Resource Tracking Research Articles

Effects of food and fire on the demography of a nectar‐feeding marsupial: a field experiment

AbstractAnimals that specialize on nectar can be expected to face shortages of energy at times or in places where floral resources fade. Using a nectar‐feeding marsupial, the eastern pygmy‐possum Cercartetus nanus as a model, we predicted that animals would respond rapidly to an artificial energy supplement by showing improved body condition and increased local abundance. We also tested the hypothesis that responses would be more pronounced in burnt than in unburnt habitats due to the expectation that food would be limiting after fire. Energy was added in the form of sugar solution to two burnt and two unburnt woodland sites on the New South Wales coast, but not to two sets of equivalent control sites. The responses of pygmy‐possums were compared between sites a month before and a month after supplementation during early autumn when flowers were diminishing. The energy supplement increased on‐site immigration and a tail‐fat index of body condition, but had no overall effect on the abundance or mean body mass of pygmy‐possums. There was no effect of habitat; floral abundance was equal across sites. The results show that C. nanus responded rapidly to the energy supplement, and indicate that animals monitor shifts in the resource base continuously. Similar resource tracking abilities have been demonstrated previously in more mobile nectar‐feeders, such as honeyeaters and bats. We suggest that such abilities should be generally advantageous in any species that depend on ephemeral resources.

A review of health resource tracking in developing countries

Timely, reliable and complete information on financial resources in the health sector is critical for sound policy making and planning, particularly in developing countries where resources are both scarce and unpredictable. Health resource tracking has a long history and has seen renewed interest more recently as pressure has mounted to improve accountability for the attainment of the health Millennium Development Goals. We review the methods used to track health resources and recent experiences of their application, with a view to identifying the major challenges that must be overcome if data availability and reliability are to improve. At the country level, there have been important advances in the refinement of the National Health Accounts (NHA) methodology, which is now regarded as the international standard. Significant efforts have also been put into the development of methods to track disease-specific expenditures. However, NHA as a framework can do little to address the underlying problem of weak government public expenditure management and information systems that provide much of the raw data. The experience of institutionalizing NHA suggests progress has been uneven and there is a potential for stand-alone disease accounts to make the situation worse by undermining capacity and confusing technicians. Global level tracking of donor assistance to health relies to a large extent on the OECD's Creditor Reporting System. Despite improvements in its coverage and reliability, the demand for estimates of aid to control of specific diseases is resulting in multiple, uncoordinated data requests to donor agencies, placing additional workload on the providers of information. The emergence of budget support aid modalities poses a methodological challenge to health resource tracking, as such support is difficult to attribute to any particular sector or health programme. Attention should focus on improving underlying financial and information systems at the country level, which will facilitate more reliable and timely reporting of NHA estimates. Effective implementation of a framework to make donors more accountable to recipient countries and the international community will improve the availability of financial data on their activities.

Maternal response to neonatal sibling conflict in the spotted hyena, Crocuta crocuta

Among spotted hyenas, Crocuta crocuta, neonatal aggression in twins is a well-known phenomenon and serves to establish intra-litter dominance soon after birth. As the stronger more aggressive cub presumably attains dominance over its twin, intra-litter dominance presents mothers with an ideal opportunity to assess individual cub fitness and, thereafter, to selectively favor one cub over the other. This study quantified maternal response to sibling conflict in 26 sets of twins born to 16 wild-living females to determine whether mothers of different social ranks exhibited favoritism towards sons or daughters, or in the case of same-sex twins, the dominant or subordinate cub. Maternal response to sibling conflict did not vary with litter sex composition, suggesting that mothers do not favor offspring of one sex over the other. All mothers intervened when their cubs fought and sometimes punished their cubs. Higher-ranking mothers more often punished both cubs, while lower-ranking mothers were more selective and punished the dominant cub. Where sibling aggression was most extreme, rather than favor the dominant sibling, mothers of all ranks made concessions to the subordinate cub that included procuring private nursing bouts for the subordinate and temporarily housing twins in separate dens, presumably to decrease sibling conflict. These findings represent a complex example of parent–offspring conflict and support both the insurance cub hypothesis and resource tracking hypothesis that mothers endeavor to keep all offspring alive for as long as possible in the event that the dominant sibling dies or that resources provide for the rearing of twins.

Resource tracking by eastern chipmunks: the sampling of renewing patches

When food patches vary in quality over time, sampling by repeated visits can allow animals to track this variation and improve their foraging success. Sampling, however, requires spending time visiting patches that are currently poor. The optimal investment in sampling should depend on characteristics of the patch, the animal, and the environment, but there are few empirical studies of these relationships in nature. Here, we describe discovery, exploitation, and sampling of randomly varying artificial food patches by free-ranging eastern chipmunks ( Tamias striatus (L., 1758)). Chipmunks effectively tracked variation over a broad time scale, discovering patches within a few days, sampling and exploiting over several weeks, and decreasing sampling when renewals ceased. Sampling allowed the chipmunks to track variation on an hourly scale through rapid discovery of renewals. Sampling rates were high (median = 0.3 visits·individual–1·h–1; range = 0–4.2). Sampling was not affected by the frequency or magnitude of patch renewal but was lower for chipmunks whose burrows were farther from the patch. Sampling is an important part of chipmunk foraging strategy, but the difficulty of estimating patch quality and renewal rate and the effects of competition may prevent a close matching between sampling rate and patch characteristics under natural conditions.

A real-time shop floor control system: an integrated RFID approach

In the past, it was difficult to have a clear picture of the present status of production in shop floor. Many enterprises have adopted bar-code-based Shop Floor Control Systems (SFCSs) for monitoring the production status. However, the deficiency of such systems is that immediate situation cannot be reflected easily. As a result, planned production schedules cannot be fulfilled due to frequent job interruptions caused by machine breakdowns or a shortage of materials. In this paper, a Radio Frequency Identification- (RFID-)based Decision Support System (RDSS) is proposed for the shop floor management to keep track of resources, monitor the throughput rate and make instant decisions for problem solving. The proposed system integrates the technologies of RFID and Rule-Based Reasoning (RBR) with production mathematical algorithm to help monitor shop floor operations. Through pilot running of RDSS in the ABC Limited, a significant improvement in terms of shop floor responsiveness was achieved.

Business concepts ontology for an enterprise performance and competences monitoring

While the financial indicators and reporting tools are the core instruments used for enterprise survival, the instruments for intellectual capital monitoring assist in defining the enterprise competitive advantages and strategic planning. Given the current market situation and global competition, an emerging crucial issue for the management team of a modern enterprise is to keep track of non-financial and non-physical resources demanded for successful realization of the business processes. Possible solution might be a corporate memory, which guides the enterprise in its intellectual capital acquisition, measurement, monitoring and management. The subject of this article is an ontology as a tool for knowledge representation within the corporate memory. The prototype of the corporate memory is in the testing stage. The test bed is a small chocolate factory.

Seasonal resource tracking by Amazonian hummingbirds

Many ecological theories predict a close match between food resources and the number and diversity of consumers but comparatively few empirical studies have simultaneously quantified seasonal variation in an entire assemblage and its resource base. Hummingbirds provide an excellent model system to examine this relationship because their primary food resource is conspicuous and easily quantified. Over a 2‐year period I used mist‐netting and direct observation of birds feeding at flowering plants to record the abundance of 16 species of hummingbird in lowland Amazonian rainforest. Although there was very little annual variation in temperature and daylength, both rainfall and river level showed significant seasonal variation. At the study site this resulted in an annual flood lasting for over 5 months, inundating much of the area to a depth of 2 m. I recorded marked seasonal patterns in flowering phenology and arthropod abundance, which correlated with river level and rainfall, respectively. In turn, these seasonal fluctuations in resource abundance correlated very closely with variation in hummingbird species richness, hummingbird abundance and the total biomass of hummingbirds in the assemblage. This study is the first to demonstrate tracking of seasonal resource variation in equatorial rainforest and provides evidence that hummingbirds are sensitive to resource availability at spatial and temporal scales much greater than previously documented.

Habitat effects on resource tracking ability: do wintering Blackcaps Sylvia atricapilla track fruit availability?

If resource availability shapes population distribution, changes in resource abundance should cause parallel changes in population numbers. However, tracking ability may be disrupted by different environmental and behavioural factors that act at different spatial and temporal scales. Here we analyse the ability of wintering Blackcap Sylvia atricapilla populations to track spatio‐temporal variation in fruit availability in southern Spain in two habitats (forests and shrublands) with different population structure. Former studies had shown that forests are equally used by both adult migrant and local Blackcaps, whereas shrublands are nearly monopolized by juvenile migrants. These differences might affect resource tracking: it should be disrupted in forests, as local birds remain over winter in their breeding territories, but not in shrublands where similarly competitive juvenile migrants can freely track the spatial distribution of fruits. We analysed the fruit‐tracking ability of Blackcap populations among sites and years in both habitat types using a habitat‐matching model, which predicts spatio‐temporal changes in population abundance proportional to changes in resource availability. We counted Blackcaps and fruiting shrubs (dominated by Lentiscs Pistacia lentiscus and Wild Olives Olea europaea sylvestris) during four winters in forest and shrubland patches. The abundance of fruits was always higher in shrublands than in forests. In shrublands, Blackcaps seemed to move freely across fruit‐rich habitat patches, tracking changes in fruiting‐shrub abundance among sites and years. However, such tracking was not observed in forests. This supports the view that fruit‐tracking ability may be constrained by local factors, such as the social structure of populations occurring in different habitat types, which introduces spatio‐temporal variation in the way fruit availability shapes the abundance distribution of these birds in their Mediterranean wintering grounds.

Metacomputing with Mobile Agents

In this paper we present Parallel Computing with Mobile Agents (PaCMAn), a mobile agent based Metacomputer that enables its users to utilize idle resources on the internet to tackle computational problems that could not be handled efficiently with their own resources. The PaCMAn launches multiple mobile agents that cooperate and communicate to solve problems in parallel. Each agent supports the basic communication and synchronization tasks of the classical parallel worker assuming the role of a process in a parallel processing application. Application tasks, however, are assigned dynamically to the PaCMAn's mobile agents via TaskHandlers. TaskHandlers are Java objects capable of implementing particular tasks of the application. The PaCMAn consists of three major components: Broker, Server and Client. A server machine has to be explicitly registered in order to take part in the PaCMAn Metacomputer. A number of brokers keep track of the available resources. In the PaCMAn system both server and client machines can be located anywhere in the Internet. The clients select the servers that they will utilize based on the specific resource requirements. We have developed and tested prototype systems with several applications. These prototypes provide proof of concept of our proposed Metacomputing philosophy. Furthermore they have demonstrated that PaCMAn provides parallel efficiency. We also demonstrate that the PaCMAn Metacomputer can be used as the computational engine for the creation of sophisticated Pervasive Services anywhere anytime.

A Collaborative Informatics Infrastructure for Multi-Scale Science

The Collaboratory for Multi-scale Chemical Science (CMCS) is developing a powerful informatics-based approach to synthesizing multi-scale information in support of systems-based research and is applying it within combustion science. An open source multi-scale informatics toolkit is being developed that addresses a number of issues core to the emerging concept of knowledge grids including provenance tracking and lightweight federation of data and application resources into cross-scale information flows. The CMCS portal is currently in use by a number of high-profile pilot groups and is playing a significant role in enabling their efforts to improve and extend community maintained chemical reference information.

Electronic Resource Management

SUMMARY Keeping track of electronic resources is challenging. Libraries have adopted a variety of in-house approaches to keep track of electronic resources. Penn State Libraries' ERLIC (Electronic Resource Licensing Center) database is one such example of an in-house electronic resource management system. ERLIC (a Microsoft Access database) was originally designed to improve management of electronic resource licensing data and to generate Penn State's A-Z list. However, library vendors are now answering the call for solutions that may better integrate the management of electronic resources within the framework of evolving standards and library management system development.

How is fruit production regulated in the dioecious fleshy-fruited shrub Rhamnus alpinus?

Summary The ‘resource tracking hypothesis’ proposes that a serial regulation of maternal investment might occur at different sequential stages, each establishing a limit for the subsequent ones. Pollinator attraction, resource limitation, selective fruit abortion and climatic conditions can determine the maternal adjustments at each stage. Using a combination of observational and experimental approaches, we studied the maternal regulation of fruit production and seed set in the fleshy-fruited shrub Rhamnus alpinus . Fleshy fruits are especially costly, and the regulation of their production especially interesting. We found that the production of fruits is regulated at two sequential stages, as predicted by the resource-tracking hypothesis. The first stage is related to the number of flowers initiated per branch, which is positively related to the previous year growth of the branch considered, i.e., to the strength of the branch as a sink. Besides, significant variation between females and populations suggests additional micro-environmental or genetic effects. The second stage has to do with the number of flowers that develop into fruits, 72% in 1998 and only 54% in 1999. This stage showed a more complex regulation pattern, though the final number of fruits produced per branch was also related to the strength of the branch. The ability of the species to translocate resources from other branches could compensate for local resource scarcity, as we showed by experimental defoliation and girdling. Although pollen was required for fruit development, pollen supplementation did not increase the proportion of flowers that developed into fruits. We provide evidence that both micro-environmental and genetic effects, as well as climatic conditions may control fruit set, and suggest that the quality of the pollen in the stigma could also determine which flowers are developed into fruits. Overall, our results confirm the resource tracking hypothesis, and indicate that further mechanisms modulate final fruit production.

Spatial and temporal variation in fruit and fruit-eating birds in the Taita Hills, south-east Kenya

We studied the spatial and temporal variation in fruit abundance and frugivorous bird densities in a large-sized (135ha), a medium-sized (95ha) and five small-sized (each 2–8ha) forest fragments in the Taita Hills, Kenya. The large and medium patches were respectively divided into six and three plots, while the small patches were each treated as a single plot. A pilot analysis established that the plots were sufficiently independent. Three separate census-rounds were conducted in all plots. We found significant variation in fruit density amongst the three fragment-size categories, but no significant temporal variation. Five 'common frugivores' provided sufficient data for detailed analyses. Spatially, we found significant variation in their densities, but no significant temporal variation. Overall, frugivore numbers did not appear to track fruit supplies across different fragments over time. These findings suggest that the distribution and movements of birds were most likely related to, and/or limited by, other factors such as nesting needs and fragmentation effects rather than fruit. The absence of long-distance resource tracking suggests a lack of long-distance dispersal, which implies (along with obvious ramifications for gene flow) minimal chances for recolonisation following local extinctions for tree species that depend on these birds for seed dispersal.

Space-time Coordinated Distributed Sensing Algorithms for Resource Efficient Narrowband Target Localization and Tracking

Distributed sensing has been used for enhancing signal to noise ratios for space-time localization and tracking of remote objects using phased array antennas, sonar, and radio signals. The use of these technologies in identifying mobile targets in a field, emitting acoustic signals, using a network of low-cost narrow band acoustic micro-sensing devices randomly dispersed over the region of interest, presents unique challenges. The effects of wind, turbulence, and temperature gradients and other environmental effects can decrease the signal to noise ratio by introducing random errors that cannot be removed through calibration. This paper presents methods for dynamic distributed signal processing to detect, identify, and track targets in noisy environments with limited resources. Specifically, it evaluates the noise tolerance of adaptive beamforming and compares it to other distributed sensing approaches. Many source localization and direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation methods based on beamforming using acoustic sensor array have been proposed. We use the approximate maximum likelihood parameter estimation method to perform DOA estimation of the source in the frequency domain. Generally, sensing radii are large and data from the nodes are transmitted over the network to a centralized location where beamforming is done. These methods therefore depict low tolerance to environmental noise. Knowledge based localized distributed processing methods have also been developed for distributed in-situ localization and target tracking in these environments. These methods, due to their reliance only on local sensing, are not significantly affected by spatial perturbations and are robust in tracking targets in low SNR environments. Specifically, Dynamic Space-time Clustering (DSTC)-based localization and tracking algorithm has demonstrated orders of magnitude improvement in noise tolerance with nominal impact on performance. We also propose hybrid algorithms for energy efficient robust performance in very noisy environments. This paper compares the performance of hybrid algorithms with sparse beamforming nodes supported by randomly dispersed DSTC nodes to that of beamforming and DSTC algorithms. Hybrid algorithms achieve relative high accuracy in noisy environments with low energy consumption. Sensor data from a field test in the Marine base at 29 Palms, CA, were analyzed for validating the results in this paper. The results were compared to “ground truth” data obtained from GPS receivers on the vehicles.

RESOURCE TRACKING BY BUMBLE BEES: RESPONSES TO PLANT-LEVEL DIFFERENCES IN QUALITY

This study considers how a forager moves through its environment when food is patchily distributed and the patches differ in quality. One possibility is to move directionally among patches, staying longer in the best patches (the Hypothesis). Additionally, when foragers reuse patches in a regenerating environment, they can potentially benefit from remembering the most profitable patches, and return preferentially to these (the Hypothesis). Both hypotheses were tested with foraging bumble bees (Bombus spp.) collecting nectar in the foothills and mountains of southwest Alberta, Canada. Individually marked worker bumble bees were observed visiting flowers on focal plants of five species visited primarily by bumble bees. In three plant species (Epilobium angustifolium, Hedysarum alpinum, and Penstemon confertus), variation in nectar secretion rate was experimentally induced by defoliation and fertilization of individual plants. In the other two species (H. sulphurescens and Oxytropis monticola), bees' responses to natural variation in plant-level nectar secretion were measured. Consid- ering the bee population as a whole, plants with higher nectar production rates attracted more bees (three of five plant species) and had more of their flowers visited (three of five plant species). The Local-Experience Hypothesis was supported in three of the five plant species: individual bees stayed longer by visiting more flowers on plants with higher rates of nectar production. The Memory Hypothesis was supported in four of the five plant species; individual bees were more likely to return to plants with higher rates of nectar secretion. Overall, there was a positive correlation between the extent to which individual plants differed in their rate of nectar secretion (a species-level trait), and the strength of support for the Memory Hypothesis (measured as a standardized effect size). That is, individual bumble bees more strongly adjusted their visitation rate based on plant quality as the magnitude of natural differences in plant quality increased. Support for the Memory Hypothesis may explain why bumble bees often revisit the same plants on successive foraging trips: memory for good plants gives them a fitness advantage over naive bees using the same area. Bumble bees appear to use a relatively sophisticated spatial memory in resource tracking, which may constrain the evolution of empty-flower strategies of plant nectar secretion.

Mitigation of DoS attacks through QoS regulation

As more and more critical services are provided over the Internet, the risk to these services from malicious users is also increasing. Several networks have witnessed Denial of Service (DoS) attacks over the recent past. This paper reports on our experience in building a Linux-based prototype to mitigate the effect of such attacks. Our prototype provides an efficient way to keep track of server and network resources at the network layer and allows aggregate resource regulation. Our scheme provides a general, and not attack-specific, mechanism to provide graceful server degradation in the face of such an attack. We report on the rationale of our approach, the experience in building the prototype, and the results from real experiments. We show that traditional rate-based regulation combined with proposed window-based regulation of resources at the aggregate level at the network layer is a feasible vehicle for mitigating the impact of DoS attacks on end servers.

Energy density patterns of nectar resources permit coexistence within a guild of Neotropical flower‐visiting bats

AbstractNeotropical rainforests support guilds of nectar feeding bats (Phyllostomidae: Glossophaginae) with up to six coexisting species. To analyse guild structure and mechanisms of coexistence in a Costa Rican tropical lowland rainforest, the resource use and morphology of bats were compared to the energetic characteristics of preferred nectar resources and their spatio‐temporal distribution. The relative abundance of nectar‐feeding bats was determined from mistnet captures over 26 months. Food items were identified by analysis of pollen loads and faecal samples. Phenology, flower density and nectar sugar content of resource plants permitted quantitative estimations of resource availability expressed as energy density (kJ ha−1 day−1) throughout the annual cycle. Four glossophagine bat species co‐occurred at La Selva: two permanent residents (Glossophaga commissarisi, Hylonycteris underwoodi) and two seasonal species (Lichonycteris obscura, Lonchophylla robusta) that were found in small numbers during a period of high nectar availability. The two resident species differed in their abundance and in their temporal feeding strategies. After the main flowering peak, the common G. commissarisi shifted to a more frugivorous diet, while the rarer H. underwoodi fed on the few remaining bat‐flowers. Resource plant species differed in their energy density by up to two orders of magnitude. Hylonycteris underwoodi visited more often plant species with a low energy yield than G. commissarisi. Because of its smaller body size and a wing morphology that promotes fast flight, H. underwoodi appears to be better adapted to low and scattered nectar resource levels. The two seasonal species differed greatly in body mass, which suggests different strategies for high‐quality resource tracking. Large body mass in Lonchophylla robusta provides an energy buffer that permits daily commuting flights between a permanent roost and profitable foraging areas, while the small Lichonycteris obscura seems to track resources nomadically. It is proposed that energy density may be a major niche dimension that restricts access of species to certain habitats and that may profoundly influence the structure of nectar‐feeding bat guilds.

Patterns of resource tracking by avian frugivores at multiple spatial scales: two case studies on discordance among scales

Scaling is relevant for the analysis of plant‐frugivore interaction, since the ecological and evolutionary outcomes of seed dispersal depend on the spatial and temporal scale at which frugivory patterns emerge. We analyse the relationship between fruit abundance and frugivore activity at local and landscape spatial scales in two different systems composed, respectively, by the bird‐dispersed woody plantsJuniperus communisandBursera fagaroides, and their frugivore assemblages. We use a hierarchical approach of nested patchiness of fruit‐resource, where patches are defined by individual plants within site, at the local scale, and by sites within region, at the landscape scale. The structure of patches is also described in terms of contrast (differences in fruit availability among patches) and aggregation (spatial distribution of patches). ForJ. communis, frugivore activity was positively related to fruit availability at the landscape scale, this pattern seldom emerging at the local scale; conversely,B. fagaroidesshowed a general trend of positive local pattern that disappeared at the landscape scale. These particular trends might be partially explained by differences in contrast and aggregation. The strong contrast among plants within site together with a high aggregation among sites would promote theB. fagaroidespattern to be only local, whereas inJ. communis, low aggregation among sites within region would favour a sharp landscape‐scale pattern. Both systems showed discordant patterns of fruit‐resource tracking among consecutive spatial scales, but the sense of discordance differed among systems. These results, and the available multi‐scale frugivory data, suggest that discordance among successive scales allows to link directly frugivory patterns to resource‐tracking mechanisms acting at particular scales, resulting, thus, more informative than concordance observational data, in which landscape patterns might result from accumulated effect of local mechanisms. In this context, we propose new methodological approaches for a better understanding of the hierarchical behavioural mechanisms underpinning the multi‐scale resource tracking by frugivores.

Spatial distribution of feral house mice during a population eruption

:Seasonal movements of rodents in agro-ecosystems from refuge habitats to impact habitats could reflect tracking of resources by mice and may be linked to population eruptions. We monitored the abundance of house mice in refuge habitat (fencelines) and impact habitats (crops) at four farms in southeastern Australia using capture-mark-release trappings during a population eruption. For most of the year, mice did not prefer fencelines to the adjacent “sea of grain crops”, but 3 to 4 months post-harvest more mice populated refuge habitats than impact habitats. This preference for refuge habitat coincided with a considerable increase in mouse abundance and the depletion of food in the stubble of the harvested crops. Therefore, habitat choice by mice seems to predominantly track resources such as food and shelter. The percentage of recaptures within months was highest in the crop habitat, indicating higher site fidelity for mice caught there. Mice captured in crop habitats were generally representative of the demographic structure of those mice living along the crop margin. Six months post-harvest, mice living in crops were smaller, and possibly lower-quality emigrants from the fencelines. Foraging movements measured with the fluorescent biomarker Rhodamine B commonly extended about 20-30 m from the fenceline into the crop.

Seasonal distribution of a migratory bird: effects of local and regional resource tracking

AbstractAim We studied how local and regional abundance of a migratory passerine (the blackcap Sylvia atricapilla) track resource availability in breeding and wintering grounds, in an attempt to understand the processes underlying the distribution and regulation of migratory bird populations in summer and in winter.Location Our study was conducted in Spain. In summer, we sampled five localities representing the diversity of environmental conditions met by breeding Spanish blackcaps. In winter, we sampled eight localities in the wintering range of the species including different habitat types (forests and shrublands).Methods Our approach was based on the matching rule, a model that predicts that any local variation in resource abundance between two adjacent habitat patches should be tracked by animals through a similar variation in population abundance. Eventually, this local process should conform to abundance distributions at regional scales. We sampled two habitat patches in each locality, each one including three to five line transects, 500‐m long and 50‐m wide, where we counted blackcaps and measured vegetation structure and fruit abundance.Results During the breeding season, the abundance of blackcaps was strongly correlated with the ground cover of brambles (Rubus spp.), a bush which grows in moist sectors in Mediterranean forests and is the commonest nesting substrate of Spanish blackcaps. Both local and regional changes in bramble cover were tracked by variations in blackcap abundance. However, the rate of increase in blackcap abundance with increasing bramble cover along the Spanish gradient was lower than the one predicted under resource matching. In winter, abundance of fruiting shrubs was the best predictor of blackcap abundance, although local abundance of blackcaps not always fitted local abundance of fruits. Notwithstanding this effect, the regional pattern of abundance tracked changes in fruit availability according to the matching rule.Main conclusions Our results support the strong effect of habitat quality on the abundance distribution of blackcaps and the tracking of different key resources along the year. Together with the different degrees of resource tracking by blackcaps at local and regional scales, these results also support the view that both breeding and wintering processes have to be studied, and studies have to be conducted at the appropriate spatial scales, if we are to understand the processes underlying the abundance distribution of migratory birds.