Trade Experts Research Articles

Overview of the Trade Relations Between the European Community/Union and the United States at the Threshold of Globalization and Post -globalization Era

Abstract The main goal of this article is to present to the European reader the implications of the unstable relationships between the United States and an integrated Europe. The article focuses on the trade relations between the US and Europe in the globalization era. It explains the meaning of some basic terms used by trade experts, such as globalization, regionalization, glocalization, and strategic trade. The author also tries to explore the reasons for the recent crisis of global trade. The main part of the paper reviews the major disputes between these two regions which resulted in postponing of the negotiations of the Trans -Atlantic Free Trade Agreement. As we have observed in the introduction of the article, the relationships between the European Union and the United States have always been complicated and the article presents the main reasons for these disagreements. In a time of renewed Trans -Atlantic negotiations, pro -American sentiments in Europe grew stronger, and European experts on trade and politics emphasized that the US significantly increased support for the European Deterrence Initiative (EDI). Still, with comments repeated by President Trump many times that “Europe needs its own army”, the European media began warning the readers that the crisis in US -EU relations may soon return.

Does short-term technical trading exist in the Vietnamese stock market?

The Vietnamese stock market provides an interesting and enriching test field for the application of trading expert systems as its economy is opening up, has high growth rate and may offer risk diversification opportunities. This paper examines the question of whether this frontier emerging market offers possibilities for statistical arbitrage through a financial expert system. Based on a sample of the most liquid stocks in the VN30 benchmark index, our results indicate that the index itself and some of its components offer moderate opportunities for statistical arbitrage even after considering transaction costs. It is also found that the purely momentum-based models already work satisfactorily for specific stocks, while the long-short strategies do not work more robustly than the long-only strategies. Overall, our findings hint into the direction of some exploitable inefficiencies, but the magnitude of the tradable volume is such that only comparatively small amounts can be traded.

NAFTA 2.0 and LGBTQ Employment Discrimination

Because federal law does not expressly prohibit employment discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation or gender identity, LGBTQ Americans were thrilled to learn that a preliminary draft of the United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement (USMCA) included a provision (the Provision) requiring each nation to enact LGBTQ‐inclusive nondiscrimination laws. That excitement promptly turned to despair, however, after the Trump administration insisted on the addition of a footnote (the Footnote) designed to exempt the United States from the Provision. To date, the Footnote has been derided by scholars and trade experts alike as a transparent attempt to evade the Provision's LGBTQ‐inclusive mandate. Yet, by focusing only on what the USMCA does not do, these analyses overlook what the agreement does do, even if unintended, to benefit LGBTQ Americans. This article provides the first comprehensive analysis of the USMCA's implications for federal antidiscrimination law and demonstrates that—regardless of how the Supreme Court rules in a trio of LGBTQ employment cases—the Footnote actually stands to help, not hinder, the cause of LGBTQ equality.

The transmission of international trade norms, ideas and expertise into national statutory institutions: the case of GATT and the Australian Tariff Board

ABSTRACT The impact of international trade law on domestic policy and regulatory actors and institutions is examined here via the concept of ‘discourse communities’. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) is understood both as a legal framework and as a socialising forum which fostered the ‘shared conceptual and normative sensibilities’ of actors functioning within it not only as states’ representatives, but also as trade experts; experts who performed roles within GATT as well as roles in domestic policy-making bodies and regulatory institutions. In examining the way in which these actors reviewed the work of Australia’s Tariff Board in light of GATT obligations, the analysis points to their role in the dissemination of GATT’s constitutive ideas; about trade, economic thinking and what constitutes expertise and authoritative knowledge about trade, economies and economics. Using the Tariff Board as a case study, the article traces the way in which Australian trade experts’ engagement with the ‘discourse community’ of GATT in its early years worked to devalue the knowledge and expertise of those who were perceived to be outside of this community, delegitimising in the process alternative understandings of trade and economy that did not support GATT’s central project of global trade liberalisation.

ISSUES REGARDING ESTIMATION OF THE COST OF SERVICES WHILE ARRYING OUT TRADEMARK EXAMINATIONS

The development of new directions while performing of various types of examinations and forensic researches is one of the priority areas of scientific activity of experts of forensic science institutions of the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine. One of problematic issues arising at the present stage of the development of forensic trade analysis is determining the cost of services, choosing a methodological approach and method for performing aforesaid researches, the limits of competence of forensic trade experts while determining the cost of certain services. Creating methodological recommendations “Determining the Cost of Services while performing forensic trade analysis «will contribute to the improvement of the quality of expert practice in carrying out the forensic examinations in this field.
 Whole performing forensic trade researches to determine the cost of services in the framework of the expert subject field 12.1. «Determining the cost of machinery, equipment, raw materials and consumer goods» raises a lot of disputes and doubts, both among forensic experts working in state expert institutions and among appraisers. This is due to the fact that the service is considered to be a product that is endless that means intangible. Also, one of the arguments is that the word service is not listed in the title of specialty 12.1 and does not apply to objects of valuation in intangible form, according to the definitions of national standard No. 1 «General principles for property and property rights assessment».
 At the 39th meeting of the section of forensic trade analysis at the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine which was held in May 2018, it was proposed to consider a research work on the topic: “Determining the cost of services while performing forensic trade examinations” will contribute to ensure objectivity and completeness of research on determining the cost of services, the formation of uniform methodological principles for performing examinations and forensic researches in this area filling in the gaps in determining the cost of services, using them for preparing and confirmation of the qualifications of forensic experts in relevant subject field.

Rethinking Power Politics in an Interdependent World, 1871–1914

Interdependence altered power relations between the European great powers between 1871 and 1914 in ways that both sustained the conditions for peace and, after 1911, made a European war more likely. Interdependence accelerated the development of international financial and commercial networks. Transnational social and cultural exchanges raised the costs of a general war, offered multiple channels for states and societies to exercise influence over each other, and altered power relations. The great powers pursued their interests through not only military force but also trade deals, financial loans, expert missions (teams sent to smaller states ostensibly to aid in modernization), and cultural diplomacy. They competed for influence in smaller states. Many of the crises that pockmarked this era derived from their contested interests in such strategically vital areas in Europe as the Balkans, the Ottoman Empire, and the Low Countries, as well as elsewhere in the world. States that lost out in this transformation, notably Austria-Hungary and Russia, saw the militarization of their foreign policies as a way to compensate for weaknesses in other forms of power.

Risk of introduction of Lumpy Skin Disease into France through imports of cattle.

The lumpy skin disease (LSD) virus belongs to the genus Capripoxvirus and causes a disease in cattle with economic impacts. In November 2014, the disease was first reported in Europe (in Cyprus); it was then reported in Greece (in August 2015) and has spread through different Balkan countries since 2016. Although vector transmission is predominant in at-risk areas, long-distance transmission usually occurs through movements of infected cattle. In order to estimate the threat for France, a quantitative import risk analysis (QIRA) model was developed to assess the risk of LSD being introduced into France by imports of cattle. Based on available information and using a stochastic model, the probability of a first outbreak of LSD in France following the import of batches of infected live cattle for breeding or fattening was estimated to be 5.4×10-4 (95% probability interval [PI]: 0.4×10-4 ; 28.7×10-4 ) in summer months (during high vector activity) and 1.8×10-4 (95% PI: 0.14×10-4 ; 15×10-4 ) in winter months. The development of a stochastic QIRA made it possible to quantify the risk of LSD being introduced into France through imports of live cattle. This tool is of prime importance because the LSD situation in the Balkans is continuously changing. Indeed, this model can be updated to process new information on the changing health situation in addition to new data from the TRAde Control and Expert System (TRACES, EU database). This model is easy to adapt to different countries and to other diseases.

Balance of Trade: Theories and Practices

The balance of trade, commercial balance, or net exports (sometimes symbolized as NX), is the difference between the monetary value of a nation's exports and imports over a certain period. Sometimes a distinction is made between a balance of trade for goods versus one for services. The balance of trade measures a flow of exports and imports over a given period of time. The notion of the balance of trade does not mean that exports and imports are "in balance" with each other. If a country exports a greater value than it imports, it has a trade surplus or positive trade balance, and conversely, if a country imports a greater value than it exports, it has a trade deficit or negative trade balance. As of 2016, about 60 out of 200 countries have a trade surplus. The notion that bilateral trade deficits are bad in and of themselves is overwhelmingly rejected by trade experts and economists.

Ethnographic Study on Cultural Entrepreneurship of Banjar Ethnic Family in Indonesia

This study aims to explain the historical background of entrepreneurship culture in Banjar ethnic families in Nagara village, Palangka Raya City, Indonesia. The research design uses qualitative research with the Spradley ethnography approach. The respondents are gold and diamond entrepreneurs living in Nagara village. Data collection techniques include participant observation and in-depth interviews. The results reveal that entrepreneurship culture in Banjar ethnic family is based on their family background where they are descendants of traders, and their entrepreneurship behavior that has been passed from generation to generation through trade habits to bequeath the science and talent of trade and bequeath technical expertise. To sum up, culture that exists in the Banjar Ethnic family, particularly in regards to the entrepreneurship culture, can affect the interest of descendants to become entrepreneurs.

Study on Action Learning Design and Effectiveness in Trade Education

본 연구는 인터넷무역마케팅이라는 무역학전공 교과목에 액션러닝을 적용한 사례를 분석하여 정리한 것으로 무역교육에서 액션러닝이 어떻게 적용될 수 있으며 그 효과는 존재하는지 제시하였다. 학생들은 팀을 나누어 실제 수출기업의 과제를 해결하였고, 과제를 해결한 후 학생들이 학습하고 경험한 내용들을 성찰저널에 작성하였다. 학생들의 성찰저널 분석을 통한 액션러닝 효과성 검증 결과는 다음과 같다. 학생들은 액션러닝으로 운영된 인터넷무역마케팅 강의에서 인터넷무역마케팅의 주요 학습내용, 문제해결, 팀 활동, 학습방법에 대한 부분을 배우고 느낀 것으로 정리되었다. 액션러닝은 무역교육을 위한 효과적, 효율적 방법이다. 다른 무역학 교과과정의 교수법으로도 확대해야 할 것이다. 이를 위해 교수자들은 액션러닝에 대하여 바르게 이해하고 적용하여 기업이 원하는 역량있는 무역전문인력을 양성할 수 있도록 노력해야 할 것이다.In this study, I analyzed the case of applying action learning to Internet trade marketing course and suggested how action learning can be applied in trade education and its effect exists. The students divided teams to solve the problems of the actual export companies, and after the tasks were solved, the students learned and experienced by the reflection journal. The results of the analysis of the effectiveness of the action learning through the analysis of the students reflections journal are as follows. Students were able to learn about the main contents of learning, problem solving, team activities, and learning methods of internet trade marketing in Internet trade marketing course conducted by action learning. Action Learning is an effective and efficient method for trade education. It should also be extended to teaching methods in other trade curriculum. In order to do this, instructors should try to understand and apply the action learning properly so that competent trade experts can be cultivated.

Peculiarities of developing professional competencies of commodity trading experts in construction

Peculiarities of developing professional competencies of commodity trading experts in construction

Risk of introduction of lumpy skin disease in France by the import of vectors in animal trucks.

BackgroundThe lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) is a dsDNA virus belonging to the Poxviridae family and the Capripoxvirus genus. Lumpy skin diseases (LSD) is a highly contagious transboundary disease in cattle producing major economic losses. In 2014, the disease was first reported in the European Union (in Cyprus); it was then reported in 2015 (in Greece) and has spread through different Balkan countries in 2016. Indirect vector transmission is predominant at small distances, but transmission between distant herds and between countries usually occurs through movements of infected cattle or through vectors found mainly in animal trucks.Methods and principal findingsIn order to estimate the threat for France due to the introduction of vectors found in animal trucks (cattle or horses) from at-risk countries (Balkans and neighbours), a quantitative import risk analysis (QIRA) model was developed according to the international standard. Using stochastic QIRA modelling and combining experimental/field data and expert opinion, the yearly risk of LSDV being introduced by stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans), that travel in trucks transporting animals was between 6 x 10−5 and 5.93 x 10−3 with a median value of 89.9 x 10−5; it was mainly due to the risk related to insects entering farms in France from vehicles transporting cattle from the at-risk area. The risk related to the transport of cattle going to slaughterhouses or the transport of horses was much lower (between 2 x 10−7 and 3.73 x 10−5 and between 5 x 10−10 and 3.95 x 10−8 for cattle and horses, respectively). The disinsectisation of trucks transporting live animals was important to reduce this risk.Conclusion and significanceThe development of a stochastic QIRA made it possible to quantify the risk of LSD being introduced in France through the import of vectors that travel in trucks transporting animals. This tool is of prime importance because the LSD situation in the Balkans is continuously changing. Indeed, this model can be updated to process new information on vectors and the changing health situation, in addition to new data from the TRAde Control and Expert System (TRACES, EU database). This model is easy to adapt to different countries and to other vectors and diseases.

내수기업 수출활성화를 위한 무역전문인력 양성 방안에 대한 연구

In all countries of theworld, the development of trade is an important factor for the survival of the national economy. Increased export will lead to national economic growth. Export is directly linked to employment, and the industrial structurewill be developed in the direction to produce products of comparative advantages. Therefore, every country around the world is trying to promote export regardless of the size of its economy.Accordingly, this paper focused on the promotion of export of domestic companies. It proposed to cultivate trade experts to promote export of domestic companies. The following five methods were proposed to materialize the proposal.First, it is important to foster trade experts to expand and foster the one-person creative companies. In particular, it is important to develop a professional education curriculum. It is necessary to design and conduct a systematic curriculum throughout the process including follow-up after education such as teaching detailed procedures for establishing a trade business, identification of relevant regulations and related organizations, understanding of special features of each exporting country, and details of exporting procedures through specialist training for the individual industries, helping themto keep their network steady so that they can easily get help from consultants.Second, it is necessary to educate tradersworking in the field tomake them trade experts and utilize themin on-the-job training and consulting. To do this, it is necessary to introduce systematic consultant selection process, and to introduce a systemto educate andmanage them. It is because,wemust select themost appropriate candidates, educate themto be lecturers and consultants, and dispatch themto the field, in order tomake the best achievement in export. Nurturing trading professionals utilizing the current tradingworkers to activate export of domestic companies can be more efficient through cooperation of trading education agencies and related agencies in various industries.Third, it is also proposed to cultivate female trade experts by educating female tradeworkerswhose career has been disrupted. It is to provide career disrupted women with opportunities to work after training them as trade professionals and to give manpower pool to domestic companies that are preparing for export.Fourth, it is also proposed to educate foreign students living in Korea to be trading experts and to utilize them as trading infra. They can be trading professionalswhowill contribute to the promotion of export. In the short term, theywill be providedwith opportunities for employment and start-upin the field of trade, and in themid- to long-term, theymay develop a business network between Korea and their own countries. To this end, we need to improve the visa system, expand free trade education opportunities, and support themso that they can establish small but strong enterprises.Fifth, it is proposed to proactively expand trade education to specialized high school students. Considering that most of domestic companies pursuing activation of export are small but strong companies or small andmediumsized companies, they may prefer high school graduates rather than university graduates because of financial limitations. Besides, the specialized high school studentsmay occupy better position in the jobmarket if they are equippedwith expertise in trading.This study can bemeaningful, in that it is the first research that focuses on cultivating trading experts to contribute to the export activation of domestic companies. However, it also has a limitation that it has failed to reflect themore specific field voices. It is hoped that detailed plans will be derived from the opinions of the employees of domestic companiesmaking efforts to become an export company in the related researches in the future.

A Study on the Employment Effects of E-Commerce Trade Entrepreneurship Education

본 연구는 전자상거래 무역창업교육의 고용창출 효과에 미치는 영향에 대한 실증적인 연구를 시도하였다는 점에서 의의가 있다. 본 연구의 주요 결과 및 시사점은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 성별, 나이, 창업유무 같은 더미변수에 관해서는 차이가 없지만, 학력은 통계적으로 유의미한 부(-)의 영향을 미쳤다. 둘째, 종속변수인 전자상거래 무역창업교육의 고용창출 효과에 독립변수인 전자상거래 무역창업교육훈련 만족, 전자상거래 무역창업활동 준비, 전자상거래 무역창업교육 운영이 유의미한 정(+)의 영향을 미쳤다. 셋째, 조절변수가 독립변수와 상호작용하여 종속변수에 부분적 조절효과가 있음을 보였다. 본 연구는 전자상거래 무역창업교육의 수요를 반영한 개인별 맞춤 전자상거래 무역창업교육 프로그램 개발, 전자상거래 무역전문인력 양성교육의 가이드라인 제시 및 온라인쇼핑과 전자상거래 무역창업의 지속 가능한 고용창출을 위해 중장기적 관점에서 전자상거래 무역창업교육센터 설치의 필요성이 요구된다.This study is meaningful in that it has attempted empirical studies which influence on the employment effect of e-commerce trade entrepreneurship education. The main results and implications of this study are as follow. First, there is no difference in dummy variable such as gender, age, and entrepreneurship, but a scholastic ability has a statistically significant negative effect. Second, the independent variables such as both activity and education operation of e-commerce trade entrepreneurship had a significant positive effect on the employment effect of e-commerce trade entrepreneurship education, which is a dependent variable. Third, the regulatory variable shows that there is a partial regulatory effect on the dependent variable by interacting with the independent variable. To develop customized e-commerce trade entrepreneurship education program which reflects the demand of e-commerce trade entrepreneurship education, present guideline of e-commerce trade expertise training, and create sustainable employment of online shopping and e-commerce trade entrepreneurship in the mid to long term perspective, this study suggests the necessity of establishing e-commerce trade education center. The demand survey result of this study is limited to apply to the whole e-commerce trade the (planning) establishment of Korea. In future research, it will be necessary to analyze the scale and type of entrepreneurship, focusing on successful cases of e-commerce trade entrepreneurship.

Recepción de las resoluciones de los tribunales arbitrales ad hoc del artículo 1904 del TLCAN en la práctica jurídica interna de México (segunda parte)

Since the entry into force of the North American Free Trade Agreement, it has been summited around one hundred and twenty seven times before the ad hoc arbitration tribunal regulated by article 1904, which thirteen of them were objections against the ruling of the mexican’s authority on this matter “Unidad de Prácticas Comerciales Internacionales”. In this context, the current research highlights the main arguments of the abovementioned cases, with some comments of trade experts and authors, in order to analyze the possibility to address an undoubtedly noteworthy evolution of criteria within the mexican's practice law.

Recepción de las resoluciones de los tribunales arbitrales ad hoc del artículo 1904 del tlcan en la práctica jurídica interna de México

Since the entry into force of the North American Free Trade Agreement, it has been summited around one hundred and twenty seven times before the Ad Hoc Arbitration Tribunal regulated by article 1904, which thirteen of them were objections against the ruling of the mexican’s authority on this matter “Unidad de Prácticas Comerciales Internacionales”. In this context, the current research highlights the main arguments of the above-mentioned cases, with some comments of trade experts and authors, in order to analyze the possibility to address an undoubtedly noteworthy evolution of criteria within the Mexican's practice law.

A Study on Human Resource Development Program of the trade experts in Jeju Special Self-Governing Province

A Study on Human Resource Development Program of the trade experts in Jeju Special Self-Governing Province

Does Fair Trade Breed Contempt? A Cross-Country Examination on the Moderating Role of Brand Familiarity and Consumer Expertise on Product Evaluation

This article is a within- and cross-country examination of the impact of fair trade certification on consumers’ evaluations and attitudes toward ethically certified products. Across three experimental studies, the authors analyze how different levels of brand familiarity and fair trade expertise impact consumer decisions. The authors study this phenomenon across markets with different social orientation cultures to analyze potential dissimilarities in the way consumers evaluate and behave toward ethically certified products. Findings suggest that fair trade certifications enhance product valuations. However, this effect is especially observed for low familiar brands, once the level of fair trade expertise increases. Findings also suggest that there are individual cultural differences with respect to social and environmental labeling expertise that may account for some of the unexplained variation in choice behaviors observed across countries. Results indicate that especially in more (mature) individualistic markets (vs. collectivistic) consumer ethical behavior seems to be greatly influenced by consumers’ perceptions about the eligibility of brands using (or not) fair trade. This effect is strengthened by the significant mediating role of consumers’ ethicality perceptions on the relationship between fair trade and the willingness to pay for brands.

Stock market one-day ahead movement prediction using disparate data sources

There are several commercial financial expert systems that can be used for trading on the stock exchange. However, their predictions are somewhat limited since they primarily rely on time-series analysis of the market. With the rise of the Internet, new forms of collective intelligence (e.g. Google and Wikipedia) have emerged, representing a new generation of “crowd-sourced” knowledge bases. They collate information on publicly traded companies, while capturing web traffic statistics that reflect the public’s collective interest. Google and Wikipedia have become important “knowledge bases” for investors. In this research, we hypothesize that combining disparate online data sources with traditional time-series and technical indicators for a stock can provide a more effective and intelligent daily trading expert system. Three machine learning models, decision trees, neural networks and support vector machines, serve as the basis for our “inference engine”. To evaluate the performance of our expert system, we present a case study based on the AAPL (Apple NASDAQ) stock. Our expert system had an 85% accuracy in predicting the next-day AAPL stock movement, which outperforms the reported rates in the literature. Our results suggest that: (a) the knowledge base of financial expert systems can benefit from data captured from nontraditional “experts” like Google and Wikipedia; (b) diversifying the knowledge base by combining data from disparate sources can help improve the performance of financial expert systems; and (c) the use of simple machine learning models for inference and rule generation is appropriate with our rich knowledge database. Finally, an intelligent decision making tool is provided to assist investors in making trading decisions on any stock, commodity or index.

Remarks by Warren Maruyama

Well, thanks, Gary, and thanks to the American Society of International Law for convening this panel. And I guess we should also thank Donald Trump, because whatever one may think about his policies, he's been great for trade lawyers, trade professors, trade consultants, trade experts. And even tax people, who never had the time of day for us trade types, now have to listen to us go on and on about these obscure parts of WTO law regarding border tax adjustments, which are just as incomprehensible as my tax return.