Trade Figures Research Articles

Logistics Performance Index of Africa: An Indicator for Türkiye and Africa Trade Relations?

The logistics performance of countries is important in trade flows. As part of the supply chain process, logistics is the backbone of trade processes. In this direction, the Logistics Performance Index (LPI) put forward by the World Bank can be considered as an indicator. With the LPI, countries have the opportunity to evaluate the effectiveness of their activities in trade and logistics. The aim of the study is to rank and analyze African countries with the integrated Entropy-MOORA Reference Approach using the LPI values for 2023. In order to increase the depth of the study, an evaluation is made based on the trade data between Türkiye and African countries for 2022. The study aims to rank African countries on the basis of six criteria defined by the MOORA Reference Approach and to provide a perspective on the development of Türkiye’s trade relations with African countries in line with trade figures. According to the results of the study, South Africa ranks first, Botswana second, and Libya last in the ranking of LPI countries. Türkiye’s trade volume with the continent, South Africa ranks fifth, Botswana fifty-third, and Libya third. Therefore, there is no correlation between LPI and trade data in current situation.

The Political Economy of Pandemics’ Influence On Hegemonic Shifts: A Comparison of the Influenza of 1918 and COVID-19

Following the World Health Organization (WHO)'s declaration of ending the public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC) for the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2023, this study seizes the opportune moment to analyze it alongside its historical precedent, the Influenza of 1918, commonly known as the Spanish flu. Amid the ongoing US-China rivalry for global leadership, the COVID-19 pandemic broke out when a century had elapsed since the Influenza of 1918. This analysis aims to test the hegemonic cycles approach of the World Systems Theory and to contribute to the literature of international political economy. The hegemonic cycles approach of the World Systems Theory calls for an analysis of the figures of industrial production, international trade, and finance to judge the changes within the international economy as a hegemonic shift, which occurs at 100-150 years in a circular nature. This study furthermore adds up the figures of GDP per capita to the analysis to provide insight into the level of welfare offered by the ascending hegemons to their citizens vis-à-vis the descending ones. Thus, changes in GDP per capita, industrial production, foreign trade, and finances of the UK vs. the US during the Influenza of 1918, and the US vs. China during COVID-19 provide insights into the political economy of pandemics in terms of their impact on changing hegemonic orders. The findings reveal that both pandemics triggered a period of hegemonic shift that was preeminent on economic terms within the international order.

Efforts to Innovate Favouring the Absorption of Foreign Direct Investment So as to Achieve Beneficial Outcomes from Innovation

This piece of work provides new findings about the effects of interactions between efforts to innovate and foreign direct investment on the results of innovation in Spanish firms. Examples of beneficial outcomes would be patents, as well as new products and processes. In addition, consideration will be given to the innovation activities that can favour from foreign direct investment in such a way as to attain innovation objectives of this sort. The source of the information used is PITEC, the Spanish Panel for Technological Innovation, together with figures from DataInvex, which contains the official statistics on foreign investment and other trade figures, provided by the Spanish Ministry of Commerce. In this study, we use logistic regression models to explain the impacts that attempts to innovate have upon the absorption of the foreign direct investment to attain the innovation outcomes. R&D expenditures, external collaboration, and public funds for innovation favour the absorption of Foreign Direct Investment to achieve beneficial outcomes from the innovation.

The Effects of Globalization and Multinational Companies on Turkey’s Export

With globalization, historical blocks have emerged ascribing a vital place to globalization and the worldwide integration of capital. Those blocks asserted globalization’s unquestionable acceptance and supported and advocated it. Consequently, developing countries, including Turkey, started to adopt policies to promote foreign direct investment via different incentives to eradicate the lack of capital and technology in the 1980s. Turkey presents those support to those multinational companies across a variety of industries, including automobile, chemicals, and energy. In fact, Turkish exports have risen more than seventy-five-fold, reaching 225 billion dollars in 2021, compared to 1980. Those multinational companies also played a major role in this increase. The share of those companies’ exports in total export was approximately 18 percent between 2007 and 2017. However, their share commenced declining in 2019 which fell to 12 percent in 2021. Besides examining the top ten exporters of Turkey in 2021, we see that half of them are multinational companies, operating in the automotive sector. Moreover, the said sector was the leading exporter for more than 15 years till 2022. Assessing the foreign trade figures of those multinationals in the automotive sector, we see that their imports are also large, particularly those from their production centers. Such that they import approximately 70 units against 100 units of exports. This phenomenon severely deteriorates the current account balance of Turkey.

The mystery of misreported trade: A novel method to identify distorted trade figures

AbstractThis research shows that misreporting of trade is rampant, which markedly reduces the quality of reported bilateral trade data. We devise a novel methodology to correct for misreported bilateral trade while accounting for the composition of product types and for trading partners. Based on bilateral data for 196 countries in the world at the product level over the period 1996–2017, we find that (i) our corrected trade data are significantly more reliable than reported data; (ii) our corrected data are significantly more reliable than data based on conventional misreporting correction methods; (iii) corrected trade balances are often quite distinct from their reported counterparts; (iv) capital flight is the most important source of misreporting and (v) the misreporting propensity tends to cluster geographically, with the main offenders often deviating from common perceptions in the literature. Based on estimates of the gravity model, we show that geographical characteristics are more influential than institutional variables in explaining misreporting.

The Foreign Trade of Greece and the EU during the Economic Crisis (2008) and the Health Crisis (2020)

This paper examines the foreign trade of Greece compared to the foreign trade of EU28 during the Economic Crisis (2008) and the Health Crisis (2020). Based on the findings of relevant scientific literature, the quantitative data of external trade (exports, imports, trade balance) are recorded and analyzed methodologically. At the same time, the terms of trade and the degree of extroversion of Greek commerce compared to the corresponding figures of the EU28 during the period of the economic crisis (2008-2018) and the health crisis (2020-2021) are extracted. According to previous scientific literature in times of crisis, the volume of foreign trade at international, regional and national level is also bearing, among other financial figures.The economic crisis (2008) and the implemented harsh restrictive measures due to fiscal contraction resulted, among other consequences, in the reduction of income and internal demand, that the businesses confronted, strengthening their commercial extroversion, while for the same reasons imports decreased, resulting in an improvement in the trade balance, the terms of trade and the degree of commercial extroversion. Accordingly, from the current data, it seems that the exports of both Greece and the EU28 decreased to about the same extent during the period of the Health Crisis (2019-2020). As far as the external trade figures are concerned, it appears that the Greek degree of sensitivity to the effects of crises is greater than that of the EU28. Indeed, it appears that exports are less vulnerable to the effects of crises than imports. This behavior of Greek foreign trade can be explained by the sectoral composition of exports, in which the greatest relevance is attributed to the products with great elasticity of demand in terms of income, by the smaller size of enterprises and hence the limited access to commercial loans and external financing, but also by the lack of competitiveness of exported products in terms of added value, quality and price, compared to those of the EU28 and especially of the most developed countries. Suggestions for further research are to expand the period of the data taking into consideration the period of 2021 and solving dilemma how the new geopolitical crisis of Russia and Ukraine will affect the international trade relations, bonds and transactions.

Türkiye Otomotiv Sektöründe Endüstri İçi Ticareti Etkileyen Faktörler Üzerine Ekonometrik Bir Analiz

Purpose: It is to empirically examine the factors affecting intra-industry trade in the automotive sector between Turkey and 24 OECD member trade partners. Design/Methodology: The determinants of intra-industry trade were tested with panel data analysis in the automotive sector. As a result of the test carried out to determine the model, regression analysis was performed with the Driscoll-Kraay standard error estimation method. Findings: The variables market size, development level, and trade openness have a positive impact on intra-industrial trade, while the variables market size difference, income inequality, and geographical distance have a reverse impact on intra-industry trade. Limitations: Export and import data for 2003–2019 are used in international trade figures in the 3-digit Standard International Trade Classification, SITC Revision-3. Originality/Value: Empirical application on the factors affecting intra-industry trade in the Turkish automotive sector is considered to be important and different in terms of subject.

The access to CETA quotas: Extending CGE models with a market for quota licenses

Abstract We analyze the market dynamics that are caused by tariff-rate quotas, particularly the effects of quota license allocation between heterogeneous commodities at the tariff line level. The allocation is endogenously modeled with a mixed complementarity problem approach for the case of the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement between Canada and the European Union. The model results are compared both with alternative models that resemble pre-existing approaches and with the real trade figures that have been collected since the trade agreement's implementation. Our analysis shows a bias toward more expensive commodities if the shadow value of a quota license manifests in a secondary license market. The same quota can thereby be binding to some commodities but not so for others. This feature of quotas can be crucial for policymakers who are concerned about price effects or who want to understand the effects of lumping together commodities of different quality in one quota.

HOW WILL UKRAINE-RUSSIA WAR AFFECT TURKISH TRADE?

The Ukraine-Russia war continues to threat international trade and global supply chains. This article analyses the impacts of Russia-Ukraine war on Turkey’s exports and imports. For this purpose, we analyzed 4-digit Harmonized Tariff Schedule (HTS) Turkey-Russia and Turkey-Ukraine trade figures between 2016 and 2020 to reveal the prospective most affected sectors from the conflict. Our findings show that Turkey’s agricultural exports both to Russia and Ukraine will be affected negatively by the conflict. The exports of citrus fruits and tomatoes are expected to shrink. Other Turkish exporters which will feel the squeeze are the producers of motor vehicles, petroleum oils and machinery. Turkey may get into trouble in importing various iron and steel products, wrought aluminum, wheat, coal, natural gas, petroleum oils and ammonia from Russia if the sanctions would harm the ability of Russian traders doing business. Importing semi-finished products of iron, wheat, sunflower, maize or corn, various iron and steel products, ferro alloys from Ukraine may be problematic for Turkey as Ukraine takes a significant double-digit share in Turkey’s imports of these goods. It appears global rise in food and energy prices could exacerbate Turkey’s budget deficit and deteriorate already rising domestic inflation, which may in turn hit Turkish traders in the medium term.

Environmental effects on perishable product quality and trading under OBOR supply chain different route scenarios.

The world becomes advance rapidly, and the demand of perishable food increases in the global market. Food firms perceive the cheapest supply chain process for the delivery of products to end consumers. Apart from that, consumer demands high quality and safe products with competitive price. In the global intense competition, China introduced One Belt One Road (OBOR) advanced feature supply chain management system to cut the cost of production for these product firms as well as functionally deliver high quality and green products to end consumer without affecting from high environment temperature. Respectively, the graphical research model and the multi-objective method were developed to examine the estimated perishable product trading figures with consideration to quality, which is achieved by accumulating the advanced transportation features offered by OBOR supply chain management as compared to ancient rail route supply chain. To prove this, "simulation optimization function was applied to measure the probability of time-saving for perishable product quality from environmental effects and its influences over product demand." Some perishable products were selected, and their trading figures and demand value were measured by comparing both rail route environmental effects over demand, weights of products, and trade. The results declare perishable food quality and trading volume increased due to fast delivery of products to numerous countries, having cold supply chain feature under OBOR supply chain management and estimated 25days of time-saving. Comparative analysis discloses the coherent picture of both trading routes used for delivering the products. "The findings show large amount of time-saving maximizes perishable product quality from environmental influence" estimated 3 times higher with fast train supply chain. Conceptually, perceived from the idea, when and if maglev train 600km over an hour will be used for perishable product supply chain purpose in the near future, the estimated quality of perishable products and trading is considered to be more than 5 times higher as compared to ancient supply chain route. The study suggests future research direction on topics, food quality along with supply chain management system, and environmental impact measurement policy under different supply chain routes.

Trade in factor income and the US-China trade balance

US multindoational enterprises sell considerable amounts of products to China's domestic consumers that are “made” in either China or other countries. However, these sales are not counted as US exports to China. To account for this, we propose a beyond-borders approach to measuring trade flows that explicitly considers firm ownership, termed “trade in factor income (TiFI),” that defines the US-owned factor income induced by China's final demand as US exports to China. Applying this approach to OECD data, we find that on average from 2005 to 2016 in TiFI terms, US exports to China were 20.34% and 8.21% greater, China's exports to the US were 1.64% and 16.04% less, and the US trade deficits with China were 17.4% and 32.0% less than the trade figures reported in value added and gross terms, respectively. The concept of TiFI transforms trade measures from a territory-based “made in” label to a factor income-based “created by” label.

Dampak Konflik Laut Cina Selatan Terhadap Hubungan Perdagangan Cina dan Korea Selatan

In the research of this thesis, the authors conducted a study aimed at determining the relationship between the South China Sea conflict and trade relations between South Korea and China. The types of studies used are descriptive qualitative as well as quantitative. This type of writing is used to provide a clear picture of what is happening in the South China Sea that could affect international trade. While the data collection technique used was literature study, by searching for data relevant to the case study through national and international journals, statistical data, online news, and internet sources. The data obtained are primary data. Data analysis techniques used are qualitative and quantitative analysis techniques. The results of the study obtained by the authors, that is, there are two effects of the South China Sea conflict on trade relations between South Korea and China. First, trade instability in the South China Sea resulting in a decline in trade figures due to escalating conflict. Second, China's dominance in the South China Sea, which as a major player plays an important role, especially controlling the South China Sea and putting pressure on other countries. It often acts as a trigger for conflict even as China benefits from the South China Sea conflict. For South Korea-China trade relations that are more disadvantaged by South Korea, although an indirect influence, there are other dynamics that affect the relationship between the two such as THAAD

Dinamika, obim i struktura spoljnotrgovinske razmene Republike Srbije

The COVID-19 pandemic has changed global economic perspectives and led to a turning point in economic trends around the world, as well as in the Republic of Serbia. With a detailed analysis of key figures of external trade of goods, the main aim of this paper is to appraise the position and results of the Republic of Serbia in the field of foreign trade exchange, as one of the most important indicators of economic activity. The methodology covered in the paper includes qualitative research techniques, such as analysis, comparative analysis, and synthesis. The first part of the paper deals with the trend of external trade in the past three decades, with special reference to the effect of the crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. The second thematic unit analyzes the structure of the Republic of Serbia's foreign trade, according to the economic purpose of goods and the classification of activities. The focus of the third part is the territorial distribution of foreign trade of the Republic of Serbia by main economic and geographical zones, ie countries of purpose and origin. Finally, concluding remarks are given. We found that the Republic of Serbia has many possibilities to improve external trade, which should primarily focus on increasing exports, in quantitative terms, but at the same time not to fail to raise the quality and value of our export products.

A REVIEW OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT IN GHANA TOWARD FOREIGN TRADE

It has been established that economic globalization is an important area of research when it comes to doing business across borders and has impacted it in many ways. International trade, though largely an economic activity is governed by rules and regulations. For example, assistance giving through subsidies makes the exported products cheaper and more affordable and may provide additional incentives to produce same products by domestic enterprises.
 The main goal of this work is to perceive implications of how the administration of policies on international market penetration by domestic producers in Ghana affects foreign trade and how to conduct business across borders, rules and regulations of the country. For this purpose, the paper identified how regulations of foreign trade can influence the way exporters and importers conduct business and the way to manage them.
 The work has provided, first of all, a review of the foreign trade figures of Ghana, trade barriers and import prohibitions as a protectionism to protect domestic producers. Then review of established potential ways and opportunities of improving Ghana’s foreign direct investment in the framework of international trade has been conducted and justified.
 The outcomes of proposed reviews helped the authors to clarify ways of improving and enhancing business development in the framework of foreign trade in Ghana. The methodological basis for this work were peer-reviews journal articles, acclaimed internet publications, personal data analysis and calculations.

Herşey Bir Gülümseme için mi? Yoksa Bağımlılık Oluşturmak için mi? Türkiye’nin Kalkınma Yardımlarının Analizi

Purpose: The purpose of this research is to investigate whether foreign assistance is provided towards the development of the aid-receiving country or it is in line with their national interests by addressing the relationship between Turkey's foreign aid and foreign policy.
 Design/Methodology: In the study, Turkey's foreign aid between 2002-2018 was obtained through data published by TIKA and AFAD; foreign trade figures with these countries were obtained through statistics published by TUIK and It was analyzed based on the foreign policy implemented by the AK Party in the light of dependency approach. Hereby an answer was sought to the question of whether a dependency relationship has been established with the aid receiving country.
 Findings: As a result of the analysis, it was concluded that the aids granted between the years 2002-2018 included both aspects (creating dependency and national interest), but such aid, contrary to what often pointed out in the literature, could not make Turkey a strong actor in this area and Turkey still has a limited capacity.
 Originality/Value: Although there are some qualitative and quantitative studies in the literature about this issue, handling of foreign aids that Turkey made in the context of national interest-foreign policy and its analysis through a dependency approach, constitute the original value of this research.

Impact of China's waste import policy on the scrap copper recovery pattern and environmental benefits.

The international trade weight of scrap copper has exceeded 6 million tons annually over the past two decades. China introduced the "National Sword" policy in 2017, which brought uncertainty to the international recycling of scrap copper. We use the international scrap copper trade figures from 1998 to 2019 in UN Comtrade, and seek to analyze the impact of China's import ban by setting up a difference-in-differences (DID) model based on the gravity model. The results show that 1) The ban has promoted the development of regional trade and improved the quality of scrap copper in international trade. The unit value of imported scrap copper in China has risen by 58%. 2) China's import ban has reduced the import weight of scrap copper by 68.6% and its value by 44.4% without the influence of other socioeconomic factors. 3) China's import of copper scrap is concentrated in coastal provinces. Guangdong Province has been most heavily affected. The imports of low-quality copper scrap in Guangdong have decreased by 94%. 4) The import ban reduced the environmental impact in China by 36.6%, but the global environmental impact has increased because of the gap in recycling technology, especially in developing countries. These discoveries will be beneficial to predict the future of international scrap copper recovery, and help rule makers formulate trade and environmental policies.

How realistic is the China–Pakistan–Iran economic corridor?

The economic and political influence of China in the Asian region is growing amidst global geopolitical challenges. Economic corridors such as the new Silk Road have been identified as enablers of strategic growth and geo-economic power development in a context of significant political instability. Beijing's strategic approach and the importance of Pakistan and Iran to its aspiration to realise China's dream through its Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) are examined in this comparative study. The rising role of China in the region and its engagement with Iran and Pakistan and the part that these two countries can play need careful attention. Political and economic joint interests have brought together these three countries with significant links to China's economic corridor and energy projections. But the future of the partnership is very fragile as it is characterised by historical hostilities between Iran and Pakistan that can act as a major impendiment to China's ability to progress. In addition, economic and trade figures show an unbalanced relationship that clearly favours Chinese interests. The BRI and the Chinese plans for those territories still remain blurry as any long-term crisis that characterises fragile and complex international alliances.

“Asymmetric Export Volatility Shock Behaviour” of Lower Middle Income (LMI) Countries in South East Asia During COVID-19 Pandemic

COVID-19 Pandemic still affecting all countries. South Asian economies and that particularly India is no exception. Because of this “uncertainty shock”, India’s GDP has contracted by 3.1percent in the last quarter of 2020. The present empirical work covers broadly the “asymmetric spillover and related noisy shocks” surrounded with trade (export) volatility about LMI nations in “two phases” i.e. in terms of considering the During pandemic phase (DC) the period from April 2019 till June 2020 and Pre-pandemic phase (PC) from April 2013 till November 2020. A comparative trade volatility asymmetries analysis were applied using a nonlinear volatility function i.e. exponential weighted moving average (EWMA), and identification of noisy behaviour after the initial post-recovery for empirical evidence. The empirical findings discovered that there were “extended” non-smooth and noisy “shock propagation” post initial recovery across two phases by the use of VAR and VECM outcomes. Bangladesh and Pakistan were stronger “Noisy shock contributors” while Nepal and Sri Lanka were turned out to be the strongest “Noisy shock receivers”. This “noisy” behaviour implies “uncertainty” and chaos on the international trade front resulting in higherthan expected volatility in trade figures and in-built destabilized momentum in the impulses. The results also relate to the possible opportunities of intra-regional trade convergence as a policy imperative.

Corona-Schock für den Handel in deutschen Innenstädten

The Corona pandemic and the measures taken to contain the virus have delivered an asymmetrical shock to German business. This asymmetry is exemplified by the effects on the retail trade, an important part of the nation's economy. While certain types of store have recorded significant increases in sales - and turnover in the retail sector as a whole increased in 2020 - other parts of the trade have experienced a considerable downturn. Downtown retailers have been particularly badly affected, suffering significant declines in turnover. Excluding e-commerce, in 2020 net sales in German city centres fell by around 9.4 billion euros to a little over 241 billion euros. In contrast, online sales continued to gain in importance during the pandemic and city centre retailers have also been able to generate additional sales through their internet platforms. With retailers' turnover developing so differently and online trade increasing rapidly, the authors draw on footfall as a further indicator of how the pandemic has affected central business districts. On average, footfall in city centres has dropped by about one third and thus significantly more than downtown turnover, making clear that the substantial damage done to town centres has not been felt by all retailers there. By July 2021, footfall was already back to 90 per cent of pre-crisis levels and since passing trade figures also model the consumer climate very closely, recent developments certainly show the potential for a consumer recovery in the second half of 2021.

"Assessment of global halal market : challenges and opportunities"

This study presents the status of the burgeoning global halal market, challenges it faces, and opportunities available for stakeholders. The study is based on primary and secondary research, and found that the US$2.1trillion halal market is projected to reach US $3 trillion by the end of 2023 at a compound annual growth rate of 6.11 per cent. The present market size will more than double if Islamic financing is brought under the ambit of the halal market. Though the uncharted territory has a lot of potential to be tapped, it is also afflicted with multifaceted challenges such asa lack of global consensus (ijama).It is recommended that a harmonized system (HS)code-like mechanism be adopted to capture trade figures of products that conform to halal principles.