Trade Contracts Research Articles

Konsep dan Implementasi Pemberdayaan Ekonomi Ummat Perspektif Dakwah Islamiyah (Studi kasus pasar Muamalah, Dinar dan Dirham, Baitulmal Wattwamwil)

A religious society is a characteristic of the Indonesian nation. This is marked by the majority of the population being Muslim and the extraordinary number of places of worship, both mosques and prayer rooms. Likewise, educational facilities, Islamic educational institutions based on Islamic boarding schools, integrated Islamic schools, and Islamic campuses are mushrooming throughout the country. Islamic mass organizations also contributed to the da'wah of Islam in this country. In terms of the economy, Islamic da'wah provides many guidelines and examples, such as how to build markets, how to transact goods properly, how to use the medium of exchange, and even trade contracts have been fully regulated in sharia rules so that people are not trapped by rib wi jahiliyyah behavior, in meeting their needs. His well-known book, Our Great Ulama, discusses how human nature tries to make ends meet. Human hands are scattered (searching for everything), and everyone is equal. However, something already owned by someone may not be taken by another person, except through barter for goods of the same value. The concept of da'wah in the economic empowerment of the Ummah as a theory, ideas, and ideas are very appropriate and valuable because the method of da'wah with the media of empowering the Ummah is needed a problem indeed for the Ummah in general. The implementation of Ummah Economic Empowerment from an Islamic Da'wah Perspective, with an empirical, cultural, sociological approach, with a historical approach to empowering the Ummah's economy, is indeed the initial improvement made by the Prophet Muhammad Salallahu 'Alaihi Wasallam when he migrated to Medina, organized the economy from a usury-free system, built markets lawful, and teaches transactions according to religious law. The cultural approach based on research findings on people's behavior is indeed colored and attached to local wisdom, the habits of the community in general in certain areas, so that the psychological atmosphere of the community is also greatly influenced by these rights.

Forex market as the best possible way of investing money during an economic boom and recession

Abstract Since the beginning of the 1980s, a continuous process of integration of national and regional markets into one global market for goods, services and capital can be noticed. Both economic theory and market practice indicate that the level of the exchange rate primarily depends on macroeconomic variables (such as interest rates or the number of new jobs in the non-agricultural sector). The results of the research presented in the article regard the importance of US macroeconomic data publications for the short-term volatility of EUR/USD exchange rate. The main purpose of the study was to show whether macroeconomic data from the United States affects the short-term development of the EUR/USD exchange rate and whether the Forex market is a good way to multiply capital. The following research questions have been posed: does the EUR/USD exchange rate react to the published macroeconomic data from the American economy? Second, is whether investing in the Forex market could be a way to multiply capital in times of economic boom and recession. This paper presents the effects of my own research and observations in terms of the impact of US macroeconomic data, on shaping exchange rates of the Forex market. Based on my own investment experience my goal is to prove, that Forex market is a perfect way to multiply capital. My investment decisions regarding future exchange rate fluctuations, were based on the presented macroeconomic data from the US economy, as well as on the basis of important leading economic indicators. The position was opened and closed on the same day. The trading contracts have been made throughout 7 working days. The underlying financial instruments were EUR/USD and OIL. The conclusions of this study are as follows. The USD/PLN exchange rate reacted to the published macroeconomic data from USA. The strongest exchange rate reaction was noticed after publications of data regarding US Non-farm Payrolls (NFP), Initial Jobless Claims and ISM Services PMI. Strong exchange rate reaction was recorded after ADP US Private Sector Jobs and Factory orders report. When taking described investment examples into account, it can be clearly stated that investing in the Forex market is an excellent alternative to stock investments.

Multi-time scale stochastic production simulation under VHVDC long-term contract trading electricity quantity constraint

A two-layer multi-time scale stochastic production simulation framework is constructed to account for the long-term contract electricity quantity of ultra-high voltage direct current (UHVDC) transmission. On the upper layer, based on the characteristics of load demand and renewable energy output extracted from the historical operating data, monthly and daily production simulation models are carried out considering the seasonal characteristics of hydropower during a high-water period and low-water period to optimize the distribution of contract electric quantity sending through UHVDC transmission in the target year or month. According to the DC transmission electric quantity optimized by the daily production simulation in the upper layer, together with the forecast scenario, the lower layer of the framework provides the optimization of day-ahead scheduling and intra-day rolling dispatch in the implementation process. The day-ahead dispatch optimization makes full use of the adjustment capability of transmission and optimizes the DC transmission electric quantity correction. Its compensation is based on the result of the daily production simulation, then the correction will be returned to the upper layer to restart the optimization of the remaining UHVDC contract electric quantity of the subsequent period and its distribution plan. Combined with the day-ahead DC transmission plan, the intra-day rolling optimization is carried out to adjust the output of the unit using more accurate forecasting scenarios. The distributionally robust optimization model is used in the lower layer to convert an uncertain problem into a deterministic quadratically constrained quadratic programming (QCQP) problem according to the form of an uncertain distribution set. Then the QCQP problem is further converted into a linear programming (LP) problem by using the reformulation linearization technique (RLT). A test system with the energy composition and distribution referring to a real provincial power grid in northwest China is established for verification. The results show that the proposed method can effectively improve the economics of system operation and the accommodation of renewable energy based on ensuring security.

Do Agricultural Supports Affect Production? A Panel ARDL Analysis of Turkey

One of the controversial issues in the trade negotiations carried out with the World Trade Organization deals with agricultural supports related to production, which is claimed to disrupt the market system by creating an imbalance in supply and demand in the domestic market and to cause world trade contraction. In this context, the aim of this study is to examine the production effect of the deficiency payments and land-based direct supports widely used in Turkey. The study conducts a panel autoregressive distributed lag analysis for 11 selected agricultural products (wheat, corn, sunflower, seed cotton, paddy, soybean, canola, safflower, tea, dried beans, and olives) for the 2002-2019 period. The findings from the study are as follows: i) Increases in deficiency payments and land-based direct supports increase short and long run production. However, land-based direct supports have less of an effect on production. ii) While increases in input prices have a negative short run effect on production, the long run effect is the opposite. iii) Agricultural product price is not an important indicator for producers. This finding can be explained by the fact that farmers accept agricultural supports as a complement to the price variable in their production decisions. iv) Increases in the minimum wage added to the model based on Turkey’s structural characteristics have a negative long run impact on production. v) No statistically significant relationship exists between the number of tractors used to represent agricultural mechanization and the amount of production.

Peer-to-peer energy trading and smart contracting platform of community-based virtual power plant

Traditional centralized transactions require a control center for user demand matching, settlement and other processes. However, with the increase in the penetration rate of distributed energy in the community, the explosive increase in the number of transactions leads to a decrease in efficiency and it is difficult to guarantee user privacy and information security. The smart contract technology based on blockchain technology has the characteristics of decentralization, traceability and tamper resistance, and these key factors show unique advantages in distributed energy transactions. This paper explores Ethereum and smart contract technology, designs a peer-to-peer energy sharing mechanism with reward and punishment incentives and establishes a smart contract trading platform for smart community-based virtual power plant (CVPP). This paper verifies the functionality and effectiveness of smart contract. The results show that when the supply and demand ratio changes, the user can conduct energy transactions according to the contract without a third-party organization, which solves the problem of trust between the two parties and achieves the expected effect and runs successfully. In addition, the simulation results show that the peer-to-peer transaction based on smart contracts reduces the energy cost per household and increases the total benefit of CVPP.

СУТНІСТЬ ТА КЛАСИФІКАЦІЯ ДЕРИВАТИВНИХ КОНТРАКТІВ НА ОРГАНІЗОВАНИХ ТОВАРНИХ РИНКАХ

The article highlights the economic essence of derivative contracts. Four main features of derivative contracts that arose during the evolution of exchange trading of these instruments are considered, namely maturity, standardization, derivation and settlement nature of agreements. The main classification groups of derivative contracts in domestic and international practice, as well as their characteristics, are given. The main features and functions of derivative contracts in market conditions are revealed. It was noted that derivative contracts play an important role in ensuring transparent pricing and managing price risks for the main groups of commodity and financial assets. Analytical data are presented that characterize the dynamics of international exchange trading in derivative contracts and determine the constant growth of demand for such types of instruments on international exchange platforms. The conducted assessment of the international stock exchange trade in derivative contracts shows an upward trend with significant growth rates in the last 3 years, which were on average higher by 30% annually. It has been established that the growth in the volume of international exchange trade in derivative contracts in recent years is explained by the increased interest on the part of investors, as well as the need to use exchange derivatives in the management of price and exchange rate risks due to the increase in global instability of commodity and financial markets. It was determined that universalization of international exchange trading in derivative contracts contributed to many positive changes, among which the acceleration of the derivatives exchange e-trading and a significant reduction in the price of intermediary services for concluding and conducting clearing settlements deserve special attention. The main prospects of exchange trading in derivative contracts on organized markets are presented. It is noted that exchange trading in derivative contracts currently provides: first, avoiding price risks through the hedging mechanism; secondly, accumulation and investment in risks for the purpose of obtaining profits.

АНАЛІЗ БІРЖОВОЇ ТОРГІВЛІ ДЕРИВАТИВАМИ НА МІЖНАРОДНИХ ТОВАРНИХ І ФОНДОВИХ БІРЖАХ

The article highlights the organizational aspects of the functioning of international commodity and stock exchanges in the conditions of globalization and instability. It was noted that international exchange trading is an organized form of wholesale trade in commodity and financial base assets. International exchange trade currently performs important functions for the formation of global economic stability. International exchange trading on commodity and stock exchanges is an important place for the accumulation and redistribution of investment resources at the global level. Features of international exchange trading in derivative contracts are highlighted. The current state of international exchange trading on commodity exchanges and stock exchanges by geographic regions is analyzed. Growth rates in recent years on the international stock market have been noted. An assessment of international exchange trade in various types of commodity and financial assets is presented. The main modern trends of international exchange trade in derivative contracts on commodity and stock exchanges are established. In 2022, the continuation of the following trends is observed: continuation of the annual growth of indicators of international stock trade; resumption of activity of financial institutions after the pandemic and in the conditions of war in Ukraine; providing entrepreneurs with favorable terms of lending and financial support; satisfaction of customers' needs in goods and services; increasing the pace of international exchange trading in financial derivative contracts; recording new record indicators of trade volumes and the number of open positions on international stock exchanges. The main problems facing global stock markets today are: wars and military conflicts that continue and escalate in various parts of the world, primarily in Ukraine and Israel; establishment of new logistic ways of delivery of commodity assets, which are disrupted due to the war in Ukraine; struggle with the consequences of price fluctuations on international exchange platforms due to uncertainty and new geopolitical risks; reduction of inflationary pressure due to the liberal policy of central banks.

A new perspective: the “WINDOWGLASSMED” project

Despite an apparent contraction of long-distant trade suggested by Pirenne,1 recent analytical studies suggest that glass was still traded to Europe from Egypt and the Levant where it was originally produced during the Early Medieval period.2 The overall picture that emerges from these data though is far from clear. In addition, there is no doubt that Early Medieval glass chemical composition has been heavily influenced by recycling and mixing recycling practices over the years,3 but at the same time, “contemporary” produced compositions (such as Levantine – Apollonia type, Foy 2, or plant ash) were also circulating at the time together with this highly recycled glass.4 There is no doubt therefore that our understanding of glass production is still partial to this day and that more works needs to be done, especially that e a broader range. The idea for the WINDOGLASSMED project stems from these premises. By analysing glass samples from different part of Western Europe for LA-ICP-MS and isotopic analysis (Sr and Nd), this project will be the first detailed multidisciplinary study focused on well-dated 7th–10th century to create a detailed, chronologically-resolved map of Early Medieval glass in Western Europe, reflecting both trade patterns and practices such as recycling.

НЕЦЕНОВЫЕ ФАКТОРЫ СПРОСА НА ИМПОРТ ПШЕНИЦЫ В СТРАНАХ СЕВЕРНОЙ АФРИКИ

North Africa has firmly established itself as a leading world region in terms of wheat imports. While domestic production remains limited due to natural and climate factors, domestic demand for wheat keeps growing due to fast population growth. That makes the region an attractive grain market, and forces largest exporters to use the whole range of price and nonprice instruments in the competition for the desired market niche. Russian wheat is the most competitive in terms of price. However, as this study shows, in the target region, it is nonprice factors that have a key influence on the decision to conclude a foreign trade contract. In this regard, the purpose of this paper is to reveal, using a panel data model, significant nonprice factors that affect the distribution of market shares of the main suppliers of wheat to the North African market. Taking these factors into consideration will allow underrepresented exporters to increase supplies and secure a niche that fully meets their export potential.

Особливості митного оформлення митних процедур

The article presents methods of customs clearance of goods in wartime. The tasks of accounting for the sale of export and import goods and settlements with foreign buyers are: control over the movement of goods; constant monitoring of the timely conclusion and fulfillment of the terms of foreign trade contracts; control over the correct customs clearance of export operations; determining the expediency of independent customs clearance of export and import of goods by the exporting enterprise. The development of foreign economic activity gives enterprises the opportunity to use the advantages of international production cooperation, which increases the efficiency of their functioning. In connection with this, there is now an objective need to develop methodical approaches to assessing the effectiveness of export-import operations, which are the basis of foreign economic activity. The proposed method of analysis of export and import operations and their impact on the financial condition of the enterprise is of practical interest for enterprises. On the basis of the analysis of the current legislation of Ukraine on matters of state customs affairs, specific proposals were made for the development of a single balanced approach to law-making and law enforcement in the sphere of state customs affairs, and a scientifically based holistic administrative-legal concept of implementation of state customs affairs was developed. Prospects for further scientific research should be based on the monitoring of current legislation in the context of customs clearance of goods and may relate to the construction of algorithms for interaction with customs procedures. Based on the analysis of the legislation of Ukraine on some issues of state customs affairs, specific customs proposals were made to develop a unified balanced approach to law-making and law enforcement in the field of state customs affairs.

КОНЦЕПТУАЛЬНІ ОСНОВИ РОЗВИТКУПОТЕНЦІАЛУ ПІДПРИЄМСТВ ОБОРОННО-ПРОМИСЛОВОГО КОМПЛЕКСУ В ЕКОНОМІЧНОМУ ЗРОСТАННІУКРАЇНИ

As for objectives, it was taken into consideration the fact that due to the military state of Ukraine caused by wide-broaden war actions and aggression of Russian federation, economy of the country is characterized by reduction of production volumes, GDP and profitability. Accordingly, it was underlined the importance of industrial increase of national producers, and the right way to solve this problem is to activate production growth of defense industrial complex. In this case, it is significant not only for economy, but military forces of Ukraine supply. Results. On the basis of analysis of production activities of defense industrial enterprises through recent years, especially since 2014 when the Crimea territory was annexed by Russia and Donbas region military actions started, it was defined the level of its production and economic potential that deals with high, normal and low points. It allowed understanding if Ukraine’s defense industrial complex has possibilities to fulfill economic growth and military forces supply in particular. Further, it was presented analysis of international place of Ukraine’s defense industrial complex and its tendency through the years since 2014. It was set up that most of all Ukrainians enterprises characterized by high and normal production and economic potential that also deals with positive demand on international market of weapons and ammunition. In order to describe if there were started the necessary strategies, programs, plans and actions on state, regional and administrative levels, it was systematized the list of actual and important documents. In the end, it was made the scheme of conceptual basis of production potential development of defense industrial enterprises in the economic growth of Ukraine. The core elements were proposed as government defense order programs, innovations, foreign investments, system of monitoring and guarantees for partners and national producers, activation of accompanying supporting branches of Ukraine’s economy. Conclusions. In order to get out of recession, increase GDP and achieve the appropriate level of economic growth, it is significant to activate both quality and capacitive volumes of defense industrial complex production that can become as catalyst for development of all spheres of national reproduction in Ukraine. As for export volumes, during the entire duration of war actions, military state and restoration of safety positions, it is advisable to limit it, and to extend only those foreign trade contracts that are long-term and strategically valuable for integration of Ukraine into European Union.

Legal Guarantees Against Breach of International Trade Contracts Due to Non-Conformity of Goods Details reviewed from the CISG

in international contract transactions are currently not a difficult thing, the existence of these various technological advances provides a considerable opportunity and opportunity for the international community to establish cooperative relations between them. The execution of the contract in various ways can certainly cause problems or obstacles, especially in long-term contracts, it can be due to discrepancies in the details of the goods sold, the existence of force majeure circumstances that can result in the contract being unenforceable, or there may be changes in circumstances, such as political crises, currency fluctuations, economic crises. However, this study will focus more on discussing legal guarantees against violations of international trade contracts due to discrepancies in the details of goods reviewed from the CISG. International business cooperation transactions are the study of private law, where in private law, the law provides wider opportunities for each party to make, promise and implement the clauses they make. However, it is undeniable that to be able to carry out these activities, the parties must carefully understand and understand the legal rules that exist in the State of each party.
 The research method carried out uses normative juridical, i.e legal studies carried out by using examining library materials or secondary legal materials. Meanwhile, in collecting data, it is carried out with two approaches, namely the conceptual method and the statutory technique. The purpose of this research is to find out how the legal guarantees that apply in international trade contract law if there is a violation in the contract due to discrepancies in the details of the goods received and what form of settlement efforts can be made by sellers and buyers in international trade contracts. This research resulted in a relationship to the legal guarantee of a breach of an international trade contract and what efforts were made by the parties to the matter in terms of the CISG international contract transactions are currently not a difficult thing, the existence of these various technological advances provides a considerable opportunity and opportunity for the international community to establish cooperative relations between them. The execution of the contract in various ways can certainly cause problems or obstacles, especially in long-term contracts, it can be due to discrepancies in the details of the goods sold, the existence of force majeure circumstances that can result in the contract being unenforceable, or there may be changes in circumstances, such as political crises, currency fluctuations, economic crises. However, this study will focus more on discussing legal guarantees against violations of international trade contracts due to discrepancies in the details of goods reviewed from the CISG. International business cooperation transactions are the study of private law, where in private law, the law provides wider opportunities for each party to make, promise and implement the clauses they make. However, it is undeniable that to be able to carry out these activities, the parties must carefully understand and understand the legal rules that exist in the State of each party.
 The research method carried out uses normative juridical, i.e legal studies carried out by using examining library materials or secondary legal materials. Meanwhile, in collecting data, it is carried out with two approaches, namely the conceptual method and the statutory technique. The purpose of this research is to find out how the legal guarantees that apply in international trade contract law if there is a violation in the contract due to discrepancies in the details of the goods received and what form of settlement efforts can be made by sellers and buyers in international trade contracts. This research resulted in a relationship to the legal guarantee of a breach of an international trade contract and what efforts were made by the parties to the matter in terms of the CISG

METHODS FOR CONCLUDING CONTRACTS IN COMMERCE: THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE OF CONCEPTUALIZATION

Relevance. An attribute of civilization and the development of legality in society is the proclamation of norms that the right to free use and disposal of one’s abilities and property for entrepreneurial and other economic activities is granted to each subject. At the same time, one of the constitutionally significant values of commercial law is that any obstacles to the free movement of goods, services and finances on the territory of Russia are not allowed.
 Purpose, materials and methods. Free trade is a basic principle and human right in a democratic society and the rule of law. This principle provides the possibility of developing foreign and domestic trade, and as a result, the development of the country’s economy, increasing the prestige and influence of the state in the international arena. Restrictions on the freedom of movement of goods may be introduced, but only in exceptional cases and only in accordance with federal law, if it is necessary for the security of the country, the protection and protection of life, human health and cultural values. From the foregoing, it follows that today there are various forms and ways of doing business and trade in Russia. At present, the role of commercial law and its development in the life of society and the state is increasing. Trade turnover ensures the freedom of choice of goods on the market and their availability for everyone. In this regard, the correct drafting and conclusion of contracts in trade is of great importance. However, at the present stage, the issues of an integrated approach to studying the specifics of concluding contracts in trade turnover, due to the complexity of the formation of a doctrinal approach to this topic, remain not fully developed. This is also dictated by the fact that the concept of «contract in trade» is quite new for Russian law. Such agreements are randomly located in various legislative acts, and sometimes their actual appearance is ahead of the legislator, in addition, law enforcement practice in this area is not formed at a sufficient level.
 Research results. The article presents the main scientific results of the generalization of ideas about the methods of concluding contracts in trade in circulation. Their essence and modern meaning are also revealed. Current recommendations for improving legislation in this area are also presented. Key words: trade turnover, contract, method of concluding a contract, contract in trade turnover, commercial contract, seller, supplier, buyer, offer, acceptance.

The role of governance and market openness on bilateral trade flows of South Korea with CEE and CIS countries

Employing an intercountry trade force (ITF) theory, this paper investigates bilate­ral trade between South Korea and 28 economies of Central Eastern Europe (CEE) and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) based on balanced panel data for the period from 2011 to 2019. Free trade space (FTS) and gravity index (GI) turned out statistically significant and their coefficient signs are in line with the research hypothesis. Our model also confirms that bilateral trade volumes­ are highly enhanced by the quality institutions of CEE and CIS countries. The impact of their good governance becomes larger in relation to South Korea’s exports to those count­ries. A level of market openness (measured by FDI ratio and WTO membership) does not facilitate bilateral trade volumes, in general. However, WTO membership turns out to be a significant and positive factor in promoting CEE and CIS countries’ exports to South Korea. Therefore South Korea must strive to enhance the institutional quality of CEE and CIS countries to ease the process of customs clearance and the conclusion and enforcement of trade contracts, and reduce transaction costs. Liberalizing economies based on internationally acknowledged economic principles will continue to enhance CEE and CIS countries’ exports to South Korea.

Franchise Contract in International Trade Law

The international contract is of interest to all states because of its value. It represents a way in which international exchanges can be realized, its role in international economic relations giving the parties the opportunity to use the advantages of arbitration and autonomy of will. The main legal instrument used to promote international relations is the contract. Compared to other fields, the legal relationships resulting from contracts are numerous and frequent. International trade contracts are distinguished by certain particularities, because according to their nature, they constitute a form of contracts regarding commercial activity. However, international trade contracts, compared to domestic contracts, do not remain subject to national law and differ from them by the existence of specific elements of internationality. An important moment in the existence of a contract is that of formation. All aspects related to the formation of contractual relations are influenced by the exact knowledge and correct application of the practice of concluding the contract. International trade contracts differ from commercial contracts concluded between participants in domestic trade by means of the extraneous element it contains, an element that, together with the commerciality element, delimits the international trade contract from the other contracts that are regulated by the rules of general law. From the category of contracts that are part of the field of international trade law, the franchise contract has had a rapid evolution, having the ability to adapt and introduce new services, products and techniques to the market, the extent of which has taken over time having practically no tendency to decrease nowadays, more and more merchants end up concluding such contracts. Thus, the franchise contract is both a relatively safe and cheap method of obtaining profit, as well as the most agreeable tool of globalization, attributed to the current consumer society.

The Importance of Using Electronic Deeds to Facilitate The Service and Storage of Notary Archives

The rapid progress of the development of information technology has made many changes in human life on earth. Work and activities that used to be done manually are now shifting to using a technological approach. This has been applied in assisting tasks in government and business such as banking, and trading in cyberspace. The rapid advancement of technology in this age of informatics that can provide speed, accuracy, and certainty is a solution to solving various problems and at the same time providing benefits for its users. Notarial deeds play a very important role in facilitating business transactions in the form of trade contracts or other deeds in banking. But unfortunately, in the midst of the advancement of information technology, it turns out that the notarial deed currently does not support the rapid progress of the technology. The question is whether it important to make an electronic deed in carrying out the duties of a notary. The research method used in this paper is a normative juridical method because the results of legal research on electronic deeds that have been carried out so far are still in the form of literature

The Role of E-Commerce Through the Internet in the Era of Globalization Related to Trade Contracts and Transactions in Commerce in Society

In this era of globalization, the development of science and technology has been increasing rapidly. The discovery of the internet which is an information technology capable of helping people in exchanging information with anyone. Over time, the growing globalization in information technology also has an impact on electronic commerce (e-commerce) and the occurrence of trade contracts. Trade contracts or agreements are made by the parties through an electronic system, meaning that the parties do not meet face to face. The concept of e-commerce certainly provides advantages or advantages in its use when compared to conventional concepts. Some of the advantages or advantages of e-commerce are that information can be obtained in more detail, quickly without any time limits, including places and the transaction process is much easier to do. This study uses a descriptive method with a normative approach to obtain data. The collected data will be analyzed using qualitative analysis, which is described in sentences. The purpose of this research is to find out the role of e-commerce in the era of globalization and how people use or take advantage of e-commerce .

Legal Protection for Consumers in the Implementation of Electronic Trading Contracts

Destination from study this for knowing like what procedure transact sell buy in maintenance system electronic through online application and aim also for knowing like what analysis protection law moment maintenance transaction sell buy via the internet. Method approach taken is method approach normative juridical emphasis on aspect regulation source legislation the data from the secondary data it consists of from ingredient primary laws , materials law secondary and ingredient law tertiary with method data collection with through method studies library (library research ). Data analysis was performed start from hierarchy regulation legislation and opinion para expert . Results study this form how procedure transaction electronic through application topedia , open lapak , shoppe and so on . Source law contract electronics , rights and obligation perpetrator effort and buyers , developments transaction electronic as well as settlement dispute .

Правовые последствия влияния экономических санкций на исполнение внешнеэкономических контрактов

Introduction: the economic sanctions have recently become widespread as a measure of influence on other states in order to solve certain political or economic problems. The imposed restrictions affect not only the economy of the country as a whole, but also affect individual economic entities that are parties to foreign trade contracts. Purpose: to study the impact of international sanctions on the enforceability and validity of international contracts and to determine ways to minimize the losses of its parties. Methods: the research uses the universal method (dialectical materialism), the general scientific methods (logical: induction, deduction, analysis and synthesis; system and functional), the private-law methods (formal legal, comparative legal). Results: the legal grounds and types of international sanctions are considered, as well as the degree of their impact on both the country’s economy and the activities of individual participants in civil turnover who bear direct losses caused by the inability to fulfill their obligations under international contracts. Conclusions: the impact of sanctions on the Russian economy will be limited and, in addition to the negative ones, may have a positive effect in the form of digitalization of all industries and changes in the structure of various business areas. Nevertheless, the imposition of sanctions makes it impossible to execute previously concluded foreign trade contracts, which leads to significant damage to specific subjects of international trade, whose losses can be minimized through the use of the institution of force majeure and the formation of appropriate judicial practice.

4A_453/2021, Arrêt du 2 décembre 2021 [Alleged violations of the ECHR or the Swiss Constitution are not grounds for challenge under article 190 PIL Act – Direct claim against a service provider (surveillance company) in an oil trading contract excluded

4A_453/2021, Arrêt du 2 décembre 2021 [Alleged violations of the ECHR or the Swiss Constitution are not grounds for challenge under article 190 PIL Act – Direct claim against a service provider (surveillance company) in an oil trading contract excluded