Tracking Program Research Articles

Examining select sociodemographic characteristics of sub-county geographies for public health surveillance

BackgroundMapping health outcomes related to environmental health hazards at the county level can lead to a simplification of risks experienced by populations in that county. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s National Environmental Public Health Tracking Program has developed sub-county geographies that aggregate census tracts to allow for stable, minimally suppressed data to be displayed. This helps to highlight more local variation in environmental health outcomes and risk data. However, we wanted to understand whether the aggregation method used was aggregating sociodemographically similar or dissimilar areas with one another. This analysis attempts to explore whether the distributions of select people who may be at increased risk for exposure to environmental health hazards as identified by the Tracking Program are preserved in these sub-county geographies with the census tracts used as the foundation to create them.MethodsMean values of three sociodemographic characteristics (persons aged 65 years and older, people from racial and ethnic minority groups, and population below the poverty level) for each sub-county geography in five states were calculated and placed into five break groups. Differences in break groups were determined and compared for each sub-county geography and census tract.ResultsThe sociodemographic characteristics among the census tracts and two aggregated sub-county geographies were similar. In some instances, census tracts with a low population or a highly skewed population (e.g., very high percentage of population aged 65 years and older) were aggregated with dissimilar census tracts out of necessity to meet the requirements set by the Tracking Program’s aggregation methodology. This pattern was detected in 2.41-6.59% of census tracts within the study area, depending on the sociodemographic variable and aggregation level.ConclusionsThe Tracking Program’s sub-county aggregation methodology aggregates census tracts with similar characteristics. The two new sub-county geographies can serve as a potential option for health officials and policymakers to develop targeted interventions using finer resolution health outcome and environmental hazard data compared to coarser resolution county-level data.

CETASim: A numerical tool for beam collective effect study in storage rings

We developed a 6D multi-particle tracking program CETASim in C++ to simulate intensity-dependent effects in electron storage rings. The program can simulate the beam collective effects due to short-range/long-range wakefields for single/coupled-bunch instability studies. It also features the simulation of interactions among charged ions and the trains of electron bunches, including both fast ion and ion trapping effects. The bunch-by-bunch feedback is also included so that the user can simulate the damping of the unstable motion when its growth rate is faster than the radiation damping rate. The particle dynamics is based on the transfer maps from sector to sector, including the nonlinear effects of amplitude-dependent tune shift, high-order chromaticity, and second-order momentum compaction factor. Users can also introduce a skew quadrupole useful for emittance sharing and exchange studies. This paper describes the code structure, the physics models, and the algorithms used in CETASim. We also present the results of its application to the PETRA-IV storage ring.

Environmental Public Health Tracking in England- support for Health Impact Assessments

Abstract Environmental epidemiology is a key function for the public health service with regards to investigating the public health effects of environmental hazards, monitoring the public health efforts to control the environmental risks, and providing the evidence that informs decisions making and preparedness. At the United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), the Environmental Public Health Tracking (EPHT) Programme, initiated in 2010, has developed a number of data streams to help link environment and health data, to support Health Impact Assessment (HIA). The main aims of the EPHT programme in England are to: 1. Identify populations at risk from exposure to significant environmental and chemical hazards 2. Investigate relationships between hazard and disease 3. Inform public health policy making 4. Optimise intervention and prevention strategies 5. Generate hypotheses for further research. Such EPHT functions are based on three key components: a) by building a national EPHT program that integrates surveillance of environmental hazards, exposures and related health outcomes, to allow data linkage and assessment of environmental and health information; b) strengthening the epidemiology science, by conducting research and training of the workforce and c) developing strategies for response to immediate risks, incidents and preparing for future risks. Examples to support HIA include a) developing an air pollution exposure surveillance work programme, that has designed a pilot population vulnerability indicator; b) developing indicators for climate change impacts for public health, c) reporting regularly on the health impacts of public fluoridation water supply schemes (as mandated by Government) and d) exploring risk factors associated with elevated blood lead concentration in children, through laboratory reporting to surveillance systems. The talk will highlight some examples of practice and outline how the EPHT programme in England has supported HIA practices.

A protocol for a living mapping review of global research funding for infectious diseases with a pandemic potential - Pandemic PACT.

The COVID CIRCLE initiative Research Project Tracker by UKCDR and GloPID-R and associated living mapping review (LMR) showed the importance of sharing and analysing data on research at the point of funding to improve coordination during a pandemic. This approach can also help with research preparedness for outbreaks and hence our new programme the Pandemic Preparedness: Analytical Capacity and Funding Tracking Programme (Pandemic PACT) has been established. The LMR described in this protocol builds on the previous UKCDR and GloPID-R COVID-19 Research Project database with addition of the priority diseases from the WHO Blueprint list plus initial additions of pandemic influenza, mpox and plague. We capture data on new funding commitments directly from funders and map these against a core ontology (aligned to existing research roadmaps). We will analyse regularly collated new research funding commitments to provide an open, accessible, near-real-time overview of the funding landscape for a wide range of infectious disease and pandemic preparedness research and assess gaps. The periodicity of updates will be increased in the event of a major outbreak. We anticipate that this LMR and the associated online tool will be a useful resource for funders, policy makers and researchers. In the future, our work will inform a more coordinated approach to research funding by providing evidence and data, including identification of gaps in funding allocation with a particular focus on low- and middle-income countries.

Analisis Motivasi Mahasiswa PAI 2020 UIN Malang dalam Mengikuti Program Fast Track

This study aims to analyze the motivations of students from the Islamic Education (PAI) class of 2020 at UIN Malang in participating in the Fast Track Program, as an effort to expedite higher education and increase the number of graduates in the Master's program. The research employs a qualitative approach with field research methods. Data were collected through observations, interviews, and documentation over a period of two weeks in June 2024. The findings indicate strong support among students for the program, viewing it as an opportunity to accelerate their professional careers. However, students face challenges such as heavy credit loads and overlapping class schedules. With appropriate support, including effective time management and career guidance, the program can be enhanced to optimize academic and career achievements for students.

Perceptions of special education pre-service teachers regarding the implementation of a neuroscience motifs-based teacher training program

While the interest in the connection between neuroscience and education continues to increase, there is a gap between the declarative statements regarding its importance and the small number of programs that put it into practice. The perceptions of the participants in these programs might offer valuable insights regarding the applied values of this connection. This study seeks to contribute to the accumulated research knowledge by using a qualitative analysis approach regarding the perceptions of pre-service teachers (PSTs) in a special education track program. The PSTs participated in a unique training program called the “Neuroscience Motifs-based Teacher Training Program” (NMTTP) that was presented as part of a reading course. Findings reveal mostly positive perceptions of the PSTs regarding the importance, relevance and contribution of neuroeducation to education, from a professional & personal perspective. In addition, the findings expand the current literature in two aspects: (1) the potential benefits that neuroscience can grant to education in general, and to special education in particular; (2) the contribution of knowledge on neural basis for PSTs to a sense of perspective, patience and empathy toward challenging students, by understanding some of the ongoing processes in their students’ brains.

Sex Disparities in the Management of Acute Coronary Syndromes: Insights From the Veterans Affairs Clinical Assessment, Reporting, and Tracking Program.

Previous work has demonstrated disparities in the management of cardiovascular disease among men and women. We sought to evaluate these disparities and their associations with clinical outcomes among patients admitted with acute coronary syndromes to the Veterans Affairs Healthcare System. We identified all patients that were discharged with acute coronary syndromes within the Veterans Affairs Healthcare System from October 1, 2015 to September 30, 2022. Medical and procedural management of patients was subsequently assessed, stratified by sex. In doing so, we identified 76 454 unique admissions (2327 women, 3.04%), which after propensity matching created an analytic cohort composed of 6765 men (74.5%) and 2295 women (25.3%). Women admitted with acute coronary syndromes were younger with fewer cardiovascular comorbidities and a lower prevalence of preexisting prescriptions for cardiovascular medications. Women also had less coronary anatomic complexity compared with men (5 versus 8, standardized mean difference [SMD]=0.40), as calculated by the Veterans Affairs SYNTAX score. After discharge, women were significantly less likely to receive cardiology follow-up at 30 days (hazard ratio [HR], 0.858 [95% CI, 0.794-0.928]) or 1 year (HR, 0.891 [95% CI, 0.842-0.943]), or receive prescriptions for guideline-indicated cardiovascular medications. Despite this, 1-year mortality rates were lower for women compared with men (HR, 0.841 [95% CI, 0.747-0.948]). Women are less likely to receive appropriate cardiovascular follow-up and medication prescriptions after hospitalization for acute coronary syndromes. Despite these differences, the clinical outcomes for women remain comparable. These data suggest an opportunity to improve the posthospitalization management of cardiovascular disease regardless of sex.

The Importance of a Champion in Leading Major Improvements in Residency Programs.

Residency programs are expected to meet many requirements in training their residents, including providing adequate numbers of pediatric visits and procedures opportunities. In the residency program studied here, these numbers were inadequate, despite the efforts of faculty members over the years. A self-designated faculty champion (with traits including vision, persuasiveness, proactivity, and tenacity) launched a series of clinical initiatives to combat these problems. The number of pediatric visits in the Family Medical Center (FMC) were tracked and compared from 2012, prior to the intervention led by the faculty champion, through 2023. The number of procedures performed in the FMC were tracked and compared from 2015, when the procedures-only clinic was launched by the faculty champion, through 2023. The number of pediatric visits in the FMC in 2012-2013 was a total of 12. By 2022-2023, that number had grown to 1,454. The number of procedures in the FMC was four in 2015-2016, but by 2022-2023 had grown to 470. The improved numbers support competency-based medical education, with increased faculty observation, teaching, and evaluation. For procedures training, the improved numbers support faculty members in using the Procedural Competency Assessment Tools to evaluate resident performance. A faculty champion who is interested, self-motivated, persistent, and focused on leading the project from beginning to end can bring about significant improvements in a residency program, despite the program's track record of difficulty in making such improvements.

Influence of Entrepreneurship Learning and Double Track Programs Increasing Interest in Entrepreneurship

Influence of Entrepreneurship Learning and Double Track Programs Increasing Interest in Entrepreneurship

Innovating to meet AACN essentials in a bachelor of science in nursing program

Our large, two campus (one urban and one suburban) and two track (RN-BSN and Entry-level BSN) program has revised our BSN curriculum to reflect the new Level One American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN) The Essentials: Core Competencies for Professional Nursing Education (AACN, 2021). This article describes the work to revise the curriculum to meet the demands of contemporary nursing education with increased elective choices for Generation Z learners, professional role courses on wellness and resiliency, a course on palliative care and symptom management, increased clinical hours to include virtual simulation and more community and public health experiences, and increased innovative student experiences with our clinical partners. A revised clinical evaluation tool (CET) was also developed to evaluate students in competency-based education and to reflect our new program outcomes.

Academic performance of boarder and commuter students in Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology board programs: Informing the development of an academic tracking program

Academic performance of boarder and commuter students in Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology board programs: Informing the development of an academic tracking program

High-resolution, high-throughput analysis of Drosophila geotactic behavior.

Drosophila innate response to gravity, geotaxis, has been previously used to assess the impact of aging and disease on motor performance. Despite its rich history, fly geotaxis continues to be largely measured manually and assessed through simplistic metrics. The manual nature of this assay introduces substantial experimental variability while simplistic metrics provide limited analytic insights into the behavior. To address these shortcomings, we have constructed a fully automated, programable apparatus, and developed a multi-object tracking software capable of following sub-second movements of individual flies, thus allowing reproducible, detailed, and quantitative analysis of geotactic behavior. The apparatus triggers and monitors geotaxis of 10 fly cohorts simultaneously, with each cohort consisting of up to 7 flies. The tracking program isolates cohorts and records individual fly coordinate outputs allowing for simultaneous multi-group, multi-fly tracks per experiment, greatly improving throughput and resolution. The algorithm tracks individual flies during the entire run with ~97% accuracy, yielding detailed climbing curve, speed, and movement direction with 1/30 second resolution. Our tracking also allows the construction of multi-variable metrics and the detection of transitory movement phenotypes, such as slips and falls, which have thus far been neglected in geotaxis studies due to limited spatio-temporal resolution. Through a combination of automation and robust tracking, the platform is therefore poised to advance Drosophila geotaxis assay into a comprehensive assessment of locomotor behavior.

Exploring Nursing Students' First Experiences Providing Wound and Ostomy Care to Patients: A Qualitative Study.

Undergraduate nursing students experience significant differences between practice with models, manikins, or simulation applications and real patients in a clinical setting. Students' experiences applying their theoretical knowledge to real patient-care practices are little understood. To determine the experiences of nursing students in providing skin, chronic wound, and ostomy care to real patients for the first time in a clinical setting within the content of the Ostomy and Wound Care Nursing Track Program (OWCNTP) and to define factors affecting this program. The research was conducted qualitatively using the individual critical incident technique, and 17 senior undergraduate nursing students enrolled in the Nursing OWCNTP were selected using a simple random sampling method. In the classroom setting, individual face-to-face interviews were conducted using the critical incident technique. Data were analyzed with inductive content analysis. The research found that students experience genuine caregiving in putting their experiences from the Track Program into practice with real patients in a clinical setting. Three main themes were identified: experiencing real patient care in a clinical setting, being a competent student, and being a novice student. The study found that nursing students enrolled in the OWCNTP could apply their theoretical knowledge to care for real patients in clinical settings. Therefore, it is recommended that these programs be integrated into nursing curricula.

Specific Features of Diagnostic and Treatment Tactics in Patients with Crushed Abdominal Hernias Without Resection of a Hollow Organ.

The purpose of the work is to analyze the results of the use of optimized diagnostic and therapeutic tactics in patients with strangulated abdominal hernias without resection of the hollow organ. Materials and methods: The work is based on the analysis of the results of surgical treatment of 665 patients with strangulated abdominal hernias without resection of the hollow organ, who were divided into 2 groups depending on the features of the diagnostic and treatment tactics. Unlike the patients of group 1, the following diagnostic tactics were used in group 2: substantiated laparoscopic diagnosis of abdominal organs; mandatory biochemical assessment of hernia water; mandatory intraoperative instrumental assessment of the state of the strangulated organ; expansion of indications for the use of laparoscopic interventions and components of the comprehensive Fast track program; substantiated complex prevention of malignancy. The clinical diagnostic algorithm included laboratory, instrumental and biochemical research methods. Results: The use of priority diagnostic and therapeutic tactics in the patients of group 2 allowed to increase the number of laparoscopic hernioplasty by 49.34%, the number of allohernioplasty by 18.62%, among which the "Sublay" technique was preferred for strangulated ventral hernias. This was accompanied by a decrease in the pain syndrome on the VAS scale during the four days of observation, both during coughing and at rest, and amounted to only 2.21 ± 0.29 points on the fourth day when at rest. In addition, and after 12 months, the patients of group 2 observed a better recovery according to the SF-36 questionnaire, which amounted to 76.77±6.63 points for the assessment of the general state of health, 70.81±5.86 points for the assessment of physical functioning, 68.88±5.37 points for the assessment of role functioning due to physical condition, 68.03±5.92 points for the assessment of role functioning due to emotional state, and social activity was characterized by 72.82±5.52 points. Conclusions: 1. The proposed diagnostic and treatment tactics in the patients of group 2 with strangulated abdominal hernias without resection of a hollow organ, in contrast to patients in group 1, made it possible to increase the number of laparoscopic operations to 227 (66.37%) in contrast to 55 (17.03%) in the first group, which was accompanied by a decrease in pain syndrome on the VAS scale on the fourth day when coughing from 4.35 ± 0.38 points to 2.97 ± 0.43 points. 2. The expansion of indications for the use of laparoscopic operations in patients of group 2, in contrast to patients of group 1, led to a decrease in the postoperative complications by 10.48% and the postoperative mortality by 2.29% and was characterized by better postoperative rehabilitation according to the assessment of the patients' condition after 12 months according to the SF-36 questionnaire..

Development of Smart Software Program for Production and Order Tracking in the Textile Industry

Development of Smart Software Program for Production and Order Tracking in the Textile Industry

Critically Reviewing the Keeping Learning on Track Programme

Critically Reviewing the Keeping Learning on Track Programme

Molecular identification of the bacterium acute conjunctivitis by the method of sequensing gen 16S rRNA

Conjunctivitis is the most common eye disease, characterized by contextual inflammation, which can be caused by bacteria. The diagnosis of conjunctivitis is established based various factors, including the patients’s medical history, onset of eye symptoms, non-ocular symptoms, previous disease history, family medical history, allergies, and physical examination of the eyes, which may include assessments of visual acuity and vision field. Some cases of conjunctivitis require laboratory examinations to confirm the diagnosis. These may include cytological examination with Giemsa staining, Chlamydia Diagnostic Test, Nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) or Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and microbiological tests. Microbiological examination helps identify the bacteria responsible for conjunctivitis and aids in treatment by prescribing antibiotics to suppress the growth of the infecting bacteria. While identification tests are not routinely performed, researchers often seek to determine the specific type of bacteria causing conjunctivitis infections, which may require several laboratory tests. Bacterial virulence plays a significant role, with genetic mutations potentially leading to severe infections of varying severity. Virulence genes encode proteins that express pathogenic properties. The species responsible for conjunctivitis can be definitively identified definitively through microbiological examination, utilizing methods such as the 16S Ribosomal RNA Sequencing (rRNA) technique, known for its accuracy and speed. This study aims to analyze the results of rRNA sequencing in cases of acute bacterial conjunctivitis caused by 16S rRNA genotyping. The research employed an exploratory metholodolot, with the results analyzed using the The Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) tracking program database on the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) website. The findings revealed that Sphingomonas paucimobilis encoded the 16S rRNA using Universal Primary 27 F and 1492 R, obtained in a sequence size of 1351bp. The isolate demonstrated similarities to Sphingomonas paucimobilis.

Real-World Experience and Outcomes With Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for Protected Versus Unprotected Left Main Coronary Artery Disease: Insights from the Veteran Affairs Clinical Assessment Reporting and Tracking Program

Practice patterns and outcomes of protected left main (PLM) and unprotected left main (ULM) percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) are not well defined in contemporary US clinical practice. Data collected from all Veteran Affairs (VA) catheterization laboratories participating in the Clinical Assessment Reporting and Tracking Program between 2009 and 2019. The analysis included 4,351 patients undergoing left main PCI, of which 1,306 pairs of PLM and ULM PCI were included in a propensity matched cohort. Selected temporal trends were also assessed. The primary outcome was MACE outcomes at 1-year, which was defined as a composite of all-cause mortality, rehospitalization for myocardial infarction (MI), rehospitalization for stroke or urgent revascularization. ULM PCI patients in comparison to PLM PCI were older (71.5 vs 69.2; P < 0.001), more clinically complex and more likely to present with ACS. In the propensity matched cohort, radial access was used more often for ULM PCI (21% [273] vs. 14% [185], P < 0.001), and ULM PCI was more likely to involve the LM bifurcation (22% vs 14%; P = 0.003) and require mechanical circulatory support (10% [134] vs 1% [17]; P <0.001). One-year MACE occurred more frequently with ULM PCI compared to PLM PCI (22% [289] vs. 16% [215]; P = < 0.001) and all-cause mortality was also higher (16% [213] vs. 10% [125]; P = < 0.001). In the matched cohort there was a low incidence of rehospitalization for MI (4% [48] ULM vs. 4% [48] PLM; P = 1.000) or revascularization (7% [94] ULM vs. 6% [84] PLM; P = 0.485). In this real-world experience patients undergoing PLM PCI had better one-year outcomes than those undergoing ULM PCI, but in both groups there was a high rate of mortality and MACE at one-year despite a relatively low rate of MI or revascularization.•What is known?○In contemporary practice, the use of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for left main coronary artery disease has increased.○Clinical trials have demonstrated that left main PCI can be performed safely, but observational studies have shown that patients who undergo left main PCI are older and with more co-morbid conditions than trial populations.•What the study adds?○In a large multi-center sample from the United States Department of Veterans Affairs, there has been increasing use of left main PCI in patients who have not undergone prior coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG).○Compared to patients with prior CABG who underwent left main PCI, those who underwent left main PCI without prior CABG had a higher rate of major adverse cardiovascular events and all cause death at 12 months.○While there was an overall low rate of rehospitalization for myocardial infarction or revascularization, there was a higher 12-month incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events in this real-world population compared to clinical trial populations.

Changes in Knowledge and Management Skills of ANMs To Screen, Manage and Refer Pregnant Women with Five High-Risk Conditions: Results from A Pre-Post-Training and A Six-Month Follow-Up Assessment in Telangana, India

Background: Auxiliary Nurse Midwives (ANMs) are key providers of maternal, newborn and child health services, and are the first point of contact for high-risk pregnancies (HRPs). In partnership with Government of Telangana, under Integrated HighRisk Pregnancy Tracking and Management (IHRPTM) program, all the ANMs of the state were trained to screen and manage five HRPs: anaemia; gestational diabetes-GD; pregnancy induced hypertension-PIH; ante-partum haemorrhage-APH; and quality-Antenatal care (ANC). Assessed pre- and post-class-room and six months after class-room training capabilities of ANMs. Methods: Immediate-gains through class-room-training and six-months after class-room training knowledge/skills from 7,553 and 529 ANMs respectively, were assessed using a checklist of 15 questions per HRP-condition. Also obtained, qualitative insights about class-room training. Results: Due to class-room training, there was 8-17% improvement in immediate-gain in knowledge/skills to diagnose, manage/ refer women with HRPs. Improvement in mean correct responses (out of 15 questions per-HRP) between pre-and-post-training assessments was maximum for GD: mean 7.6 at pre-training, improved to 10.2 by post-training; APH: 9.7 to 11.7; qualityANC: 10.2 to 11.7; PIH: 9.3 to 10.7; and anaemia:11.0 to 12.3. Gain in knowledge/skills as Cohen’s-d effect-size was large (0.7-0.8) for GD, APH, quality-ANC, PIH, and medium (0.6) for anaemia, as pre-training knowledge/skills was already better for anaemia. Mean gain per HRP was more than three questions in four districts and &lt; 0.5 questions in two districts. Mean gain did not differ much according to age, work experience and training-time. As compared to pre-training level, retention of knowledge/skills, six-to-nine months after class-room training dropped substantially (Cohen’s-d effect-size≤ 0.2) for all HRPs, except for anaemia (d=0.4). Training gave them confidence to stabilize emergency cases at sub-centre level before referring to higher facility! Conclusion: Through IHRPTM’s protocol-based training: screening, management/referral of HRPs by ANMs is feasible. Standardized-training supplemented with handholding leads to provision of obstetric care.

Chemical properties and single-particle mixing state of soot aerosol in Houston during the TRACER campaign

Abstract. A high-resolution soot particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SP-AMS) was used to selectively measure refractory black carbon (rBC) and its associated coating material using both the ensemble size-resolved mass spectral mode and the event trigger single particle (ETSP) mode in Houston, Texas, in summer 2022. This study was conducted as part of the Department of Energy Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) program's TRacking Aerosol Convection interactions ExpeRiment (TRACER) field campaign. The study revealed an average (±1σ) rBC concentration of 103 ± 176 ng m−3. Additionally, the coatings on the BC particles were primarily composed of organics (59 %; 219 ± 260 ng m−3) and sulfate (26 %; 94 ± 55 ng m−3). Positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis of the ensemble mass spectra of BC-containing particles resolved four distinct types of soot aerosol, including an oxidized organic aerosol (OOABC,PMF) factor associated with processed primary organic aerosol, an inorganic sulfate factor (SO4,BC,PMF), an oxidized rBC factor (O-BCPMF), and a mixed mineral dust–biomass burning aerosol factor with significant contribution from potassium (K-BBBC,PMF). Additionally, K-means clustering analysis of the single-particle mass spectra identified eight different clusters, including soot particles enriched in hydrocarbon-like organic aerosol (HOABC,ETSP), sulfate (SO4,BC,ETSP), two types of rBC, OOA (OOABC,ETSP), chloride (ClBC,ETSP), and nitrate (NO3,BC,ETSP). The single-particle measurements demonstrate substantial variation in BC coating thickness with coating-to-rBC mass ratios ranging from 0.1 to 100. The mixing state index (χ), which denotes the degree of homogeneity of the soot aerosol, varied from 4 % to 94 % with a median of 40 %, indicating that the aerosol population lies in between internal and external mixing but has large temporal and source type variability. In addition, a significant fraction of BC-containing particles, a majority enriched with oxidized organics and sulfate, exhibit sufficiently high κ values and diameters conducive to activation as cloud nuclei under atmospherically relevant supersaturation conditions. This finding bears significance in comprehending the aging processes of rBC-containing particles and their activation into cloud droplets. Our analysis highlights the complex nature of soot aerosol and underscores the need to comprehend its variability across different environments for accurate assessment of climate change.