Traces Of Conflict Research Articles

Defending our Sidewalks and Public Spaces in Lima ( breakout presentation )

Background During 2016 until now, the city of Lima is facing several laws, ordinances, master plans, and Public Private Partnerships who aims to use public spaces such as parks, plazas, sidewalks, bike lanes for several purposes: highways, underpasses, anti-pedestrian bridges, shopping malls and amenities. Description of Program As we where reporting around 10 urban conflicts in Lima through our social networks, we decided to organize communities and helped in their way, and in the case they where organized, supporting with technical advice. Our activities included: Mapping actors; Revising legal background; Traffic engineering and urbanism advising; Media contacts and press conferences; Collecting signs in order to present a lawsuit at the Constitutional Court of Peru; Lobbying at the Congress and helping to draft a law regarding public spaces, the first in our country (in process). Outcomes Until now we had collected 1,200 signs of residents of an district of Lince (50,000 habitants) in order to present the lawsuit at the supreme instance of justice (above the Supreme Court). In other districts, lawsuits are on their way. Just in 2 cases, media pressing worked. The last case, the mayor of the wealthiest district of Peru (San Isidro), advocates for his jurisdiction and prevented the construction of 3 underpasses who will affect sidewalks, bikelanes and green areas. Implications Work is in progress, the implication is the power of social networks and its weakness as well, community is engaged through physical contact and thus, public space plays a pivotal role. Our meetings some cases are in between a picnic or an informal gathering. Second issue is the power of construction industry and some trace of conflict of interest with authorities, funding is important and transparency as well. The third is activism are taking a new public perception, professional, business people, military, housewives, students, anyone can be activist, not only the ones who want to run for mayors or congressman.

Introduction: Traces of Conflict 2

Introduction: Traces of Conflict 2

Traces of Conflict: Environment and Eviction in British Military Training Areas, 1943 to Present

This study presents military training areas as important military landscapes, and sites of conflict in their own right. It explores the development of military-environmentalism at two active British training areas, Salisbury Plain Training Area and Lulworth Range, Dorset. It contrasts the rise of the military-environmental discourse with the removal of human inhabitants of the areas during the Second World War. The public protests and memorial attempts that followed, it argues, along with (but not allied with) emerging environmentalism, shaped military understanding of the value of its landholdings. Two walks at Salisbury Plain Training Area and Imber highlight the critical role of access in militarized landscapes. This study goes beyond the barbed wire to reveal military training areas as complex places, at which a site-based perspective teases out the nuances of broad narratives—war, rural development, environmentalism, and anti-military protest—as they have played out on two different landscapes from 1943 to the present.

Introduction: Traces of Conflict

The importance of the trace in relation to public memory and historical remembrance was highlighted in Pierre Nora's seminal work on French cultural, political, and historical memory, Les Lieux de ...

Tracing the Troubles through the Trees: Conflict and Peace in the Urban Forest of Belfast, Northern Ireland

This article explores traces of conflict in the arboreal landscape of Belfast, Northern Ireland, through three case studies that emphasize the difficulties for trees to serve neutral purposes in a contested city. These examples illuminate the diverse cultural, political, and physical dimensions of a divided society in its fraught transition towards lasting peace. By focusing on contested narratives of history, heritage, identity, and belonging, the paper examines how the urban forest has been harnessed to serve various political projects as it inscribes and mediates the public legacy of conflict in Northern Ireland. This paper concludes by reflecting on the role of trees in the complex, shifting processes of peacebuilding in a city struggling to emerge from violent conflict.

Human Rights of the Child in the Context of Child Abuse

The concept of human rights is as old as the ancient doctrine of ‘natural rights’ founded on natural law, the expression ‘human rights’ is of recent origin and has emerged after the Second World War. The fact is that certain rights of man existed in the ancient periods which were known as the natural rights or divine rights. There rights find place in all ancient societies though they were known by different names. The human rights were referred to as civil rights, political rights, personal rights, legal rights, economic and social rights and natural or divine rights in ancient period. The names and the classification of rights kept on changing with the passages of time. Generally, it is believed that, 'the concept of human rights is western and that the origin of the concept of human rights in the world history found its expression in Magna Carta of 1215.' In India, Swami Vivekananda long back expressed, 'implementation of the principles of social justice and human rights for establishing a welfare state in the true Indian sense.' To diminish gap between the high and the low was necessary. The human rights in the form of ‘Dharma’ can also be traced in ‘Arthasastra’ of kautilya and ‘Manusmiriti’ of Manu, which laid down legal jurisprudence in ancient India. The idea of equality was germane to the Vedas. Vedic Ethics has idealized an equality of treatment among equals. Mahabharata tells about the importance of the freedom of the individual (civil liberties) in a State. Much earlier than the Greeks and Romans, Ancient Indian philosophers and thinkers expounded a theory of higher moral law of Dharma, about 5000 years ago, with a view to establish harmonious social order free from the traces of conflicts, exploitations and miseries. It can be derived that 'human rights' are those minimal rights which are available to every human being without distinction of language, religion, sex, caste, nationality and social or economic conditions in the society. These human rights are universal and have no boundaries. Rights being immunities denote that there is a guarantee that certain things cannot or ought not to be done to a person against his will. According to this concept, human beings, by virtue of their humanity, ought to be protected against unjust and degrading treatment. In other words, human protected rights are exemptions from the operation of arbitrary power. An individual can seek human rights only in an organized community, i.e., a State, or in other words, where the civil social order exists. No one can imagine to invoke them in a state of anarchy where there is hardly any just power to which a citizen can appeal against the violations of rights. Thus, the principle of the protection of human rights is derived from the concept of man as a person and his relationship with an organized society which cannot be separated from universal human nature.Human being essential for all-round development of the personality of the individuals in the society, be necessarily protection and be made available to all the individuals. They must be preserved, cherished and defended if peace and prosperity are to be achieved. Human rights are the very essence of a meaningful life, and to maintain human dignity is the ultimate purpose of government. The need for the protection has arisen because of inevitable increase in the control over men’s action by the governments which by no means can be regarded as desirable. There are several States where fundamental standards of human behavior are not observed .The consciousness on the part of the human beings as to their rights has also necessitated the protection by the States. It has been realized that the functions of all the laws whether they are the rules of municipal law or that of international law should be to protect them in the interest of the humanity.

Exploring interorganizational conflict in complex projects

This article focuses on how the phenomenon of conflict between buyer and seller in complex projects can be approached from a theoretical and a methodological angle. Two paradigms for approaching conflict are discussed: conflict as a problem to be removed and conflict as a resource and tool for improvement. Constructs to be used include conflict events that indicate traces of conflict. It is further argued that the conflict events should be related to formal and informal governance mechanisms in order to understand how conflict can be used to strengthen the business relationship between the parties.

Genetic conflicts.

Self-promoting elements (also called ultraselfish genes, selfish genes, or selfish genetic elements) are vertically transmitted genetic entities that manipulate their "host" so as to promote their own spread, usually at a cost to other genes within the genome. Examples of such elements include meiotic drive genes and cytoplasmic sex ratio distorters. The spread of a self-promoting element creates the context for the spread of a suppressor acting within the same genome. We may thus say that a genetic conflict exists between different components of the same genome. Here we investigate the properties of such conflicts. First we consider the potential diversity of genomic conflicts and show that every genetic system has potential conflicts. This is followed by analysis of the logic of conflicts. Just as Evolutionarily Stable Strategy (ESS) terminology provides a short cut for discussion of much in behavioral ecology, so the language of modifier analysis provides a useful terminology on which to base discussions of conflicts. After defining genetic conflict, we provide a general analysis of the conflicting parties, and note a distinction between competing and conflicting genes. We then provide a taxonomy of possible short- and long-term outcomes of conflicts, noting that potential conflict in an unconstrained system can never be removed, and that the course of evolution owing to conflict is often unpredictable. The latter is most particularly true for strong conflicts in which suppressors may take surprising forms. The possibility of extended conflicts in the form of "arms races" between element and suppressor is illustrated. The peculiar redundancy of these systems is one possible trace of conflict, and others are discussed. That homologous conflicts may find highly different expression is discussed by referring to the mechanistic differences that are thought to underlie the action of the two best-described meiotic drive genes, and by the multiplicity of forms of cytoplasmic sex ratio distorters. The theoretical analysis establishes a logical basis for thinking about conflicts, but fails to establish the importance of conflict in evolution. We illustrate this contentious issue through consideration of some phenomena for whose evolution conflict has been proposed as an important force: the evolution of sex, sex determination, species, recombination, and uniparental inheritance of cytoplasmic genes. In general, it is proposed that conflict may be a central force in the evolution of genetic systems. We conclude that an analysis of conflict and its general importance in evolution is greatly aided by application of the concept of genetic power. We consider the possible components of genetic power and ask whether and how power evolves.