Trachypithecus Auratus Research Articles

POTENSI VEGETASI PAKAN LUTUNG JAWA (Tracypithecus auratus) DI TAMAN WISATA ALAM PANANJUNG PANGANDARAN

Javan langurs are arboreal and have food preference form of leaves, fruit, and flowers, so very dependent on the vegetation in the forest. The object of research is to know the importent value indexand potential of Javan langurs’s food vegetation. The method of research by systemically structured multiplated grid method. The potential of Javan langur’s food vegetation are 30 species which 23 species of tree, 18 species of seeds, 18 species of saplings, and 11 species of poles. Status of food vegetation divided to 3 availability status are safe, unsafe, and very unsafe. There are 8 species safe, 12 species unsafe, and 10 species very unsafe.

A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY OF MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY IDENTIFIED AT POSTMORTEM EXAMINATION OF CAPTIVE LANGURS (TRACHYPITHECUS SPP) FROM SIX UNITED KINGDOM ZOOLOGICAL INSTITUTIONS: A 19-YEAR REVIEW.

Langurs are Asian primates belonging to the Colobinae subfamily. Langur populations are declining, with most species categorized as threatened by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. Investigation into the threats to population viability and sustainability would be beneficial but there is limited literature available on common diseases or causes of death in these species, either in captive or free-ranging settings. This study aimed to evaluate the most common causes of morbidity and mortality in Trachypithecus species submitted for postmortem examination by six United Kingdom zoological institutions between 2001 and 2020, to inform best practice husbandry guidelines. Necropsy and histopathology reports from 88 individuals of Trachypithecus species from six zoological organizations in the United Kingdom were analyzed. Species included Javan langurs (Trachypithecus auratus; n = 35), dusky langurs (Trachypithecus obscurus; n = 28), François' langurs (Trachypithecus francoisi; n = 16), purple-faced langurs (Trachypithecus vetulus; n = 4), silvered langurs (Trachypithecus cristatus; n = 4), and Phayre's langur (Trachypithecus phayrei; n = 1). Morbidities and causes of death were recorded. Gastrointestinal diseases and systemic infections were the leading causes of death (27.4% and 21.0% of cases where cause of death was known, respectively); linear foreign bodies were the most common cause of death. Interstitial pneumonia was frequently observed secondary to systemic infection. Heart abnormalities, anthracosis, and hemosiderosis were common but not directly associated with mortality. Further investigation is necessary to assess the importance of these conditions and whether they predispose to other diseases. This study provides a baseline for future research evaluating captive and free-ranging langur health and highlights husbandry practices that may decrease morbidity in these species.

Javan langur responses to the repeated exposure of ground survey and novel stimulus, unmanned aerial vehicles

The use of small Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs; a.k.a “drones”) for ecological monitoring, conservation campaign, and management is increasing enormously. UAVs operate at low altitudes (<150 m) and in any terrain; thus, they are susceptible to interact with local fauna, generating a new type of anthropogenic disturbance that has not been systematically evaluated. Both policy-makers and practitioners require data about the potential impacts of UAVs on natural biota, but few studies exist. The research aims to compare behavioral responses from ground-based surveys vs. UAVs flights. Moreover, we conducted two experiments of UAVs overflights, specifically aiming to assess the responses of Trachypithecus auratus. Between January and March 2021, we conducted 24 UAVs flight approaches and 12 ground surveys at Mount Halimun-Salak National Park, Indonesia. We applied generalized linear mixed-effects models and Kruskal-Wallis tests to 364 behavioral scores obtained from two independent observers. When directly compared, the detection time was higher using UAVs (χ2 = 38.50; df= 1; p < 0.050), and behavioral responses by Javan langur to UAVs overflights at > 30 m were different from responses to ground surveys were more intense. Finally, we suggest data-driven best practices for UAVs use and the design of future UAVs-wildlife response studies.

KEPADATAN POPULASI LUTUNG JAWA (Trcyphitecus auratus) DI TAMAN WISATA ALAM PANGANDARAN

Pangandaran Nature Park is a tourist forest area as well as a conservation area and become one of Javan Langur, but the data is still very limited. This study aims to find out the number of individuals and groups of javan langur who are in the nature park pangandaran. This study was conducted in November 2020. Javan langur population is calculated using path and concentration count methods. The data collected are number of individuals, number of groups, gender and age structure (Infants, Children, Adolescents, and Adults). Observations were made as many as 36 times with 3 observations on one day namely morning (06.00 AM), noon (11:00 AM), and evening (15:00 PM). The result showed that there were 64 javan langur individuals divided into 4 groups with an alleged population density of 2.60 individuals/hectare. The ratio of male and female javan langur in pangandaran nature park is 1:2 where the female javan langur is more than the male. And for structure of most javan langur age in the adolescents age class with a percentage of 51.6 %, then adults 28.1%, children 12.5%, and the lowest there is in the infant class with a percentage of 7.8%.

KELIMPAHAN VEGETASI POHON PAKAN LUTUNG JAWA DI TAMAN WISATA ALAM PANANJUNG PANGANDARAN

The existence of Javan langurs is currently increasingly threatened due to several factors, such as deforestation which causes reduced availability of forage. Taman Wisata Alam (TWA) Pananjung Pangandaran is one of the habitats of Javan langurs and has an abundance of tree diversity and does not yet have data on the abundance of feed types. The objective of research was to determine the abundance of Javan langur food trees in TWA Pananjung Pangandaran. The method used is by modifying the status and abundance category based on the results of vegetation analysis. Javan langur food trees species in TWA Pananjung Pangandaran consist of 30 species from 28 families. The abundance of Javan langur feed in TWA Pananjung Pangandaran at the pole level vegetation there were 3 types which included the category of very much abundance, category of abundance there were 3 types, category of low abundance there were 3 types, and category of very little abundance was found in 2 species. Abundance at the tree level consists of a very large category of 6 species, a large category consisting of 6 species, a low category consisting of 6 species, and a very low category consisting of 5 species.

Behavior of Lutung Budeng (Trachypithecus auratus) in Adinuso Forest Batang District Central Java

Lutung Budeng (Trachypithecus auratus) is an endemic primate of Indonesia, especially Java, Bali, and Lombok, which is vulnerable. This study aimed to determine the behavior of Lutung Budeng in the Adinuso Subah forest, Batang Regency. The study was conducted from January to December 2019. Lutung Budeng behavior is observed directly in the field using the roaming or exploration method. The equipment used were the digital singlelens reflex camera of the Canon EOS 650 D, telephoto tamron 70-300 mm, tripod, Sony handycam HRD- PJ410, compass, and Nikon Binocular A211 16x50 mm. The recorded vocal of Lutung Budeng was analyzed using Audacity. The data observed were the behavior of moving places, feeding, grooming, resting, playing, and vocalization. The data obtained were analyzed by means of descriptive qualitative. The results showed that in the Adinuso forest, the feeding behavior of Lutung Budeng did not interact with visitors or humans to get feed. Lutung Budeng more often feeds young leaves. It can be concluded that the behavior of Lutung Budeng in Adinuso Subah forest, Batang Regency is relatively the same as the behavior of Lutung Budeng in general. The behavior of Lutung Budeng in the Adinuso forest includes moving places, feeding, resting, grooming, vocalization, and playing.

Biological richness of Gunung Slamet, Central Java, and the need for its protection

AbstractDesignating protected areas remains a core strategy in biodiversity conservation. Despite high endemism, montane forests across the island of Java are under-represented in Indonesia's protected area network. Here, we document the montane biodiversity of Gunung Slamet, an isolated volcano in Central Java, and provide evidence to support its increased protection. During September–December 2018, we surveyed multiple sites for birds, primates, terrestrial mammals, reptiles, amphibians and vegetation. Survey methods included transects, camera traps and targeted searches at six sites, at altitudes of 970–2,512 m. We used species distribution models for birds and mammals of conservation concern to identify priority areas for protection. We recorded 99 bird species (13 globally threatened), 15 mammals (five globally threatened) and 17 reptiles and amphibians (two endemic). Our species distribution models showed considerable cross-taxon congruence between important areas on Slamet's upper slopes, generally above 1,800 m. Particularly important were records of the endemic subspecies of the Endangered Javan laughingthrush Garrulax rufifrons slamatensis, not recorded in the wild since 1925, the Endangered Javan gibbon Hylobates moloch and Javan surili Presbytis comata, and the Vulnerable Javan lutung Trachypithecus auratus and Javan leopard Panthera pardus melas. Recent forest loss has been modest, at least 280 km2 of continuous forest remain above 800 m, and our surveys show that forest habitats are in good condition. However, the mountain is widely used by trappers and hunters. Given its importance for biodiversity conservation, we discuss different options for improving the protection status of Gunung Slamet, including designation as a National Park or Essential Ecosystem.

Siklus Reproduksi Lutung Jawa (Trachypithecus uratus) Betina Berdasarkan Kadar Hormon Estrogen dan Luteinizing Hormone

Currently, the information about Javan langurs female reproductive cycle in both cycle length and hormonal patterns is still widely unknown. Meanwhile, this information can be used as a guide in determining the fertile period of Javan langurs to conduct mating with higher pregnancy rate. The purpose of this study was to determine the reproductive cycle of adult female Javan langurs based on estrogen and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels. The experimental animals was originated from Coban Talun forest in Batu, which was undergoing a rehabilitation program. Feces samples of two female Javan langurs were taken for 40 days. Examination of estrogen and LH hormone levels in the feces was carried out by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method and then analyzed descriptively. The results showed that fluctuations in the graphs of the hormones estrogen and LH appeared on days 8 to 16 and days 30 to 40 which showed the existence of two reproductive cycles. Whereas younger langur showed a pattern of hormonal fluctuations that are less regular, making identification of the reproductive cycle difficult. Based from the results, we concluded that the reproductive cycle of female Javan langur was estimated about 24 days with a hormonal pattern consisting of the follicular phase, the ovulation period and the luteal phase.

Effect of infant pelage colour on infant caring by other group members: a case study of wild Javan lutungs (Trachypithecus auratus)

Abstract We observed interactions of group members with seven Javan lutungs (Trachypithecus auratus) infants from January to March 2018. Infants’ pelage colouration changed from bright yellow to black, and it took about 2.9 months (on average) until the yellowness disappeared, and about 6.1 months (on average) until the colouration change was completed. Infants with yellow pelage spent more time being held and screaming, while infants with black pelage spent more time moving and feeding. The number of neighbouring animals decreased as the infants’ pelage became black, which implied that group members are attracted to the yellowness of infants. As the pelage became black and the infant aged, the neighbouring animals exhibited more social behaviour. Our results implied that bright yellow pelage colour triggers their parental instincts. The bright pelage colour would benefit infants because group members protect them from unfamiliar males and predators.

Small scale hybrid power generation for remote area electrification

Javan Langur Centre (JLC) is a facility dedicated to the treatment of langur, an endangered primate species. To support the maintenance and rehabilitation activities, the need for electrical energy is a vital. In this facility, electrical energy is needed for lighting and baby primate’s incubator with a total power of around 120 watts. There is no electricity grid included in this area and the supply of electrical energy is still very dependent on the gen-set owned by the residents which is located approximately 2 km from JLC, making it less efficient. In terms of natural energy resources, JLC has the availability of water sources that originate from small streams making it possible to develop pico-hydro technology. There has been built a pico-hydro power generation with a potential electric power that can be generated approximately 300 watts. However, the water discharge of the river stream in that area is quite low, around 0.00035 m3/s, that makes the efficiency of the power generation is 10% only. In other words, the actual electrical power that can be generated is around 30 watts. So as to meet the electrical power needs at JLC, another electrical energy source is needed. One alternative is to install solar cells or photo voltaic (PV) with a capacity of 100 watts peak. The output power of these two energy sources can be combined and regulated by applying Hybrid Power Generation technology. With the application of this technology, the need for electrical energy in the JLC area can be met.

Application of the cascade system to increase the capacity of a pico-hydro power generation

The Pico-hydro power generation is a power plant with a scale below 5 kW. This type of power generation is suitable for areas with streams or rivers with low water levels. One area that has natural conditions like this is the Javan Langur Centre (JLC), a rehabilitation facility for one of the endangered primate species, the langur. To support the operation of JLC, a pico-hydro power plant has been built, which has a capacity of 300 watts. However, due to the water discharge is quite low, the efficiency of the generator is less than 10%, of which, the total output power from the pico-hydro generator is about 27,3 watts. While the electrical energy requirements in JLC is around 50 watts for lighting. To meet the shortage of electricity supply, it is necessary to increase the power generated by the existing pico-hydro power plant, i.e. by applying a cascade system. This system utilizes water from the existing pico-hydro power plant drainage channel as the intake flow for the new pico-hydro power plant. This system also utilizes differences in elevation or water level to make the terraces. With the application of the cascade pico-hydro system, the electrical power requirements at JLC can be met.

COMPARISON BETWEEN Trachypithecus auratus AND Trachypithecus cristatus BRAIN SIZE IN INDONESIA

Taxonomic studies on Trachypithecus species in Indonesia define that this genus separated into two species that are Trachypithecus auratus and Trachypithecus cristatus with Trachypithecus auratus auratus as a subspecies. To determine relative brain size differences between species of the genus Trachypithecus in Indonesia and to examine clinal variation, a study related to brain size and morphological characters that affect the brain size is carried out. This study analyzes the brain volume between both species and examines its relationship with morphometric measurement and variables such as sex, age, and specimen location. Brain volumes were calculated from braincase volumes using 0.5 mm silica gel as mini beads. This study reveals that there are significant differences in relative brain size inter-species, sex, age and interaction among variable. Overall, T. auratus have a bigger brain size than T. cristatus, and the brain size of males are larger than females. The older individual tends to have similar brain size with younger ones. The different relative brain size on age level influenced by GSL size. Allometric body size affects the size of the brain directly. Also, there is a clinal trend in relative brain size. Trachypithecus auratus brain size is increasing from West Java to Lombok island. Further study is needed to understand the influence of external factor such as ecological and social factors on brain size in Trachypithecus.

DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS AND HABITAT OF MAMMALS IN MANDALAWANGI RESORT OF MOUNT GEDE PANGRANGO NATIONAL PARK

Distribution pattern and habitat quality of mammals is essential to keep the existing of mammals which depends on interactions between its intrinsic evolutionary and ecological system. Mandalawangi Resort aside from being a conservation area, it is also a tourist area. Tourism activities carried out in the region, will directly and indirectly affect the sustainability of mammal diversity. The benefits of mammals are to stabilize the food chain, the spread of plant seeds, as an object of research and education. The study aims to determine the distribution patterns and habitat of mammals in Mandalawangi Resort . Research on mammal diversity was carried out using 4 methods: rapid assessment, line transect, animal footprint. Habitat data obtained using vegetation analysis and field observation methods. The diversity of mammals in the Mandawalangi Resort consists of 7 types of mammals from 6 families, namely kekes squirrel (Tupaia javanica), langur (Trachypithecus auratus), wild cats (Felis domesticus), wild boar (Sus scrofa), leopard (Panthera pardus melas) , civet mongoose (Paradoxurus hermaphroditus) and house gutters (Suncus murinus). Species wealth index is low (0.50). The diversity index of mammals is included in the low diversity category (0.25). The highest level of mammal species meeting is kekes squirrel (Tupaia javanica) with a value of 29.4%. Evenness index is included in the unstable community category (0.15). Mammalian habitat is divided into tropical rain forests and open land with dominating trees namely Damar (Agathis damara) and Rasamala (Altingia excelsa).

ジャワルトン ( Trachypithecus auratus ) 新生児の体色が個体間交渉に与える影響

ジャワルトン ( Trachypithecus auratus ) 新生児の体色が個体間交渉に与える影響

Health Status Of 3 Years Old Female Javan Langur According To Aspinall Medical Check-Up Procedure In Javan Langur Center (JLC)

In Indonesia, JLC is a conservation foundation which a part of a Javan primate project managed by the Aspinal Foundation. Javan Langur which was kept in JLC must undergo medical check-up series to ensure animal health status and also to prevent transmission of diseases from an animal to other animals or humans. There were several steps of medical check-up in JLC according to Aspinal Foundation procedure that must be done mainly when the animal first arrives on conservation. Such us physical examination, morphometric measurement, hematology test, renal and liver function, hepatitis, simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), Simian retrovirus (SRV) and Simian virus leukemia cell T (STLVs), feces examination for parasite and bacteria, tuberculin skin test by mammalian old tuberculin solution. All procedure was performed under anesthesia to avoid injury to both animal and veterinarian. One of the animal that when through this medical check-up was 3 years old female Javan Langur name Ifa. After a long and thorough examination, Ifa was on the normal condition and free from diseases as the lab result said so.

Habitat suitability analysis reveals high ecological flexibility in a \u201cstrict\u201d forest primate

BackgroundResearch of many mammal species tends to focus on single habitats, reducing knowledge of ecological flexibility. The Javan lutung (Trachypithecus auratus) is considered a strict forest primate, and little is known about populations living in savannah. In 2017–2018, we investigated the density and distribution of Javan lutung in Baluran National Park, Indonesia. We conducted ad libitum follows and line transect distance sampling with habitat suitability analysis of Javan lutung.ResultsEstimated density was 14.91 individuals km− 2 (95% CI 7.91–28.08), and estimated population size was 3727 individuals (95% CI 1979 – 7019). Long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis) habitat suitability was the main driver of lutung habitat suitability as the probability of lutung occurrence increased greatly with macaque habitat suitability. Distance to roads, and distance to secondary forest had a negative relationship with lutung occurrence. Lutung habitat suitability decreased with increasing elevation, however, Mt Baluran and the primary forest on Mt Baluran was under-sampled due to treacherous conditions. Follows of six focus groups revealed considerable use of savannah, with terrestrial travel. The follows also revealed polyspecific associations with long-tailed macaques through shared sleeping sites and inter-specific vocalisations.ConclusionsOur study provides new knowledge on the general ecology of Javan lutung, such as use of savannah habitats, underlining our need to branch out in our study sites to understand the flexibility and adaptability of our study species. Another undocumented behaviour is the polyspecific association with long-tailed macaques. We encourage more research on this subject.

INVENTARISASI JENIS PAKAN LUTUNG JAWA (Trachypithecus auratus) PADA BLOK CILAME DAN BLOK CIMEUDEUM TAMAN WISATA ALAM GUNUNG TAMPOMAS KABUPATEN SUMEDANG

Javan Langur (Trachypithecus auratus) is one of folivora species by 50 % leaves, 32% fruits, 13% flowers and 7% insects. The most exist of J. langur in Mt. Tampomas Natural Tourism Park in Block of Cilame and Cimeundeum. Mt. Tampomas Natural Tourism Park is one of hiking trails that cause annoyed vegetation as J. Langur’s feed. The objects of studies are to identify of Javan langur’s feed and Importance Value Index of J. Langur’s feed. The method is purposive sampling to know vegetation of feed. The result of species number were 62 species, include 18 species is a J. Langur’s feed. The J. Langur’s feed are kondang (Ficus variegata), nangsi (Villebrunea rubessen), kadoya (Dysoxylum gaudichaudianum), kiara (Fics altisima), kitambaga (Eugenia cuprea), gadog (Bischofia javanica), hamirung (Vernonia arborea), kibanen (Cryteronia paniculata), huru (Machilus rimota), afrika (Maesopsis eminii), putat (Bringtonia acutangular), sampang (Evodia latifolia), pisitan monyet (Glianthus populacus), kilalayu (Lepisanthes tetraphylla), kihuni (Antidesma bunius), hantap (Sterculia coccinea) dan saninten (Castanopsis argentea). Dominance of Javan Langur feed is kadoya (Dysoxylum gaudichaudianum), kitambaga (Eugenia cuprea), dan huru (Machilus rimota). This mean of habitat condition is available feed to J. langur existing.

Mammals diversity of mount sawal wildlife reserve, Ciamis, West Jawa

We conducted research on mammals diversity in the Mount Sawal Wildlife Reserve on March 2012. Data collection was obtained by direct observation and interviews. They are includes direct encounters, traces/signs of the mammals presence (ex: faeces, traces/footprints, odors, scratch marks, food scraps, etc.) as well as information from the community around the forest. Observations were carried out in seven observation path/forest block in Mount Sawal namely Belandongan, Cibaruyan Jero, Gintung, Gunung Luhur, Kigugula, Jamikuwu, and Sawah Gunung. We documented at least 10 species of mammals have been recorded, including Panthera pardus melas, Presbytis comata, Trachypithecus auratus, Macaca fascicularis, Muntiacus muntjak, Hystrix javanica, Aonyx cinereus, Prionailurus bengalensis, Mydaus javanensis, and Sus Scrofa. The existence of mammals is relatively evenly distributed in all observation path/forest block in The Sawal Mountain. Six species are protected by Indonesian Law, including Panthera pardus melas, Presbytis comata, Trachypithecus auratus, Muntiacus muntjak, Hystrix javanica, and Prionailurus bengalensis. Information on the diversity of mammals is expected to be a scientific consideration in the management area of the Mount Sawal Wildlife Reserve.

Habitat Characteristics and Population of Javan Langur (Trachypithecus Auratus E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1812) In Leuweung Sancang Nature Reserve, Garut, West Java

This study aimed to determine habitat c haracteristics, food plants, population size , and distribution of J avan langur in Leuweung Sancang Nature Reserve. This study was conducted from February to April in Leuweung Sancang Nature Reserve. Composition and structure of vegetation were determined using vegetation analysis . P opulation and distribution of the javan langur were identified using concentration count method. A total of 110 plant species recorded in the javan langur’s habitat . Ketapang (Terminalia catappa ) was the dominant species in the study area composing 41,71% of the IVI. The Javan langur feed on at least 17 plant species. The plant parts eaten by the Javan langur included leaves, buds, shoots, flowers and fruits. A total of 19 javan langur groups were encountered along the beach forest of the nature reserve. Number of individual at each of the group varied ranging from 7 to 17 individual s. The population size was 227 individuals and t he population density was 0. 1 5 individuals per hectare . The javan langur’s age structure of adult : young : juvenile was 43 %: 27 %: 30 % indicating that the population was dominated by adult individuals and t he sex ratio of male:female was 1:3. Keywords: food plants, habitat, population, Trachypithecus auratus

Komposisi Vegetasi Habitat Lutung Jawa (Trachypithecus auratus) di Kawasan Wana Wisata Kalipaingan Kabupaten Pekalongan

Declining population of javan langur caused by several factors such as deforestation and forest fragmentation which are the main habitat for langurs. the vegetation composition of the langur habitat is very important with regard to the density and dominance of trees that have special functions such as tree feed sources, trees at rest and sleeping trees. Research on Javan langur habitat had been conducted Wana Wisata Kalipaingan, Pekalongan Regency. Habitat data, as vegetation community and abiotic factor also collected. The research was conducted in March-July 2018. Tree spesies that has the largest INP value is petung bamboo (Dendrocalamus asper) followed by bendo (Atrocorpus elasticus). There are 9 spesies used as feed sources. 3 spesies are used as resting places and 1 tree spesies asa a sleep places.