Tracheal Glands Research Articles

Hydroxy-ferric ions in histochemistry. Iron ion hydroxylation and histotopochemistry of tissue iron uptake.

The form of iron which binds specifically to mucins in the Mayer (10) and Hale (2) reactions and their variants appears to be the complex ion FeOH++. The reagent is produced in two ways, the better by carefully computed H2O2 oxidation of ferrous chloride (or acetate in the Mayer reaction), the second by addition of NaOH to FeCl3 solutions, best at a 1:1 M ratio. The first reagent is relatively stable, an 0.1 M solution remaining useful for 4 months; 10 mM solutions of both are usable repeatedly for 4 and 3 weeks, respectively, for the 1st and 2nd variants. The binding of this form of iron is prevented by methylation, impaired variably by acetylation and unaffected by a deamination adequate to prevent anionic dye staining. These characters distinguish FeOH++ sharply from Fe++ and Fe+++ which bind to lysyl and arginyl residues and whose binding is prevented in lysyl areas by both methylation (amine alkylation) and deamination. The action on a number of specific mucosubstances in man and laboratory animals is described. Gastric epithelial mucoprotein is reactive (rat and guinea pig), in distinction from its nonreactivity to most metachromatic basic dyes (7). Reactivity was recorded for guinea pig tracheal cartilage and glands, duodenal goblet cells, Brunner gland mucin, crypt and goblet cell mucins of ileum and colon, for rat mast cells, sublingual and submaxillary but not parotid glands, for human umbilical cord matrix and nucleus pulposus.

The effect of pH on Alcian Blue staining of epithelial acid glycoproteins. I. Sialomucins and sulphomucins (singly or in simple combinations)

This study is concerned with the staining of epithelial acid glycoproteins by Alcian Blue at various pH levels. A detailed analysis of the effect of pH on Alcian Blue staining of epithelial tissues at selected sites was made. Alcian Blue was combined with the periodic acid-Schiff technique, the Alcian Blue being used at pH levels between 2.6 and 0.5.Animal salivary glands, human foetal tracheal gland and epithelial goblet cells of the adult bronchial mucosa were chosen for study because the nature of their acid glycoprotein is known and is relatively simple.

Anatomy of the tracheal mucous glands in man.

Distribution, location, and shape of the mucous glands in 20 tracheas were systematically studied and analyzed. The specimens were treated by whole-mount methods by which the entire mucosa was separated from the submucosa and each layer stained and studied separately. In the cartilaginous layer the mucosa was found to contain no gland mass, the glands being situated exclusively in the submucosa. In the membranous wall the glands are disposed in several layers. The mucosa contains only 35 to 50 glands in the superior quarter, while in the transverse tracheal muscle there is a layer of 120 to 140 glands. The greater part of the glands are dorsal to the muscle where the glands are arranged in two layers. The distribution and shape of the glands are characteristic for each layer and are dependent upon the anatomical events during their development.

Topography of tracheal mucous glands in children.

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Congenital esophageal stenosis due to tracheobronchial remnants

Three cases of esophageal stenosis due to intramural tracheobronchial remnants are reported. Cartilage, tracheal glands, and brachiogenic lymphepithelial tissue were found in the distal end of the esophagus. Esophageal stenosis due to these tracheobronchial remnants, although rare, accounts for some congenital distal esophageal stenosis in infancy. Branchiogenic lymphepithelial tissue, here first reported, can cause the esophageal stenosis as well as cartilage.

HISTOLOGICAL AND CYTOLOGICAL STUDIES ON HUMAN TRACHEAL GLANDS

HISTOLOGICAL AND CYTOLOGICAL STUDIES ON HUMAN TRACHEAL GLANDS

On the Nerve Supply of the Trachea of Snapping Turtle

In the trachea of Japanese snapping turtle lacking smooth muscle tissue and tracheal glands, the distribution of vegetative fine fibres is far poorer than in the human and mammalian tracheae, but thick sensory fibres originating in the vagal nerve are rather abundant, forming their terminations usually beneath, but not rarely either, in the epithelium. Their terminal mode is very simple, most of them ending in unbranched terminations and only a small part of them in simple branched terminations.

The occurrence of para-quinones in some arthropods, with emphasis on the quinone-secreting tracheal glands of Diploptera punctata (Blattaria)

The tracheae leading to the second abdominal spiracles of nymphs and adults of Diploptera punctata are odoriferous glands which are probably used as a means of defence against predators. By infra-red and mass spectrographic analyses the odorous secretion was identified as a mixture of 2-ethyl-1,4-benzoquinone; 2-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone; and para-benzoquinone. The morphology, histology, and histochemistry of the quinone-secreting glands are described. A polyphenol oxidase and a β-glucosidase were demonstrated in the gland cells but no β-glucoside was isolated. Tracheal glands associated with abdominal spiracles are noted in several other genera of Blattaria but no quinones appear to be produced by them. Some other arthropods known to secrete quinones are listed. The secretion from the abdominal and thoracic odoriferous glands of the tenebrionid beetle Diaperis maculata was identified as a mixture of 2-ethyl-1,4-benzoquinone and 2-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone.

On the Nerve Supply of Trachea, Bronchus and Lung in Goat

A few specially mentionable findings on the histology of the respiratory tract of goat are given in the following:In the trachea, a circular smooth muscle layer lies inside of the tracheal glands, in the portion where the paries membranaceus is formed. This muscle layer becomes better developed distalwards and in the distal end part, comes to cover the nearly complete circumference of the trachea outside its mucous membrane. The right and left extrapulmonary bronchi, very short ducts soon replaced by large intrapulmonary bronchial branches, have a fine structure similar to that of the distal end of the trachea, except that the cartilages are circularly divided into many pieces and are arranged intermittently or in 2 or 3 layers.In the small bronchial branches ca. 2mm in diameter, the cartilaginous pieces are reduced both in number and in size, so weak longitudinal mucous folds come into formation and the bronchial glands also decrease abruptly. In the smaller bronchial branches ca. 1mm in diameter, more prominent longitudinal mucous folds are formed and the epithelium becomes a 2-3-rowed ciliated one, but the muscle layer is yet perceptibly developed. In the bronchioli terminales, the epithelium is composed of one layer of ciliated cells and outside the propria, a circular muscle layer is still visible. The bronchioli respiratorii are lined by a one-rowed nonciliated cylindrical epithelium and a small quantity of muscle tissue. Nothing mentionworthy was found in the alveolar ducts or the alveolar sacs.As in the human trachea (HAYASHI), sensory fibres and their terminations derived from the n. vagus are found in the trachea of goat too, but in the latter, their number and size are smaller than in man. The thick medullated sensory fibres end in branced terminations in the muscle layer, but never forming end-plates as seen in man. Their form, however, suggests the possibility that they are so many Type I terminations concerned with the reflex of lowering the blood pressure. The thin medullated fibres run into the propria and end subepithelially in unbranched and simple branched terminations, only a very few running further into the epithelium. In goat's trachea, no such branched intraepithelial terminations as found in the human counterpart were ever found.As in man and other mammals, in goat too, primary, secondary and tertiary plexus are formed in the interpulmonary bronchial branches, though somewhat poorer in development. In the muscle layer are found branched terminations originating in thick myelinated fibres, while in the propria mucosae are seen some unbranched and simple branched terminations formed by thin myelinated fibres. No intraepithelial fibres are found here. The above findings are rather similar to those obtained in dog (SAITO), but the terminations are somewhat poorer in development than those in dog's bronchus and major bronchial branches.Sensory fibres and their terminations are found in the small bronchial branches and even in the bronchioli of goat too, as it was the case with dog (SAITO) and bat (NUMATA). As in dog, these are better developed than in the larger bronchial branches. The sensory fibres are rather large both in number and in size and simple branched terminations are also found here and there, beside the unbranched ones.What is of interest, unbranched and simple branched terminations formed by rather thick medullated fibres are found also in the interalveolar septa of goat, as in those of bat, in a somewhat better development than in the latter.In the interlobular connective tissue of the lung of goat, nerve bundles containing many thick medullated fibres are found running in company with small pulmonary veins. These bundles run further to reach finally the pleura visceralis. The sensory fibres, as in bat, probably end in unbranched or simple branched terminations in the pleura, but I regret I failed in adequately ascertaining their terminal mode.

Effect of Pilocarpine, Atropine, Morphine, and Epinephrine upon Oral and Pharyngeal Mucous Secretion.

ConclusionThe responses of the oral and pharyngeal mucous glands to injections of pilocarpine, atropine, and morphine and of the oral glands to epinephrine, resemble those of the salivary glands, an observation which can be explained on the basis of the similar dual innervation of both groups of glands through the cranial autonomic and sympathetic systems.When Schaefer and Moore1 gave pilocarpine to dogs without parotid and submaxillary glands, they observed the accumulation of a small quantity of exceedingly viscid mucus which appeared to be formed by the oral mucous glands. Langley,2 in referring to the effects of suprarenal extracts found that they caused “a lively secretion from all the salivary glands and some secretion from the buccal, esophageal, and tracheal mucous glands.”During the course of experiments upon the oral and pharyngeal mucous membranes, I observed the effect of the following drugs upon their secretory activity: pilocarpine, atropine, morphine, and epinephrine.1. Pilocarpine sulfate....

Two Cases of Melioidosis

Two cases of fatal melioidosis are described. The first a robust Indian labourer; the second a well-nourished, muscular European.Case 1. Gradual onset. Irregular fever. Pain in the epigastrium. No physical signs of disease at first, except enlarged spleen; later, there were signs of consolidation at the bases of both lungs. Constipated at first; diarrhoea came on towards the end and the patient collapsed and died at the end of the third week.At the autopsy; there were small patches of consolidation in the lungs, composed of minute suppurating tubercles. In the liver there were similar aggregations of small suppurating tubercles and two circumscribed abscesses. The gall-bladder was thickened. The spleen was enlarged and contained septic infarcts and abscesses. In the caecum there were small superficial ulcers. B. whitmori was cultivated from the lungs, spleen, liver and gall-bladder.Animals were inoculated as follows: A guinea-pig, inoculated in the anterior nares with pus from the liver, died nine days later with caseous inflammation of the nasal passages and a caseous inguinal gland from which B. whitmori was recovered. A guinea-pig, inoculated subcutaneously with pus from the liver, died on the twenty-fifth day with abscesses in the lymphatic glands from which B. whitmori was cultivated. A guinea-pig, inoculated subcutaneously with a culture of the organism, died within sixteen hours from septicaemia. B. whitmori was recovered from the heart and spleen. A guinea-pig, inoculated subcutaneously with an attenuated culture, died on the twenty-fifth day with suppurating buboes and with abscesses in the liver and lungs from which B. whitmori was cultivated. Two horses were inoculated subcutaneously with cultures of the strain of B. whitmori cultivated from the patient. An abscess developed at the site of inoculation, in each case, but the local lesion healed and the animals have, so far, remained healthy.Case 2. The illness commenced gradually with pain after food, occasional vomiting and looseness of the bowels. The temperature became high and of the swinging type, accompanied by rigors and sweats. The liver was enlarged. The patient died on the twenty-fifth day.At the autopsy, two large abscesses were found in the liver, the gall-bladder was thickened and there were a few small superficial ulcers in the caecum. B. whitmori was cultivated from the liver abscess. No amoebae were found.The following animals were inoculated. Two wild rats were inoculated subcutaneously with a culture from this case and both died from septicaemia in less than twenty-four hours. B. whitmori was recovered from the heart's blood. The result of the subcutaneous inoculation of a guinea-pig was the same. A guinea-pig, inoculated in the nostril, died on the fifth day with a cheesy deposit in the nose and septicaemia. Another guinea-pig, inoculated in the same way, but after the organism had been subcultivated repeatedly, died on the twelfth day, with caseous tracheal glands containing B. whitmori. A rabbit, inoculated subcutaneously, died in twenty-six hours from septicaemia with tubereles in the peritoneum. B. whitmori was cultivated from the peritoneum and from the heart's blood. A monkey fed on a culture remained healthy. A pony inoculated intravenously recovered after a week's fever.

THE DIAGNOSIS OF ENLARGED BRONCHIAL GLANDS

The term bronchial glands, as usually applied, includes not only the lymph-nodes about the bronchi, but also the peritracheal, infratracheal and hilus groups. The tracheal group consists of from seven to ten nodes situated along either side of the lower part of the trachea, more numerous on the right and varying in size from a pea to the size of a bean. The bronchial glands proper include the infratracheal group and the glands about the stem bronchi. They attain their greatest size and are most numerous beneath the right bronchus. The tracheal glands are in relation to the superior vena cava and with the vagus and recurrent laryngeal nerves. The left recurrent nerve, because of its lower origin, is in contact with the trachea for a much longer distance and is more liable to compression than the right one. When these glands are swollen, they may be in contact with

A Case of Calcareous Metamorphosis of the Tracheal Lymphatic Glands; Formation of Mediastinal Abscess and Establishment of Bronchial Fistula; Subsequent Perforation of the Wall of the Arch of the Aorta; Long-Continued Repeated Hæmoptysis; Death from Hemiplegia

A Case of Calcareous Metamorphosis of the Tracheal Lymphatic Glands; Formation of Mediastinal Abscess and Establishment of Bronchial Fistula; Subsequent Perforation of the Wall of the Arch of the Aorta; Long-Continued Repeated Hæmoptysis; Death from Hemiplegia