor productivity and welfare have recovered quickly since April 2020. As of September 2020, average provincial labor productivity increased by 12.2% (equivalent to around 94 million jobs) and average welfare increased by 8.2% relative to their September 2019 levels.

Unilateral Tax Policy in the Open Economy

This paper examines the effects of a unilateral reform of the redistribution policy in an economy open to international trade. We set up a general equilibrium trade model with heterogeneous agents allowing for country asymmetries. We show that under international trade compared to autarky, a unilateral tax increase leads to a less pronounced decline in aggregate real income in the reforming country, while income inequality is reduced to a larger extent for sufficiently small initial tax rates. We highlight as a key mechanism a tax-induced reduction in the market size of the reforming country relative to its trading partner, resulting in a firm selection effect towards exporting. From the perspective of a non-reforming trading partner, the unilateral redistribution policy reform resembles a unilateral increase in trade costs leading to a deterioration of terms-of-trade and a decline in both aggregate real income and inequality.

RETRACTED: Heterogeneity perspective effect of environmental regulation on enterprise export products switching: Evidence from Chinese firm-level data

Under the constraint of enterprise heterogeneity, environmental regulation will affect the re-allocation of resources among products. Appropriate product switching can make China’s export trade powerful, promote the high-quality development of export trade, and realize the win-win situation between environmental protection and export trade. Based on the related theories of environmental economics and international trade, this paper uses the matching data of China’s industrial enterprises and customs import and export trade in 2000–2013, then uses the fixed-effects model to test a total of 410,326 samples of 114,897 enterprises. We empirically analyzed the impact of environmental regulations on the export products switching from the perspective of heterogeneity. We found that: the intensity of environmental regulations is positively correlated with the total switching rate of export products, the increase rate of export products and the export product obsolescence rate. Environmental regulations have a greater impact on the export products switching of general trade enterprises than on processing trade; the impact on private and foreign enterprises is greater than that on state-owned enterprises; the impact on high-tech enterprises is greater that than on low and medium-tech enterprises; through theoretical analysis and empirical test, this paper reveals the mechanism and its promotion effect of environmental regulations on the export products switching of heterogeneous Chinese enterprises, which provides theoretical and practical support for the enhancement of China’s export products international competitiveness and environmental improvement.

TRADE AND ECONOMIC COOPERATION BETWEEN US, CANADA AND MEXICO IN THE CONTEXT OF NAFTA AND USMCA AGREEMENTS

The development of the USA, Canada and Mexico is studied taking into account the signing of the new USMCA Agreement, and some differences from the previous NAFTA are presented in accordance with modern challenges. The foreign trade of the association and its separate member states is analysed, their shares in the general trade are determined, and basic indicators of international trade are calculated. The main directions of trade flows and the importance of partner countries with regards to each other are identified. Exports are analysed taking into account the periods before and after the conclusion of the Agreement, while changes of intra-regional trade between the partner countries are investigated. Particular attention is paid to the study of foreign trade in agricultural products. Its share in total trade in goods is defined, the basic indicators are analysed, features concerning directions are determined. Trade trends taking into account North-South integration are considered, and the corresponding features are revealed. The importance of the agricultural sector in the new USMCA Agreement is presented as a result of the consideration of trade policy for agricultural products. It is proposed to take into account certain provisions of USMCA when concluding regional trade agreements of Ukraine in the future, as well as the possible impact on trade with Ukraine.

Smoothing the adjustment to trade liberalization

We use a dynamic general equilibrium trade model with comparative advantage, heterogeneous firms, heterogeneous workers and endogenous firm entry to analyze economic policy meant to compensate the losers of trade liberalization and reduce the ensuing wage inequality. We consider several instruments of economic policy: a wage tax to redistribute income between skilled and unskilled workers; sector-specific consumption taxes and profit taxes to affect inter-sectoral wage inequality; sector-specific firm entry subsidies, worker sector-migration subsidies and training subsidies to speed up the adjustment process. We find that the re-distributional and efficiency effects of these instruments differ very much. Probably the most potent instrument to reduce the wage inequality after trade liberalization are training subsidies. They increase the supply of skilled workers and thereby reduce the skill premium. The policy also generates inefficiencies because too many workers are trained, but the costs of these inefficiencies are relatively low.

National Defence Under Alternative Trade Policy Regimes: Theory and Evidence from Developing Countries

Defence mechanism for any nation is the way through which internal as well as external geo-political condition can be stabilised. Moreover, defence sector can also be treated as one of the most potential sectors regarding financial transactions and the relevance of it is valid both in autarky and in the regime of international trade. Using Granger Causality for a panel of 27 developing countries across Asian and South American continents, we have found that different trade measures are playing major role in the way of functioning of national defence. For further analytical purpose and also to select the most effective trade policy regime among the alternatives, we have adopted a trade theoretic framework. In this regard, we have used a four-sector general equilibrium trade model with special emphasis on defence as well as R&D to defence to illustrate the impact of trade liberalisation on defence system. From such setup and by using bootstrap policy simulation we have found that trade liberalisation in the form foreign direct investment (specific to the R&D to defence) as the most effective trade regime to claim gains from trade in the presence of defence dualism for any small open developing economy. Such comparative statics is critical from the policy perspective. Policymakers should be cautious before defence industry liberalisation. JEL Codes: H56, C33, F11, F14, F21, D58

EVALUATION OF PARTNERSHIP RELATIONSHIP IN ORGANIC VEGETABLE SUPPLY CHAIN IN CV. KURNIA KITRI AYU FARM MALANG

Market demand for organic vegetables at CV. Kurnia Kitri Ayu Farm continues to grow according to consumer needs. Market development is determined by the quality and continuity of the marketing distribution. To maintain this, in its business activities CV. Kurnia Kitri Ayu Farm established partnerships with several parties. The objectives of the research were 1) Knowing the supply chain of organic vegetables both in partnership and non-partnership with CV. KKAF, 2) Knowing the partnership patterns formed in the CV. KKAF, 3) Evaluating trust, commitment, communication, satisfaction, and dependence in organic vegetable supply chain partnerships. Respondents in this study consisted of the head of partner farmer groups, owners of CV. Kurnia Kitri Ayu Farm and the head of staff as a permanent partner for the home industry (baby care). The results showed 1) The flow of the organic vegetable supply chain consisted of the flow of goods, the flow of money, and the flow of information, 2) the partnership patterns contained in the organic vegetable supply chain, namely the plasma core partnership pattern, subcontracts, and general trading, 3) All parties in the supply chain on average feel very confident, have a very good commitment, communicate frequently, feel satisfied, and are very dependent on the performance of its partner members.

IDENTIFICATION OF PARTNERSHIP PATTERNS AND RICE DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS AS THE MAIN COMMODITY IN SIDENRENG RAPPANG DISTRICT

Sidenreng Rappang Regency is one of the rice providers in South Sulawesi Province in supporting food self-sufficiency in Indonesia. However, there are several problems faced by farmers in Sidenreng Rappang Regency, namely farmers have not been able to optimize their production results due to limited information in determining selling prices, while through a partnership pattern it makes it easier for farmers to obtain information about marketing and other problems, namely the length of distribution channels experienced by farmers. causing the selling price of rice to be classified as very low. The purpose of this research is to identify or study the partnership patterns and distribution channels that have been carried out by rice farmers in Sidenreng Rappang Regency. This research was conducted in Sidenreng Rappang Regency which took place in May-August 2020. The method used was observation and interviews involving 10 rice farmer respondents, then the data were analyzed to determine the implementation of the partnership pattern in the form of a descriptive method and to detect the distribution pattern of rice commodities. Based on the results of the research, the partnership pattern in the rice distribution channel in Sidenreng Rappang Regency is included in the category of general trading patterns, namely by marketing unhulled grain products to rice milling companies through intermediary traders. The implementation of the rice distribution channel system begins with farmers - collectors - rice milling companies, then distributed to two business actors, namely large companies and retailers to the final level to consumers.

일본종합상사의 지속가능경영 활동에 관한 탐색적 연구

일본종합상사의 지속가능경영 활동에 관한 탐색적 연구

The Influence of Motivation on Performance with Work Satisfaction as Moderation Variables

The phenomenon of job satisfaction, motivation and employee performance is one of the factors that determine the success of an organization to be strong and run well. The more aspects of the work that are in accordance with individual desires, the higher the level of satisfaction felt, and vice versa. PT. Dharma Guna Citra (Ceria) is a company engaged in general trading and general contracting. This study aims to determine the effect of motivation on employee performance, find out job satisfaction has an effect on employee performance and find out job satisfaction moderates the relationship between motivation and employee performance at PT. Dharma Guna Citra (Ceria). This study was analyzed using simple and multiple linear regression analysis and Moderated Regression Analysis (MRA). The data of this study were obtained from 86 employee respondent answers. The conclusion of this study supports the proposed hypothesis, namely: Motivation has a positive effect on employee performance, Job satisfaction has a positive effect on employee performance and Job satisfaction strengthens the influence between motivation and employee performance.

The Impact of Macroeconomic Factors on Manufacturing Sector Value Added in Ethiopia: An Application of Bounds Testing Approach to Cointegration

The role of the manufacturing sector for the economic growth and structural change is very low in Ethiopia and performing less compering with that of the other sectors in the economy. So, this research tried to look at how different macroeconomic variables affect the manufacturing sector value added by using annual time series data from 1982 to 2018 estimated by Autoregressive-Distributed Lag (ARDL). The result from the Bound test shows manufacturing sector value added has a long-run relationship with macroeconomic variables in the model. In the long-run, general inflation rate, exchange rate, and trade openness have a significant negative effect on the manufacturing sector value-added. In contrast, general government expenditure has a significant positive effect. Also, the Error Correction model shows an adjustment towards the long-run equilibrium of the manufacturing sector value-added. So, the government has to control the general inflation level, promote demand for domestic manufacturing products and competitiveness of domestic firms, and strengthen the backward link of the sector to decrease its import-input dependency to reduce the effect of exchange rate depressions. Lastly, effective and efficient government expenditure will have to be used to increase the manufacturing sector value-added.

L'entrepreneuriat féminin au Mali : cas de la commune I du district de Bamako

The objective of this article is to contribute to the body of knowledge of female entrepreneurship in Mali. Thus, we investigated female entrepreneurship in the commune I of the district of Bamako in Mali with the following objectives: the study of the individual characteristics of women entrepreneurs, their motivations and the difficulties they encounter. Through a quantitative method, a questionnaire was submitted to 52 women entrepreneurs in commune I of the district of Bamako. Finally, 51 questionnaires were usable. After analyzing the data using the SPSS software, the results show that the female entrepreneur in commune I of the district of Bamako works in the informal sector in small businesses and does general trade as main activity. When she is married, she has the support of her husband. She financed her business with the support of the parents and practices necessity entrepreneurship. On the other hand, access to finance remains the greatest difficulty when setting up a business. Marketing and communication issues are the main difficulties in running the business.