How is fruit production regulated in the dioecious fleshy-fruited shrub Rhamnus alpinus?

Abstract

Summary The ‘resource tracking hypothesis’ proposes that a serial regulation of maternal investment might occur at different sequential stages, each establishing a limit for the subsequent ones. Pollinator attraction, resource limitation, selective fruit abortion and climatic conditions can determine the maternal adjustments at each stage. Using a combination of observational and experimental approaches, we studied the maternal regulation of fruit production and seed set in the fleshy-fruited shrub Rhamnus alpinus . Fleshy fruits are especially costly, and the regulation of their production especially interesting. We found that the production of fruits is regulated at two sequential stages, as predicted by the resource-tracking hypothesis. The first stage is related to the number of flowers initiated per branch, which is positively related to the previous year growth of the branch considered, i.e., to the strength of the branch as a sink. Besides, significant variation between females and populations suggests additional micro-environmental or genetic effects. The second stage has to do with the number of flowers that develop into fruits, 72% in 1998 and only 54% in 1999. This stage showed a more complex regulation pattern, though the final number of fruits produced per branch was also related to the strength of the branch. The ability of the species to translocate resources from other branches could compensate for local resource scarcity, as we showed by experimental defoliation and girdling. Although pollen was required for fruit development, pollen supplementation did not increase the proportion of flowers that developed into fruits. We provide evidence that both micro-environmental and genetic effects, as well as climatic conditions may control fruit set, and suggest that the quality of the pollen in the stigma could also determine which flowers are developed into fruits. Overall, our results confirm the resource tracking hypothesis, and indicate that further mechanisms modulate final fruit production.