Tract Infections In Africa Research Articles

Determination of Prostate Specific Antigen Level among Male Patients with Bacterial Urinary Tract Infections Attending Kuje General Hospital Abuja, Nigeria

Recent hospital and cancer registry data shows increasing prostate cancer incidence in Nigeria, which was previously regarded as a low incidence region. Prostate cancer is the leading cause of cancer death among men in Nigeria and second most common cancers of men worldwide and sexual history has been a consistent risk factor. Prostate specific antigen (PSA) test is still the single most important test for early detection of prostate cancer worldwide. However, not much is reported about prostate cancer in relation to urinary tract infections in Africa. This study investigates the prevalence of prostate cancer risk in and bacterial urinary tract infections among men in Abuja, Nigeria. One Hundred (100) samples each of blood and urine were collected, from fifty (50) male patients suffering from urinary tract infections and fifty (50) apparently healthy males attending Kuje General Hospital Abuja, Nigeria. All the blood samples were subjected to PSA analysis using Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay procedure (Diagnostic Automation/ Cortez Diagnostics, Inc, USA) while urine analysis (microscopy, culture and biochemical identification) was performed on the urine to isolate and identify the common bacteria associated with urinary tract infections among the study population.

Epidemiology of respiratory viral infections in people with acute respiratory tract infections in Africa: the VARIAFRICA systematic review and meta-analysis protocol

IntroductionBetter characterisation of the epidemiological data on respiratory viral infections among people with acute respiratory tract infection (ARTI) can help to implement efficient strategies to curb the burden of ARTI in Africa. We will conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the prevalence and factors associated with respiratory viral infection in people of all ages with ARTI residing in Africa.MethodsThis work will include cross-sectional studies published between January 1, 2000 and December 31, 2017, without any language restriction, on populations residing in African countries. We will consider studies that reported the prevalence of respiratory viruses in people with ARTI confirmed by a polymerase chain reaction technique. We will be searching PubMed, Embase, African Journals Online, Web of Science, and Global Index Medicus. The selection of relevant studies, extraction of data, and evaluation of the quality of the articles will be carried out independently by two review authors, and the discrepancies will be resolved by consensus or intervention of a third author. The heterogeneity of the studies will be assessed using the χ2 test on Cochrane’s Q statistic. Publication bias will be assessed by the Egger test. Studies will be pooled using a random-effect meta-analysis model. Results will be presented by age group and sub-region of Africa. Using meta-regression models, we will identify factors associated with viral infections in people with ARTI.DiscussionThis systematic review and meta-analysis is based on published data and therefore does not require ethical approval. This work will serve as a basis for the development of strategies for prevention and control ARTI in Africa and will also serve to identify data gaps and guide future investigations. The final report will be published in peer-reviewed journals as a scientific article and presented in workshops, conferences, and scientific conferences.Systematic review registrationPROSPERO, CRD42018088261.

Prevalence of Human Bocavirus in Africa and Other Developing Countries between 2005 and 2016: A Potential Emerging Viral Pathogen for Diarrhea.

Background Human Bocavirus (HBoV) is an emerging virus discovered in 2005 from individuals suffering gastroenteritis and respiratory tract infections. Numerous studies related to the epidemiology and pathogenesis of HBoV have been conducted worldwide. This review reports on HBoV studies in individuals with acute gastroenteritis, with and without respiratory tract infections in Africa between 2005 and 2016. Material and Method The search engines of PubMed, Google Scholar, and Embase database for published articles of HBoV were used to obtain data between 2005 and 2016. The search words included were as follows: studies performed in Africa or/other developing countries or/worldwide; studies for the detection of HBoV in patients with/without diarrhea and respiratory tract infection; studies using standardized laboratory techniques for detection. Results The search yielded a total of 756 publications with 70 studies meeting the inclusion criteria. Studies included children and individuals of all age groups. HBoV prevalence in Africa was 13% in individuals suffering gastroenteritis with/without respiratory tract infection. Conclusion Reports suggest that HBoV infections are increasingly being recognized worldwide. Therefore, surveillance of individuals suffering from infections in Africa is required to monitor the prevalence of HBoV and help understand the role of HBoV in individuals suffering from gastroenteritis with/without respiratory tract infection.

Prevalence of respiratory bacterial infections in people with lower respiratory tract infections in Africa: the BARIAFRICA systematic review and meta-analysis protocol

IntroductionThe burden of lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) is a substantial public health concern. However, the epidemiology of LRTI and its bacterial aetiologies are poorly characterised, particularly in the African...

Prevalence of human respiratory syncytial virus infection in people with acute respiratory tract infections in Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

AimThe epidemiology of human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) infection has not yet been systematically investigated in Africa. This systematic review and meta‐analysis are to estimate the prevalence of HRSV infections in people with acute respiratory tract infections (ARTI) in Africa.MethodWe searched PubMed, EMBASE, Africa Journal Online, and Global Index Medicus to identify observational studies published from January 1, 2000, to August 1, 2017. We used a random‐effects model to estimate the prevalence across studies. Heterogeneity (I 2) was assessed via the chi‐square test on Cochran's Q statistic. Review registration: PROSPERO CRD42017076352.ResultsA total of 67 studies (154 000 participants) were included. Sixty (90%), seven (10%), and no studies had low, moderate, and high risk of bias, respectively. The prevalence of HRSV infection varied widely (range 0.4%‐60.4%). The pooled prevalence was 14.6% (95% CI 13.0‐16.4, I 2 = 98.8%). The prevalence was higher in children (18.5%; 95% CI 15.8‐21.5) compared to adults (4.0%; 95% CI 2.2‐6.1) and in people with severe respiratory tract infections (17.9%; 95% CI 15.8‐20.1) compared to those with benign forms (9.4%; 95% CI 7.4‐11.5); P‐values <0.0001. The HRSV prevalence was not associated with sex, subregion in Africa, setting, altitude, latitude, longitude, and seasonality.ConclusionThis study suggests a high prevalence of HRSV in people with ARTI in Africa, particularly among children and people with severe clinical form. All innovative strategies to curb the burden should first focus on children which present the highest HRSV‐related burden.

Quantifying the tuberculosis disease burden in children

Awareness is growing that tuberculosis is a major cause of disease and death in children from areas endemic with tuberculosis, but its contribution is poorly quantified because of diagnostic difficulties in resource-limited settings. 1 Marais BJ Graham SM Maeurer M Zumla A Progress and challenges in childhood tuberculosis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2013; 13: 287-289 Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (54) Google Scholar Globally, in 2011, an estimated 1·3 million deaths in children were attributed to pneumonia. 2 Liu L Johnson HL Cousens S et al. Global, regional and national causes of child mortality: an updated systematic analysis for 2010 with time trends since 2000. Lancet. 2012; 379: 2151-2161 Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (2605) Google Scholar Most of these deaths occurred in areas endemic with tuberculosis, where the actual cause of death was rarely verified. Autopsy studies identified tuberculosis in 11% of children infected with HIV, and 8% of children not infected with HIV who died from respiratory disease in five African countries. 3 Bates M Mudenda V Mwaba P Zumla A Deaths due to respiratory tract infections in Africa: a review of autopsy studies. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2013; 19: 229-237 Crossref PubMed Scopus (57) Google Scholar Tuberculosis might also be an underlying cause of death in children dying from meningitis, sepsis, HIV/AIDS, or severe malnutrition, and its relative contribution to child morbidity and mortality is likely to increase if widespread rollout of Haemophilus influenza type B, pneumococcal, and rotavirus vaccines reduces the effect of these diseases. 4 Graham SM Sismanidis C Menzies HJ Marais BJ Detjen AK Black RE Importance of tuberculosis control to address child survival. Lancet. 2014; (published online March 24.)http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60420-7 PubMed Google Scholar Incidence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis disease in children: systematic review and global estimatesOur estimates underscore that many cases of tuberculosis and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis disease are not being detected in children. Future estimates can be refined as more and better tuberculosis data and new diagnostic instruments become available. Full-Text PDF Importance of tuberculosis control to address child survivalTuberculosis commonly affects young children (<5 years) in countries that have high rates of child mortality.1 The global public health focus to control tuberculosis has traditionally aimed to reduce transmission through early case-finding and effective treatment of the most infectious cases. Young children have historically been excluded from this focus, since their contribution to tuberculosis transmission is believed to be small. In the past decade, national tuberculosis programmes in high-burden settings have given increased attention to the challenges of childhood tuberculosis. Full-Text PDF

Evaluation of Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Enterobacteriaceae Causing Urinary Tract Infections in Africa

Our objective was to evaluate the antimicrobial susceptibility of Enterobacteriaceae causing urinary tract infections (UTIs) in adults in Africa. The PubMed database was systematically searched to identify relevant studies published after 2000. Google, World Health Organization, and African Field Epidemiology networks were also searched. Twenty-eight studies, accounting for 381,899 urine isolates from 14 African countries, met the inclusion criteria. Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., and Proteus spp. were the most commonly encountered uropathogens. Cefotaxime, imipenem, fosfomycin, and ciprofloxacin were the antibiotics with the highest activity against E. coli isolates from outpatients, with susceptibility being 92 to 99, 100, 100, and 68 to 91%, respectively. The susceptibility among Klebsiella spp. isolates from outpatients varied from 80 to 100% for amikacin and from 53 to 100% for ciprofloxacin, while susceptibility was 74 to 78, 97, and 77% for ciprofloxacin, amikacin, and fosfomycin, respectively, among Klebsiella species isolates from inpatients or patients with hospital-acquired UTIs. With regard to Proteus spp., the highest activity was observed among fluoroquinolones; 71 to 100% of the P. mirabilis isolates were susceptible to ciprofloxacin in four studies, and 74 to 100% of the P. vulgaris isolates were susceptible to ofloxacin in two studies. The currently available evidence suggests that the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Enterobacteriaceae uropathogens in African countries were similar to those in countries of southeast Europe. Further original studies are warranted from African countries for which there is limited published data.

Deaths due to respiratory tract infections in Africa

According to the WHO, lower respiratory tract infections are one of the most prevalent causes of death in Africa. Estimates based on verbal autopsies are inaccurate compared with the gold standard for determining cause of death, the anatomical postmortem. Here, we review all respiratory postmortem data available from Africa and assess disease prevalence by HIV status in both adults and children. Pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis was detected in over 50% of HIV-infected adults, four to five-fold more prevalent than in HIV-uninfected cases. Overall tuberculosis was less prevalent in children, but was more prevalent in HIV-uninfected compared with HIV-infected children. Bacterial pneumonia was more prevalent in children than adults and was relatively unaffected by HIV status. Pneumocystis jirovecci and human cytomegalovirus pneumonia were detected almost exclusively in HIV-infected mortalities, twice as prevalent in children as in adults. Coinfections were common and correlation with premortem clinical diagnoses was low. Respiratory tract infections are important causes of mortality in Africa. Of the 21 reviewed studies, only four studies (all adults) were undertaken in the last decade. There is hence an urgent need for new postmortem studies to monitor cause of death in new and emerging patient groups, such as those on antiretroviral therapy and HIV exposed uninfected children.